Experience-based health risk feedback and lack of reassurance

References

• Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370. doi:10.1037//1089-2680.5.4.323
   Google Scholar
• Bundespsychotherapeutenkammer. (2012). BPtK-Studie zur Arbeitsunfähigkeit: Psychische Erkrankungen und Burnout, 1–29. Retrieved from http://www.bptk.de/uploads/media/20120606_AU-Studie-2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Burns, W. J., & Slovic, P. (2012). Risk perception and behaviors: Anticipating and responding to crises. Risk Analysis, 32(4), 579–582. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01791.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilleri, A. R., & Newell, B. R. (2013). Mind the gap? Description, experience, and the continuum of uncertainty in risky choice. Progress in Brain Research, 202, 55–71. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62604-2.00004-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., Griffith, A., Cottrell, A., & Wong, Y.-L. (2013). Behavioral responses to epidemics in an online experiment: Using virtual diseases to study human behavior. PloS One, 8(1), e52814. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052814
   Google Scholar
• Cioffi, D. (1991). Asymmetry of doubt in medical self-diagnosis: The ambiguity of “uncertain wellness”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(6), 969–980. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.6.969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croyle, R. T., & Ditto, P. H. (1990). Illness cognition and behavior: An experimental approach. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13(1), 31–52. doi:10.1007/BF00844898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croyle, R. T., & Sande, G. N. (1988). Denial and confirmatory search: Paradoxical consequences of medical diagnosis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(6), 473–490. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00030.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croyle, R. T., Sun, Y., & Hart, M. (1997). Processing risk factor information: Defensive biases in health-related judgments and memory. In K. Petrie & J. Weinman (Eds.), Perceptions of health and illness: Current research and applications (pp. 267–290). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Croyle, R. T., Sun, Y., & Louie, D. H. (1993). Psychological minimization of cholesterol test results: Moderators of appraisal in college students and community residents. Health Psychology, 12(6), 503–507. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.12.6.503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Palma, A., Abdellaoui, M., Attanasi, G., Ben-Akiva, M., Erev, I., Fehr-Duda, H., … Weber, M. (2014). Beware of black swans: Taking stock of the description–experience gap in decision under uncertainty. Marketing Letters, 25(3), 269–280. doi:10.1007/s11002-014-9316-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, A. J., McCaul, K. D., Kelso, P. D., & Klein, W. M. P. (2006). Resisting good news: Reactions to breast cancer risk communication. Health Communication, 19(2), 115–123. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc1902_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H. (2009). Passion, reason, and necessity a quantity-of-processing view of motivated reasoning. In T. Bayne & J. Fernández (Eds.), Delusion and self-deception: Affective and motivational influences on belief formation (pp. 23–53). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., & Croyle, R. T. (1995). Understanding the impact of risk factor test results: Insights from a basic research program. In R. T. Croyle (Ed.), Psychosocial effects of screening for disease, prevention and detection (pp. 144–181). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., & Jemmott, J. B. (1989). From rarity to evaluative extremity: Effects of prevalence information on evaluations of positive and negative characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 16–26. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.1.16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., Jemmott, J. B., & Darley, J. M. (1988). Appraising the threat of illness: A mental representational approach. Health Psychology, 7(2), 183–201. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.7.2.183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., & Lopez, D. F. (1992). Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 568–584. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., Munro, G. D., Apanovitch, A. M., Scepansky, J. A., & Lockhart, L. K. (2003). Spontaneous skepticism: The interplay of motivation and expectation in responses to favorable and unfavorable medical diagnoses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1120–1132. doi:10.1177/0146167203254536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditto, P. H., Scepansky, J. A., Munro, G. D., Apanovitch, A. M., & Lockhart, L. K. (1998). Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 53–69. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.1.53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, K., & Smith, E. (1996). A disconfirmation bias in the evaluation of arguments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 5–24. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, D. P., Hevey, D., Sutton, S., Kinmonth, A. L., & Marteau, T. M. (2006). Personal and social comparison information about health risk: Reaction to information and information search. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(3), 497–510. doi:10.1177/1359105306063324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, D. P., Sutton, S. R., Marteau, T. M., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2004). The impact of personal and social comparison information about health risk. British Journal of Health Psychology, 9(2), 187–200. doi:10.1348/135910704773891041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamp, M., & Renner, B. (submitted). Reception of low-risk health feedback: Absolute and comparative Lack of Reassurance.
   Google Scholar
• Gangl, K. (2009). Kundenkompass Stress: Aktuelle Bevölkerungsbefragung: Ausmaß, Ursachen und Auswirkungen von Stress in Deutschland. Frankfurt am Main: FAZ-Institut für Management-, Markt- und Medieninformation.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35(7), 603–618. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.35.7.603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hapke, D. U., Maske, U. E., Scheidt-Nave, C., Bode, L., Schlack, R., & Busch, M. A. (2013). Chronischer Stress bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 56(5–6), 749–754. doi:10.1007/s00103-013-1690-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, P. R., & Smith, V. (2005). When the risks are low: The impact of absolute and comparative information on disturbance and understanding in US and UK samples. Psychology & Health, 20(3), 319–330. doi:10.1080/08870440512331317689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiniger, L., Butow, P. N., Charles, M., & Price, M. A. (2015). Intuition versus cognition: A qualitative exploration of how women understand and manage their increased breast cancer risk. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(5), 727–739. doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9632-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertwig, R., & Erev, I. (2009). The description-experience gap in risky choice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(12), 517–523. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton, J. L., Klein, J. G., & von Hippel, W. (1991). Attention allocation and impression formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 548–559. doi:10.1177/0146167291175010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker, K., & Kaus, C. R. (1994). Health-related possible selves in young and middle adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 9(1), 126–133. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.1.126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner, G. M., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2012). Conceptual and visual features contribute to visual memory for natural images. PloS One, 7(6), e37575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037575
   Google Scholar
• Jemmott, J. B., Ditto, P. H., & Croyle, R. T. (1986). Judging health status: Effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 899–905. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. The American Psychologist, 58(9), 697–720. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda, Z. (1987). Motivated inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 636–647. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1998). The costs and benefits of denial. In R. S. Lazarus (Ed.), Fifty years of the research and theory of R.S. Lazarus: An analysis of historical and perennial issues (Vol. 1, pp. 227–251). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Linnenbringer, E., Roberts, J. S., Hiraki, S., Cupples, L. A., & Green, R. C. (2010). “I know what you told me, but this is what I think”: Perceived risk of Alzheimer disease among individuals who accurately recall their genetics-based risk estimate. Genetics in Medicine, 12(4), 219–227. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181cef9e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098–2109. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.11.2098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(2), 63–78. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaul, K. D., Canevello, A., Mathwig, J., & Klein, W. (2003). Risk communication and worry about breast cancer. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 8(4), 379–389. doi:10.1080/13548500310001604513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCaul, K. D., Peters, E., Nelson, W., & Stefanek, M. (2005). Linking decision-making research and cancer prevention and control: Important themes. Health Psychology, 24(Suppl. 4), S106–S110. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S106
   Google Scholar
• McFarland, C., Cheam, A., & Buehler, R. (2007). The perseverance effect in the debriefing paradigm: Replication and extension. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 233–240. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Weinman, J., Miller, J., Collins, V., Halliday, J., & Marteau, T. M. (2002). Predictive genetic testing: High risk expectations in the face of low risk information. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(1), 33–50. doi:10.1023/A:1013537701374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natter, H. M., & Berry, D. C. (2005). Effects of presenting the baseline risk when communicating absolute and relative risk reductions. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 10(4), 326–334. doi:10.1080/13548500500093407
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, E. M. G., Roth, W. T., & Melin, L. (2010). Psychophysiological characteristics of women suffering from stress-related fatigue. Stress and Health, 26(2), 113–126. doi:10.1002/smi.1271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panzer, M., & Renner, B. (2008). To be or not to be at risk: Spontaneous reactions to risk information. Psychology & Health, 23(5), 617–627. doi:10.1080/08870440701606889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, B. (2004). Biased reasoning: Adaptive responses to health risk feedback. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 384–396. doi:10.1177/0146167203261296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, B., Gamp, M., Schmälzle, R., & Schupp, H. (2015). Health risk perception. In J. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed., pp. 702–709). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Renner, B., Hahn, A., & Schwarzer, R. (1996). Risiko und Gesundheitsverhalten: Dokumentation der Meßinstrumente des Forschungsprojekts “Berlin Risk Appraisal and Health Motivation Study” (BRAHMS). Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Renner, B., & Reuter, T. (2012). Predicting vaccination using numerical and affective risk perceptions: The case of A/H1N1 influenza. Vaccine, 30(49), 7019–7026. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, B., & Schupp, H. (2011). The perception of health risks. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 637–665). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Renner, B., Schüz, B., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2008). Preventive health behavior and adaptive accuracy of risk perceptions. Risk Analysis, 28(3), 741–748. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01047.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rothman, A. J., & Kiviniemi, M. T. (1999). Treating people with information: An analysis and review of approaches to communicating health risk information. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs, 1999(25), 44–51. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024207
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., Railton, P., Baumeister, R. F., & Sripada, C. (2013). Navigating into the future or driven by the past. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(2), 119–141. doi:10.1177/1745691612474317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M. (2013). The necessity for longitudinal studies in risk perception research. Risk Analysis, 33(1), 50–51. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01941.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M. (2014). Longitudinal studies on risk research. Risk Analysis, 34(8), 1376–1377. doi:10.1111/risa.12249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Peters, E., Finucane, M. L., & Macgregor, D. G. (2005). Affect, risk, and decision making. Health Psychology, 24(4), S35–S40. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeny, K., & Dillard, A. (2014). The effects of expectation disconfirmation on appraisal, affect, and behavioral intentions. Risk Analysis, 34(4), 711–720. doi:10.1111/risa.12129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gelder, J. L., De Vries, R. E., & Van Der Pligt, J. (2009). Evaluating a dual-process model of risk: Affect and cognition as determinants of risky choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22(1), 45–61. doi:10.1002/bdm.610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van ‘t Riet, J., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2013). Defensive reactions to health-promoting information: An overview and implications for future research. Health Psychology Review, 7(Suppl. 1), S104–S136. doi:10.1080/17437199.2011.606782
   Google Scholar
• Von Dawans, B., Kirschbaum, C., & Heinrichs, M. (2011). The Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G): A new research tool for controlled simultaneous social stress exposure in a group format. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(4), 514–522. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, E. U. (2003, February 13–14). Origins and functions of perceptions of risk. Presentation at NCI Workshop on “Conceptualizing and Measuring Risk Perceptions”, Columbia University, Bethesda, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N. D. (1998). Accuracy of smokers’ risk perceptions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20(2), 135–140. doi:10.1007/BF02884459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N. D., Atwood, K., Puleo, E., Fletcher, R., Colditz, G., & Emmons, K. M. (2004). Colon cancer: Risk perceptions and risk communication. Journal of Health Communication, 9(1), 53–65. doi:10.1080/10810730490271647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisman, A. D. (1972). On dying and denying. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
   Google Scholar