Effectiveness of a web-based computer-tailored intervention promoting physical activity for adults from Quebec City: a randomized controlled trial

References

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alley, S., Jennings, C., Persaud, N., Plotnikoff, R. C., Horsley, M., & Vandelanotte, C. (2014). Do personally tailored videos in a web-based physical activity intervention lead to higher attention and recall? – An eye-tracking study. Frontiers in Public Health, 2, 13. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amireault, S., & Godin, G. (2015). The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire: Validity evidence supporting its use for classifying healthy adults into active and insufficiently active categories. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 120(2), 604–622. doi:10.2466/03.27.PMS.120v19x7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiri Farahani, L., Asadi-Lari, M., Mohammadi, E., Parvizy, S., Haghdoost, A. A., & Taghizadeh, Z. (2015). Community-based physical activity interventions among women: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 5(4), e007210–e007210. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arem, H., Moore, S. C., Patel, A., Hartge, P., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Visvanathan, K., … Matthews, C. E. (2015). Leisure time physical activity and mortality: A detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(6), 959–967. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Barello, S., Triberti, S., Graffigna, G., Libreri, C., Serino, S., Hibbard, J., & Riva, G. (2016). Ehealth for patient engagement: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2013. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, G. G., & Glasgow, R. E. (2009). The delivery of public health interventions via the Internet: Actualizing their potential. Annual Review of Public Health, 30, 273–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum, F., Lewis, D., Rosen, R. K., & Ranney, M. L. (2015). Patient engagement and the design of digital health. Academic Emergency Medicine, 22(6), 754–756. doi:10.1111/acem.12692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boogerd, E. A., Arts, T., Engelen, L. J., & van de Belt, T. H. (2015). “What is eHealth”: Time for an update? JMIR Research Protocols, 4(1), e29. doi:10.2196/resprot.4065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau, F., Walthouwer, M. J. L., de Vries, H., Dagenais, G. R., Turbide, G., Bourlaud, A.-S., … Poirier, P. (2015). Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized controlled trial of a web-based computer-tailored physical activity intervention for adults from Quebec City. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1038. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2364-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bozdogan, H. (1987). Model selection and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC): The general theory and its analytical extensions. Psychometrika, 52(3), 345–370. doi:10.1007/BF02294361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekhuizen, K., Kroeze, W., van Poppel, M. N. M., Oenema, A., & Brug, J. (2012). A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and dietary behavior promotion programs: An update. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(2), 259–286. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9384-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, K. L., Schwabe, I., Walthouwer, M. J. L., Oenema, A., Lechner, L., & de Vries, H. (2017). Effectiveness of a video-versus text-based computer-tailored intervention for obesity prevention after one year: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1275. doi:10.3390/ijerph14101275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, H. F., Ho, S. S., Jasinska, A. J., Polk, T. A., Welsh, R. C., Liberzon, I., & Strecher, V. J. (2011). Self-related neural response to tailored smoking-cessation messages predicts quitting. Nature Neuroscience, 14(4), 426–427. doi:10.1038/nn.2761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, H. F., Polk, T., Welsh, R., Liberzon, I., & Strecher, V. (2009). Neural responses to elements of a web-based smoking cessation program. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 144, 174–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole-Lewis, H., Ezeanochie, N., & Turgiss, J. (2019). Understanding health behavior technology engagement: Pathway to measuring digital behavior change interventions. JMIR Formative Research, 3(4), e14052. doi:10.2196/14052
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colley, R. C., Garriguet, D., Janssen, I., Craig, C. L., Clarke, J., & Tremblay, M. S. (2011). Physical activity of Canadian adults: Accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian health measures survey. Health Reports / Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre For Health Information, 22(1), 7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compernolle, S., Vandelanotte, C., Cardon, G., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & De Cocker, K. (2015). Effectiveness of a web-based, computer-tailored, pedometer-based physical activity intervention for adults: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(2), e38. doi:10.2196/jmir.3402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotie, L. M., Prince, S. A., Elliott, C. G., Ziss, M. C., McDonnell, L. A., Mullen, K. A., … Reed, J. L. (2018). The effectiveness of eHealth interventions on physical activity and measures of obesity among working-age women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 19(10), 1340–1358. doi:10.1111/obr.12700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, C. A., Spence, J. C., Vandelanotte, C., Caperchione, C. M., & Mummery, W. K. (2012). Meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity levels. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 52. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton, A., & Cartwright, N. (2018). Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials. Social Science & Medicine, 210, 2–21. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detry, M. A., & Ma, Y. (2016). Analyzing repeated measurements using mixed models. JAMA, 315(4), 407–408. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.19394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, H., & Brug, J. (1999). Computer-tailored interventions motivating people to adopt health promoting behaviours: Introduction to a new approach. Patient Education and Counseling, 36(2), 99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, H., Kremers, S. P. J., Smeets, T., Brug, J., & Eijmael, K. (2008). The effectiveness of tailored feedback and action plans in an intervention addressing multiple health behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22(6), 417–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edney, S., Ryan, J. C., Olds, T., Monroe, C., Fraysse, F., Vandelanotte, C., … Maher, C. (2019). User engagement and attrition in an app-based physical activity intervention: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(11), e14645. doi:10.2196/14645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, E. S., & Sackett, S. C. (2016). Psychosocial variables related to why women are less active than men and related health implications. Clinical Medicine Insights: Women’s Health, 9s1(Suppl. 1), 47–56. doi:10.4137/CMWH.S34668
   Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friederichs, S. A. H., Oenema, A., Bolman, C., & Lechner, L. (2015). Long term effects of self-determination theory and motivational interviewing in a web-based physical activity intervention: Randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 101. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0262-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friederichs, S. A. H., Oenema, A., Bolman, C., & Lechner, L. (2016). Motivational interviewing and self-determination theory in a web-based computer tailored physical activity intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology & Health, 31(8), 907–930. doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1151018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garriguet, D., & Colley, R. C. (2014). A comparison of self-reported leisure-time physical activity and measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adolescents and adults. Health Reports, 25(7), 3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(3), 141–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golsteijn, R. H. J., Bolman, C., Volders, E., Peels, D. A., de Vries, H., & Lechner, L. (2018). Short-term efficacy of a computer-tailored physical activity intervention for prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survivors: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15(1), 106. doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0734-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomez Quiñonez, S., Walthouwer, M. J. L., Schulz, D. N., & de Vries, H. (2016). Mhealth or eHealth? Efficacy, use, and appreciation of a web-based computer-tailored physical activity intervention for Dutch adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(11), e278. doi:10.2196/jmir.6171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). Move over anova: Progress in analyzing repeated-measures data andits reflection in papers published in the archives of general psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(3), 310–317. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. The Lancet Global Health, 6(10), e1077–e1086. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankonen, N., Absetz, P., Ghisletta, P., Renner, B., & Uutela, A. (2010). Gender differences in social cognitive determinants of exercise adoption. Psychology & Health, 25(1), 55–69. doi:10.1080/08870440902736972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, R. P., Kreuter, M., Resnicow, K., Fishbein, M., & Dijkstra, A. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, N., Trivedi, D., Troop, N. A., & Chater, A. M. (2019). Are physical activity interventions for healthy inactive adults effective in promoting behavior change and maintenance, and which behavior change techniques are effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 9, 147–157. doi:10.1093/tbm/iby010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPAQ. (2005). International physical activity questionnaire scoring protocol. Retrieved December 15, 2015, from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0aGVpcGFxfGd4OjE0NDgxMDk3NDU1YWRlZTM
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Ainsworth, B. E., Hartman, T. J., & Leon, A. S. (1993). A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25(1), 81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahangiry, L., Farhangi, M. A., Shab-Bidar, S., Rezaei, F., & Pashaei, T. (2017). Web-based physical activity interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Public Health, 152, 36–46. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl, L. F. M., Crutzen, R., & de Vries, N. K. (2013). Online prevention aimed at lifestyle behaviors: A systematic review of reviews. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(7), e146. doi:10.2196/jmir.2665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivula, N. (1999). Sport participation: Differences in motivation and actual participation due to gender typing. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(3), 360–380.
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, P., Prochaska, J. O., & Rossi, J. S. (2010). A meta-analysis of computer-tailored interventions for health behavior change. Preventive Medicine, 51(3-4), 214–221. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPlante, C., & Peng, W. (2011). A systematic review of e-Health interventions for physical activity: An analysis of study design, intervention characteristics, and outcomes. Telemedicine and e-Health, 17(7), 509–523. doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber, S. B., Redberg, R. F., Blumenthal, R. S., Gandhi, A., Robb, K. J., & Mora, S. (2012). A national interactive web-based physical activity intervention in women, evaluation of the American heart association choose to move program 2006–2007. The American Journal of Cardiology, 109(12), 1754–1760. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1994). Goal setting theory. In H. F. O’Neil, Jr. & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation: Theory and research (pp. 13–29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Lustria, M. L. A., Noar, S. M., Cortese, J., Van Stee, S. K., Glueckauf, R. L., & Lee, J. (2013). A meta-analysis of web-delivered tailored health behavior change interventions. Journal of Health Communication, 18(9), 1039–1069. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.768727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, A. C., Lewis, K. L., Ferrar, K., Marshall, S., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Vandelanotte, C. (2014). Are health behavior change interventions that use online social networks effective? A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(2), e40. doi:10.2196/jmir.2952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGorrian, C., Yusuf, S., Islam, S., Jung, H., Rangarajan, S., Avezum, A., … Anand, S. S. (2011). Estimating modifiable coronary heart disease risk in multiple regions of the world: The INTERHEART modifiable risk score. European Heart Journal, 32(5), 581–589. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Yardley, L., West, R., Patrick, K., & Greaves, F. (2017). Developing and evaluating digital interventions to promote behavior change in health and health care: Recommendations resulting from an international workshop. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(6), e232. doi:10.2196/jmir.7126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molanorouzi, K., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2015). Motives for adult participation in physical activity: Type of activity, age, and gender. BMC Public Health, 15, 66. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1429-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller, A. C., Merchant, G., Conroy, D. E., West, R., Hekler, E., Kugler, K. C., & Michie, S. (2017). Applying and advancing behavior change theories and techniques in the context of a digital health revolution: Proposals for more effectively realizing untapped potential. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(1), 85–98. doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9818-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, A. M., Maher, C. A., Vandelanotte, C., Hingle, M., Middelweerd, A., Lopez, M. L., … Wark, P. A. (2018). Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet-related eHealth and mHealth research: Bibliometric analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(4), e122. doi:10.2196/jmir.8954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville, L. M., O’Hara, B., & Milat, A. (2009). Computer-tailored physical activity behavior change interventions targeting adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6, 30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Benac, C. N., & Harris, M. S. (2007). Does tailoring matter? Meta-analytic review of tailored print health behavior change interventions. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 673–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, H., Rizo, C., Enkin, M., & Jadad, A. (2005). What is eHealth (3): A systematic review of published definitions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(1), e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peels, D. A., Hoogenveen, R. R., Feenstra, T. L., Golsteijn, R. H., Bolman, C., Mudde, A. N., … Lechner, L. (2014). Long-term health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a computer-tailored physical activity intervention among people aged over fifty: Modelling the results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 14, 1099. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peels, D. A., van Stralen, M. M., Bolman, C., Golsteijn, R. H., de Vries, H., Mudde, A. N., & Lechner, L. (2012). Development of web-based computer-tailored advice to promote physical activity among people older than 50 years. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(2), e39. doi:10.2196/jmir.1742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perski, O., Blandford, A., West, R., & Michie, S. (2017). Conceptualising engagement with digital behaviour change interventions: A systematic review using principles from critical interpretive synthesis. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 7(2), 254–267. doi:10.1007/s13142-016-0453-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, S. A. E., Bots, M. L., den Ruijter, H. M., Palmer, M. K., Grobbee, D. E., Crouse, J. R., … Koffijberg, H. (2012). Multiple imputation of missing repeated outcome measurements did not add to linear mixed-effects models. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65(6), 686–695. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyman, N., Rezai-Rad, M., Tehrani, H., Gholian-Aval, M., Vahedian-Shahroodi, M., & Heidarian Miri, H. (2018). Digital media-based health intervention on the promotion of women’s physical activity: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 134. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5025-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plaete, J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Verloigne, M., & Crombez, G. (2015). Acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of an eHealth behaviour intervention using self-regulation: ‘MyPlan’. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(12), 1617–1624. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotnikoff, R. C., Lubans, D. R., Trinh, L., & Craig, C. L. (2012). A 15-year longitudinal test of the theory of planned behaviour to predict physical activity in a randomized national sample of Canadian adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 521–527. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 38–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, J. L., Prince, S. A., Cole, C. A., Nerenberg, K. A., Hiremath, S., Tulloch, H. E., … Reid, R. D. (2015). E-health physical activity interventions and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity levels among working-age women: A systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 4, 3. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinwand, D. A., Crutzen, R., Elfeddali, I., Schneider, F., Schulz, D. N., Stanczyk, N. E., … de Vries, H. (2015). Impact of educational level on study attrition and evaluation of web-based computer-tailored interventions: Results from seven randomized controlled trials. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(10), e228. doi:10.2196/jmir.4941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinwand, D. A., Crutzen, R., Storm, V., Wienert, J., Kuhlmann, T., de Vries, H., & Lippke, S. (2016). Generating and predicting high quality action plans to facilitate physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption: Results from an experimental arm of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2975-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., Benoit, C., Levy-Milne, R., Jean Naylor, P., Symons Downs, D., & Warburton, D. E. R. (2014). Belief-level markers of physical activity among young adult couples: Comparisons across couples without children and new parents. Psychology & Health, 29(11), 1320–1340. doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.929687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., & Dickau, L. (2012). Experimental evidence for the intention–behavior relationship in the physical activity domain: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 31(6), 724–727. doi:10.1037/a0027290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeike, K., Lechner, L., de Vries, H., & Oenema, A. (2016). Development of a computer-tailored nutrition and physical activity intervention for lower-educated women of Dutch, Turkish and Moroccan origin using content matching and ethnic identity tailoring. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 924. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3596-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider, F., de Vries, H., Candel, M., van de Kar, A., & van Osch, L. (2013). Periodic email prompts to re-use an internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle program: Influence of prompt content and timing. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(1), e23. doi:10.2196/jmir.2151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, D. N., Kremers, S. P. J., Vandelanotte, C., Schneider, F., Candel, M. J., & de Vries, H. (2014). Effects of a web-based tailored multiple-lifestyle intervention for adults: A two-year randomized controlled trial comparing sequential and simultaneous delivery modes. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(1), e26. doi:10.2196/jmir.3094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, D. N., Smit, E. S., Stanczyk, N. E., Kremers, S. P. J., de Vries, H., & Evers, S. M. A. A. (2014). Economic evaluation of a web-based tailored lifestyle intervention for adults: Findings regarding cost-effectiveness and cost-utility from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(3), e91. doi:10.2196/jmir.3159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, T., McGregor, D., Brunner, M., Keep, M., Janssen, A., & Barnet, S. (2017). What is eHealth (6)? Development of a conceptual model for eHealth: Qualitative study with key informants. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(10), e324. doi:10.2196/jmir.8106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, C. E., James, E. L., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Girgis, A. (2011). Efficacy of tailored-print interventions to promote physical activity: A systematic review of randomised trials. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 113. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2015). Directly measured physical activity of adults, 2012 and 2013 (Health fact sheet: Statistics Canada catalogue no. 82-625-X). http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-625-x/2015001/article/14135-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Storm, V., Dörenkämper, J., Reinwand, D. A., Wienert, J., De Vries, H., & Lippke, S. (2016). Effectiveness of a web-based computer-tailored multiple-lifestyle intervention for people interested in reducing their cardiovascular risk: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(4), e78. doi:10.2196/jmir.5147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, T. R., White, I. R., Salter, A. B., Ryan, P., & Lee, K. J. (2018). Should multiple imputation be the method of choice for handling missing data in randomized trials? Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 27(9), 2610–2626. doi:10.1177/0962280216683570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, K., Chow, C. K., Vaz, M., Rangarajan, S., & Yusuf, S. (2009). The prospective urban rural epidemiology (PURE) study: Examining the impact of societal influences on chronic noncommunicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. American Heart Journal, 158(1), 1-7.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thabane, L., Mbuagbaw, L., Zhang, S., Samaan, Z., Marcucci, M., Ye, C., … Goldsmith, C. H. (2013). A tutorial on sensitivity analyses in clinical trials: The what, why, when and how. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13, 92. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twisk, J. W. R. (2006). Applied multilevel analysis: A practical guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twisk, J., de Boer, M., de Vente, W., & Heymans, M. (2013). Multiple imputation of missing values was not necessary before performing a longitudinal mixed-model analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(9), 1022–1028. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voncken-Brewster, V., Tange, H., de Vries, H., Nagykaldi, Z., Winkens, B., & van der Weijden, T. (2015). A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a web-based, computer-tailored self-management intervention for people with or at risk for COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 10, 1061–1073. doi:10.2147/COPD.S81295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walthouwer, M. J. L., Oenema, A., Lechner, L., & de Vries, H. (2015). Use and effectiveness of a video- and text-driven web-based computer-tailored intervention: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(9), e222. doi:10.2196/jmir.4496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, N. L., Mull, K. E., Heffner, J. L., McClure, J. B., & Bricker, J. B. (2018). Participant recruitment and retention in remote eHealth intervention trials: Methods and lessons learned from a large randomized controlled trial of two web-based smoking interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(8), e10351. doi:10.2196/10351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, T. L., Joseph, J., Yardley, L., & Michie, S. (2010). Using the Internet to promote health behavior change. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12, e4. doi:10.2196/jmir.1376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 249–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi, W., Pennell, M. L., Andridge, R. R., & Paskett, E. D. (2018). Comparison of intent-to-treat analysis strategies for pre-post studies with loss to follow-up. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 11, 20–29. doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2018.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yardley, L., Spring, B. J., Riper, H., Morrison, L. G., Crane, D. H., Curtis, K., … Blandford, A. (2016). Understanding and promoting effective engagement with digital behavior change interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(5), 833–842. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar