Psychosocial challenges and coping strategies among people with minority gender and sexual identities in Zambia: health promotion and human rights implications

References

• Albuquerque, G. A., Garcia, C. L., Quirino, G. S., Alves, M. J. H., Belém, J. M., Figueiredo, F. W. S., da Silva Paiva, L., do Nascimento, V.B., da Silva Maciel, É., Valenti, V.E. and de Abreu, L.C. (2016). Access to health services by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons: Systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 16(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.4.18748
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 1001–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arulkumaran, S. (2017). Health and human rights. Singapore Medical Journal, 58(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2017003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baams, L., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2015). Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 688–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogun, A., Bissell, P., & Saddiq, M. (2020). Negotiating access to the Nigerian healthcare system: The experiences of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 22(2), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1582802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockting, W. O., Miner, H. M., Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, A., & Mendos, L. R. (2017). State-sponsored homophobia: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition. Geneva: IGLA. https://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Christy, M., & Sears, B. (2011). Documented evidence of employment discrimination and its effects on LGBT people. UCLA: The Williams Institute. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03m1g5sg
   Google Scholar
• Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Djamond, G., Quaye, S., & Sullivan, P. S. (2014). HIV epidemic among key populations in West Africa. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 9(5), 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durso, L. E., & Gates, G. J. (2012). Serving our youth: Findings from a national survey of services providers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. UCLA: The Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Durso-Gates-LGBT-Homeless-Youth-Survey-July-2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fay, H., Baral, S. D., Trapence, G., Motimedi, F., Umar, E., Iipinge, S., Dausab, F., Wirtz, A., & Beyrer, C. (2011). Stigma, health care access, and HIV knowledge among men who have sex with men in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. AIDS and Behavior, 15(6), 1088–1097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9861-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, L., Fried, S., Matsaseng, T., Ravindranet, S., & Gruskin, S. (2019). Human rights and legal dimensions of self care interventions for sexual and reproductive health. BMJ, 365(1941), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1941
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Cook-Daniels, L., Kim, H. J., Erosheva, E. A., Emlet, C. A., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., … Muraco, A. (2014). Physical and mental health of transgender older adults: An at-risk and underserved population. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamariel, F., Isaakidis, P., Tarquino, I. A. P., Beirão, J. C., O’Connell, L., Mulieca, N., Gatoma, H. P., Cumbe, V. F. J., & Venables, E. (2020). Access to health services for men who have sex with men and transgender women in Beira, Mozambique: A qualitative study. PloS One, 15(1), e0228307. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2016). Concealing concealment: The mediating role of internalized heterosexism in psychological distress among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(4), 487–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1088317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, H., Restar, A., & Beyrer, C. (2021). Overview of the epidemiological conditions of HIV among key populations in Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 24(Suppl 3), e25716. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25716
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., & Tsappis, M. (2016). LGBT youth and family acceptance. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), 1011–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A., & Golub, S. A. (2015). Family rejection as a predictor of suicide attempts and substance misuse among transgender and gender non conforming adults. LGBT Health, 3(3), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., & Preetha, G. (2012). Health promotion: An effective tool for global health. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 37(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.94009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lea, T., de Wit, J., & Reynolds, R. (2014). Minority stress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults in Australia: Associations with psychological distress, suicidality, and substance use. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1571–1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0266-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2011). The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, R. J., Mason, T. B., Winstead, B. A., Gaskins, M., & Irons, L. B. (2016). Pathways to hazardous drinking among racially and socioeconomically diverse lesbian women: Sexual minority stress, rumination, social isolation, and drinking to cope. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(4), 564–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316662603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magesa, D. J., Mtui, L. J., Abdul, M., Kayange, A., Chiduo, R., Leshabari, M. T., Kayombo, E., & Tungaraza, D. (2014). Barriers to men who have sex with men attending HIV related health services in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 16(2), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v16i2.8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malta, M., Gomes de Jesus, J., LeGrand, S., Seixas, M., Benevides, B., Silva, M., Lana, J. S., Huynh, H. V., Belden, C. M., & Whetten, K. (2020). ‘Our life is pointless … ’: Exploring discrimination, violence and mental health challenges among sexual and gender minorities from Brazil. Global Public Health, 15(10), 1463–1478. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1767676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays, N., & Pope, C. (2000). Qualitative research in health care. Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), (7226), 50–52. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McConnell, E. A., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2016). Families matter: Social support and mental health trajectories among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(6), 674–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, B. M. (2017). Human rights in the World Health Organization: Views of the Director-General candidates. Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 293–298. PMID: 28630561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mereish, E. H., Cleirigh, C. O., & Bradford, J. B. (2014). Interrelationships between LGBT-based victimization, suicide, and substance use problems in a diverse sample of sexual and gender minority men and women. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2013.780129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, H. L. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpondo, B., Gunda, D. W., & Kilonzo, S. B. (2017). HIV epidemic in Tanzania: The possible role of the key populations. AIDS Research and Treatment, 2017, 7089150. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7089150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulé, N J, Ross, L E, Deeprose, B, Jackson, B E, Daley, A, Travers, A, & Moore, D. (2009). Promoting LGBT health and wellbeing through inclusive policy development. International Journal for Equity in Health, 8, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-8-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakampe, M. N. (2020). Strengthening mental health systems in Zambia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 14(28), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00360-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mustanski, B., Andrews, R., & Puckett, J. A. (2016). The effects of cumulative victimization on mental health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 106(3), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., & Emerson, E. M. (2010). Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2426–2432. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD) Zambia. (2015). Legal, policy and socio-cultural barriers to HIV-related prevention, treatment, care, and support for key populations in Zambia. https://www.nastad.org/sites/default/files/resources/docs/Zambia_Law_Review.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2008). Fact Sheet No.31, The Right to Health. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Factsheet31.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ogueji, I. A. (2021). People newly diagnosed with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic: A focus group study on the associated early biopsychosocial reactions. Journal of HIV/AIDS and Social Services, 20(3), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2021.1955800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim, N., Musheke, M., Raymond, H. F., Keating, R., Mwale, J., Banda, L., Mulenga, D., Phiri, L., Geibel, S., & Tun, W. (2019). Quality of care and HIV service utilization among key populations in Zambia: A qualitative comparative analysis among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and people who use drugs. AIDS Care, 31(4), 460–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1524119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puckett, J. A., Surace, F. I. S., Levitt, H. M., & Horne, S. G. (2016). Sexual orientation identity in relation to minority stress and mental health in sexual minority women. LGBT Health, 3(5), 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rood, A. B., Reisner, S. L., Surace, F., Puckett, J. A., Maroney, M., & Pantalone, D. W. (2016). Expecting rejection: Understanding the minority stress experiences of transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Dias, R. M., & Sanches, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seelman, K. L., Colón-Diaz, M. J. P., Lecroix, R. H., Xavier-Brier, M., & Kattari, L. (2017). Transgender noninclusive healthcare and delaying care because of fear: Connections to general health and mental health among transgender adults. Transgender Health, 2(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simons, L., Schrager, S. M., Clark, L. F., Belzer, M., & Olson, J. (2013). Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(6), 791–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, D., Irwin, J. A., Fisher, C., Ramos, A., Kelley, M., Mendoza, D. A. R., & Coleman, J. D. (2016). Mental health disparities within the LGBT population: A comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, S., Pachankis, J. E., Li, X., & Operario, D. (2020). Addressing minority stress and mental health among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 17(1), 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00479-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasioulas, J., & Vayena, E. (2016). The place of human rights and the common good in global health policy. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 37(4), 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-016-9372-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebbe, E. A., & Moradi, B. (2016). Suicide risk in trans populations: An application of minority stress theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 520–533. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Mental Health Act, No. 6. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/7944
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2019). Legal environment assessment for HIV, TB and sexual and reproductive health and rights. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rba/docs/Reports/UNDP-PolicyBrief-LEA-Zambia.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wanyenze, R. K., Musinguzi, G., Matovu, J. K. B., Kiguli, J., Nuwaha, F., Mujisha, G., Musinguzi, J., Arinaitwe, J., & Wagner, G. J. (2016). If you tell people that you had sex with a fellow man, it is hard to be helped and treated: Barriers and opportunities for increasing access to HIV services among men who have sex with men in Uganda. PloS One, 11(1), e0147714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtz, A. L., Kamba, D., Jumbe, V., Trapence, G., Gubin, R., Umar, E., Strömdahl, S. K., Beyrer, C., & Baral, S. D. (2014). A qualitative assessment of health seeking practices among and provision practices for men who have sex with men in Malawi. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 14(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-14-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar