4,019
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Hispanic Paradox: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Health Conditions, Self-Rated Health, and Mental Health among Mexicans and Mexican Americans

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 180-198 | Received 16 Jul 2021, Accepted 19 Jan 2022, Published online: 09 Feb 2022

References

  • Adames, H. Y., & Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y. (2016). Cultural foundations and interventions in latino/a mental health: History, Theory and within group differences. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Adames, H. Y., Chavez-Dueñas, N. Y., Fuentes, M. A., Salas, S. P., & Perez-Chavez, J. G. (2014). Integration of latino/a cultural values into palliative health care: A culture centered model. Palliative and Supportive Care, 12, 149–157.
  • Ai, A. L., Carretta, H. J., & Aisenberg, E. (2017). Cultural strengths of latino-American subgroups: Differential associations With their self-rated mental and physical health. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 1349–1368.
  • Alegría, M., Álvarez, K., & DiMarzio, K. (2017) Immigration and mental health. Current epidemiology reports. 2017. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-017-0111-2.
  • Alegría, M., Canino, G., Shrout, P. E., Woo, M., Duan, N., Vila, D., et al. (2008). Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 359–369.
  • Barragán, A., Yamada, A.-M., Gilreath, T. D., & Lizano, E. L. (2020). Protective and risk factors associated with comorbid mental health disorders and psychological distress among Latinx subgroups. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 30, 635–648.
  • Boen, C. E., & Hummer, R. A. (2019). Longer—but harder—lives?: The Hispanic health paradox and the social determinants of racial, ethnic, and immigrant–native health disparities from midlife through late life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 60, 434–452.
  • Bunda, K., & Busseri, M. A. (2019). Lay theories of health, self-rated health, and health behavior intentions. Journal of Health Psychology, 24, 979–988.
  • Bzostek, S., Goldman, N., & Pebley, A. (2007). Why do hispanics in the USA report poor health? Social Science & Medicine, 65, 990–1003.
  • Casanova, M., & Aguila, E. (2020). Gender differences in cognitive function among older Mexican immigrants. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 16.
  • Commodore-Mensah, Y., Selvin, E., Aboagye, J., Turkson-Ocran, R.-A., Li, X., Himmelfarb, C. D., et al. (2018). Hypertension, overweight/obesity, and diabetes among immigrants in the United States: An analysis of the 2010–2016 National Health Interview survey. BMC Public Health, 18, 1–10.
  • Cooper, D. K., Bachem, R., Meentken, M. G., Aceves, L., & Perez Barrios, A. G. (2020a). Cumulative lifetime adversity and depression among a national sample of U.S. Latinx immigrants: Within-group differences in risk and protective factors using data from the HCHS/SOL sociocultural ancillary study. Journal of Latinx Psychology, 8(3), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000145
  • Cooper, D. K., Wieling, E., Domenech Rodríguez, M. M., Garcia-Huidobro, D., Baumann, A., Mejia, A., et al. (2020b). Latinx mental health scholars’ experiences with cultural adaptation and implementation of systemic family interventions. Family Process, 59, 492–508.
  • Cuevas, A. G., O’Brien, K., & Saha, S. (2017). What is the key to culturally competent care: Reducing bias or cultural tailoring? Psychology & Health, 32, 493–507.
  • Dey, A. N., & Lucas, J. W. (2006). Physical and mental health characteristics of US-and foreign-born adults: United States, 1998–2003. Advance Data, 369, 1–19.
  • Diaz, C. J., Koning, S. M., & Martinez-Donate, A. P. (2016). Moving beyond Salmon Bias: Mexican return migration and health selection. Demography, 53, 2005–2030.
  • Diaz-Santana, M. V., Hankinson, S., Sturgeon, S., Bigelow, C., Rosal, M., Ockene, J., et al. (2017). Abstract B70: Exploring the role of acculturation in breast, colorectal and cervical cancer screening among Hispanic women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 26, B70–B70.
  • Escovar, E. L., Craske, M., Roy-Byrne, P., Stein, M. B., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C. D., et al. (2018). Cultural influences on mental health symptoms in a primary care sample of Latinx patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, 39–47.
  • Finch, B. K., Hummer, R. A., Kol, B., & Vega, W. A. (2001). The role of discrimination and acculturative stress in the physical health of Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23(4), 399–429.
  • Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., Dimas, J. M., Bachen, E. A., Pasch, L. A., & de Groat, C. L. (2008). Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health Among Mexican-origin adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30, 401–424.
  • Foo, S. Q., Tam, W. W., Ho, C. S., Tran, B. X., Nguyen, L. H., McIntyre, R. S., et al. (2018). Prevalence of depression among migrants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1986.
  • Garcia, A. F., Wilborn, K., & Mangold, D. L. (2017). The cortisol awakening response mediates the relationship between acculturative stress and self-reported health in Mexican Americans. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51, 787–798.
  • Garcini, L. M., Chen, M. A., Brown, R., LeRoy, A. S., Cano, M. A., Peek, K., et al. (2020). “Abrazame Que ayuda” (Hug Me, It helps): Social support and the effect of perceived discrimination on depression among US- and foreign-born Latinxs in the USA. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7, 481–487.
  • Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., Stafford, A. M., Nagy, G. A., Befus, D. R., & Conklin, J. L. (2020). A systematic review of physical health consequences and acculturation stress Among Latinx individuals in the United States. Biological Research for Nursing, 23(3), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.9980/0420968889
  • Harris, K. M., & McDade, T. W. (2018). The Biosocial approach to human development, behavior, and health across the life course. RSF: The russell sage foundation. Journal of the Social Sciences, 4, 2–26.
  • Hayes, A. (2017). PROCESS macro for SPSS (Version, 3.0). Computer software http://www.processmacroorg/downloadhtml.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis, second edition: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
  • Huh, J., Prause, J. A., & Dooley, C. D. (2008). The impact of nativity on chronic diseases, self-rated health and comorbidity status of asian and Hispanic immigrants. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 10, 103–118.
  • Idler, E. L., Hudson, S. V., & Leventhal, H. (1999). The meanings of self-ratings of health. Research on Aging, 21, 458–476.
  • Jerant, A., Arellanes, R., & Franks, P. (2008). Health status Among US hispanics. Medical Care, 46, 709–717.
  • Jimenez, D. E., Alegría, M., Chen, C.-N., Chan, D., & Laderman, M. (2010). Prevalence of psychiatric illnesses in older ethnic minority adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58, 256–264.
  • John, D. A., de Castro, A. B., Martin, D. P., Duran, B., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2012). Does an immigrant health paradox exist among asian Americans? Associations of nativity and occupational class with self-rated health and mental disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 2085–2098.
  • Jones, A. L., Cochran, S. D., Leibowitz, A., Wells, K. B., Kominski, G., & Mays, V. M. (2018). Racial, ethnic, and nativity differences in mental health visits to primary care and specialty mental health providers: Analysis of the medical expenditures panel survey, 2010–2015. Healthcare, 6, 29.
  • Kandula, N. R., Lauderdale, D. S., & Baker, D. W. (2007). Differences in self-reported health among asians, latinos, and non-Hispanic whites: The role of language and nativity. Annals of Epidemiology, 17, 191–198.
  • Kimbro, R. T., Bzostek, S., Goldman, N., & Rodríguez, G. (2008). Race, ethnicity, and the education gradient in health. Health Affairs, 27, 361–372.
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613.
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 345–359.
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146, 317–325.
  • Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114, 163–173.
  • Lee, R. (2019). Does the healthy immigrant effect apply to mental health? Examining the effects of immigrant generation and racial and ethnic background among Australian adults. SSM - Population Health, 7.
  • Leong, F., Park, Y. S., & Kalibatseva, Z. (2013). Disentangling immigrant status in mental health: Psychological protective and risk factors among latino and asian American immigrants. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83, 361–371.
  • Lommel, L. L., Thompson, L., Chen, J.-L., & Waters, C. (2019). Acculturation, inflammation, and self-rated health in Mexican American immigrants. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21, 1052–1060.
  • Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., et al. (2008). Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46, 266–274.
  • Luszczynska, A., Schwarzer, R., Lippke, S., & Mazurkiewicz, M. (2011). Self-efficacy as a moderator of the planning–behaviour relationship in interventions designed to promote physical activity. Psychology & Health, 151–166.
  • Ma, M., Malcolm, L. R., Diaz-Albertini, K., Klinoff, V. A., Leeder, E., Barrientos, S., et al. (2014). Latino cultural values as protective factors against sexual risks among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1215–1225.
  • Markides, K. S., & Rote, S. (2015). Immigrant health paradox. In Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 1–15). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Min, J. W., Rhee, S., Lee, S. E., Rhee, J., & Tran, T. (2014). Comparative analysis on determinants of self-rated health among non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and asian American older adults. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16, 365–372.
  • Moon, H., Kim, H., Rote, S. M., Haley, W. E., & Sears, J. S. (2021). The effects of nativity status on well-being Among medicare beneficiaries by race/ethnicity: A multi-group analysis. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 23, 755–763.
  • Moore, A. F. (2018). The immigrant paradox: Protecting immigrants through better mental health care. Albany Law Review, 81, 77–119.
  • Moreno, O., & Cardemil, E. (2018). The role of religious attendance on mental health among Mexican populations: A contribution toward the discussion of the immigrant health paradox. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88, 10–15.
  • Moreno, O., Nelson, T., & Perrin, P. B. (2020) Language proficiency, alcohol, and drug use among Latinx groups: A brief report of the role of religious engagement. Psychology: Research and … . 2020. Available: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-06637-008.
  • Moreno, O., Willis, K., Ortiz, M., Garcia-Rodriguez, I., Akinkugbe, A., & Corona, R. (2021). Private and social religious coping on life satisfaction: Examining cultural factors among latinxs. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(2), 181–194.
  • National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey. (2019). Public-use data file and documentation. 2020. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/data-questionnaires-documentation.htm.
  • Nelson, T., Perez, A., Alcaraz, J., Talavera, G., & McCarthy, J. J. (2007). Family history of diabetes, acculturation, and the metabolic syndrome among Mexican Americans: Proyecto SALSA. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 5, 262–269.
  • Noyola, N., Moreno, O., & Cardemil, E. V. (2020). Religious coping and nativity status among Mexican-origin latinxs: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Latinx Psychology, 8(3), 238–249.
  • Okeke-Ihejirika, P., Creese, G., Frishkopf, M., & Wane, N. (2020). Re-envisioning resilience from african immigrants’ perspectives. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 52, 129–149.
  • Olawa, B. D., Adebayo, S. O., Mokuolu, B. O., Umeh, C. S., & Omolayo, B. O. (2020). Physical health burdens and emotional distress in later life: The mediating effects of self-rated health. Aging & Mental Health, 24, 15–21.
  • Parkatti, T., Deeg, D. J., Bosscher, R. J., & Launer, L. L. (1998). Physical activity and self-rated health among 55- to 89-year-old Dutch people. Journal of Aging and Health, 10, 311–326.
  • Pettit, B., & Gutierrez, C. (2018). Mass incarceration and racial inequality. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77, 1153–1182.
  • Reyes, A. T., Constantino, R. E., Cross, C. L., Tan, R. A., & Bombard, J. N. (2020). Resilience, trauma, and cultural norms regarding disclosure of mental health problems among foreign-born and US-born Filipino American women. Behavioral Medicine, 46, 217–230.
  • Riosmena, F., & Dennis, J. A. (2012). A tale of three Paradoxes: The weak socioeconomic gradients in health Among Hispanic immigrants and their relation to the Hispanic Health Paradox and negative acculturation. In J. L. Angel F. Torres-Gil, & K. Markides (Eds.), Aging, health, and longevity in the Mexican-origin population (pp. 95–110). Boston, MA: Springer US.
  • Ross, J., Hua, S., Perreira, K. M., Hanna, D. B., Castañeda, S. F., Gallo, L. C., et al. (2019). Association between immigration status and anxiety, depression, and use of anxiolytic and antidepressant medications in the Hispanic community health study/study of latinos. Annals of Epidemiology, (13), 17–23.
  • Rutter, L. A., & Brown, T. A. (2017). Psychometric properties of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 (GAD-7) in outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39, 140–146.
  • Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J., Galloway, J., & Davidson, K. (2007). Individual difference correlates of health-related behaviours: Preliminary evidence for links between emotional intelligence and coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(3), 491–502.
  • Sanchez, G. R., Vargas, E. D., Juarez, M. D., Gomez-Aguinaga, B., & Pedraza, F. I. (2017). Nativity and citizenship status affect latinos’ health insurance coverage under the ACA. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(12), 2037–2054.
  • Shor, E., Roelfs, D., & Vang, Z. M. (2017). The “Hispanic mortality paradox” revisited: Meta-analysis and meta-regression of life-course differentials in Latin American and Caribbean immigrants’ mortality. Social Science & Medicine, 186, 20–33.
  • Smith, K. V., & Goldman, N. (2007). Socioeconomic differences in health among older adults in Mexico. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 1372–1385.
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097.
  • Stronks, K., Şekercan, A., Snijder, M., Lok, A., Verhoeff, A. P., Kunst, A. E., et al. (2020). Higher prevalence of depressed mood in immigrants’ offspring reflects their social conditions in the host country: The HELIUS study. PLoS One, 15, e0234006.
  • Tejeda, S., Gallardo, R. I., Ferrans, C. E., & Rauscher, G. H. (2017). Breast cancer delay in latinas: The role of cultural beliefs and acculturation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 343–351.
  • Teruya, S. A., & Bazargan-Hejazi, S. (2013). The immigrant and Hispanic paradoxes. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 35, 486–509.
  • Tsai, J., Ford, E. S., Li, C., Zhao, G., & Balluz, L. S. (2010). Physical activity and optimal self-rated health of adults with and without diabetes. BMC Public Health, 10, 365.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). 2020 Census illuminates racial and ethnic composition of the country. Retrieved January 29, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-moremultiracial.html
  • Varin, M., Baker, M., Palladino, E., & Lary, T. (2019). At-a-glance - Canadian chronic disease indicators, 2019 – updating the data and taking into account mental health. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 39(10), 281–288.
  • Villarreal, Y. R., Torres, L. R., Stotts, A., Ren, Y., Sampson, M., & Bordnick, P. S. (2017). Stress, depression, and drug Use Among aging Mexican American Men living in thebarrio. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 17, 388–401.
  • Viruell-Fuentes, E. A., Morenoff, J. D., Williams, D. R., & House, J. S. (2011). Language of interview, self-rated health, and the other latino health puzzle. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 1306–1313.
  • Woodward, A. T., Taylor, R. J., Bullard, K. M., Aranda, M. P., Lincoln, K. D., & Chatters, L. M. (2012). Prevalence of lifetime DSM-IV affective disorders among older african Americans, black caribbeans, latinos, asians and non-Hispanic white people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 816–827.