An intervention to train group exercise class instructors to adopt a motivationally adaptive communication style: a quasi-experimental study protocol

References

• Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2009). A review of controlling motivational strategies from a self-determination theory perspective: Implications for sports coaches. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 215–233. doi:10.1080/17509840903235330
   Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G., Pargman, D., & Weinberg, R. S. (2002). Foundations of exercise psychology. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Black, A. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors’ autonomy support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective. Science Education, 84, 740–756. doi:10.1002/1098-237X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, D. J., Kreuter, M., Spring, B., Cofta-Woerpel, L., Linnan, L., Weiner, D., … Fernandez, M. (2009). How we design feasibility studies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 36, 452–457. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Chan, A. W., Tetzlaff, J. M., Altman, D. G., Laupacis, A., Gøtzsche, P. C., Krleža-Jerić, K., … Moher, D. (2013). SPIRIT 2013 statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Annuals of Internal Medicine, 158, 200–207. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., … Verstuyf, J. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 216–236. doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation (Vol. 38, pp. 237–288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dombrowski, S. U., Sniehotta, F. F., Johnston, M., Broom, I., Kulkarni, U., Brown, J., … Soares, V. A. (2012). Optimizing acceptability and feasibility of an evidence-based behavioral intervention for obese adults with obesity-related comorbidities or additional risk factors for co-morbidities: An open pilot intervention study in secondary care. Patient Education and Counseling, 87, 108–119. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, J. L., Williams, G. C., Ntoumanis, N., Daley, A., Eves, F. F., Mutrie, N., … Jolly, K. (2014). Effects of a standard provision versus an autonomy supportive exercise referral programme on physical activity, quality of life and well-being indicators: A cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 10. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). A test of self-determination theory in the exercise domain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2240–2265. doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00102.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2008). Testing a self-determination theory based teaching style intervention in the exercise domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 375–388. doi:10.1002/ejsp.463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortier, M. S., Hogg, W., O'Sullivan, T., Blanchard, C., Sigal, R., Reid, R., … Culver, D. (2011). Impact of integrating a physical activity counsellor into the primary health care team: Physical activity and health outcomes of the physical activity counseling (PAC) randomized control trial. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 36, 503–514. doi:10.1139/h11-040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancox, J. E., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., & Quested, E. (2015). Self-determination theory. In J. MiddelKamp (Ed.), EuropeActive's Essentials of motivation and behaviour change for fitness, health and sport professionals (pp. 68–84). Nijmegen: BlackBoxPublishers.
   Google Scholar
• Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sport Sciences, 21, 883–904. doi:10.1080/0264041031000140374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification of the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 191–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markland, D. & Tobin, V. J. (2010). Need support and behavioural regulations for exercise among exercise referral scheme clients: The mediating role of psychological need satisfaction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 91–99. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French, D. P. (2011). A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychology and Health, 26, 1479–1498. doi:10.1080/08870446.2010.540664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., & Johnston, M. (2012). Theories and techniques of behaviour change: Developing a cumulative science of behaviour change. Health Psychology Review, 6, 1–6. doi:10.1080/17437199.2012.654964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, G., Audrey, S., Barker, M., Bond, L., Bonell, C., Hardeman, W., … Baird, J. (2014). Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical research council guidance. London: MRC Population Health Science Research Network.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., … Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 325–340. doi:10.1177/1745691612447309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve, J. (2002). Self-determination theory applied to educational setting. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 183–203). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, J. (2006). Teachers as facilitators: What autonomy-supportive teachers do and why their students benefit. Elementary School Journal, 106, 225–236. doi: 10.1086/501484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve, J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Self-determination theory: A dialectical framework for understanding socio-cultural influences on student motivation. In S. Van Etten & M. Pressley (Eds.), Big theories revisited (pp. 31–60). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, J., & Jang, H. (2006). What teachers say and do to support students’ autonomy during a learning activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 209–218. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve, J., Jang, H., Carrell, D., Jeon, S., & Barsh, J. (2004). Enhancing students’ engagement by increasing teachers’ autonomy support. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 147–169. doi:10.1023/B:MOEM.0000032312.95499.6f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., & Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity – A systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health, 13, 813. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65, 529–565. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, C. R., Elder, J. P., Faucher, P., Spry, V. M., … Hackley, M. (1990). Lifetime history of relapse from exercise. Addictive Behaviors, 15, 573–579. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90059-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J., & Willet, J. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spybrook, J., Bloom, H., Congdon, R., Hill, C., Martinez, A., & Raudenbush, S. (2011). Optimal design for longitudinal and multilevel research: Documentation for the optimal design software version 3.0. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/group-based/optimal_design_software
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay, M. A., Blanchard, C. M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. G., & Villeneuve, M. (2009). Work extrinsic and intrinsic motivation scale: It's value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41, 213–226. doi:10.1037/a0015167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Berghe, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., Cardon, G., Tallir, I. B., … Haerens, L. (2013). Observed need-supportive and need-thwarting teaching behavior in physical education: Do teachers’ motivational orientations matter? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 650–661. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos, S., Ntoumanis, N., & Smith, A. L. (2010). The basic psychological needs in exercise scale: Translation and evidence for cross-cultural validity. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, 394–412. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671960
   Google Scholar
• Williams, G. C., Grow, V. M., Freedman, Z. R., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1996). Motivational predictors of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 115–126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar