2,192
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Assessment of hepatitis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices on quality of life with the moderating role of internalized stigma among hepatitis B-positive patients in Pakistan

, , , , ORCID Icon, , , & ORCID Icon show all
Article: 2192782 | Received 07 Oct 2022, Accepted 09 Mar 2023, Published online: 30 Mar 2023

References

  • Abdo, A. A. (2012). Health-related quality of life of Saudi hepatitis B and C patients. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 32(4), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2012.397
  • Adam, A., & Fusheini, A. (2020). Knowledge, risk of infection, and vaccination status of hepatitis B virus among rural high school students in Nanumba North and South Districts of Ghana. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231930. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231930
  • Ahmad, A., Munn Sann, L., & Abdul Rahman, H. (2016). Factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice related to hepatitis B and C among international students of Universiti Putra Malaysia. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3188-5
  • Ali, M., Idrees, M., Ali, L., Hussain, A., Ur Rehman, I., Saleem, S., Afzal, S., & Butt, S. (2011). Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: A systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes. Virology Journal, 8(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-102
  • Al Kanaani, Z., Mahmud, S., Kouyoumjian, S. P., & Abu-Raddad, L. J. (2018). The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Royal Society Open Science, 5(4), 180257. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180257
  • Al-Shamiri, H., AlShalawi, F., AlJumah, T., AlHarthi, M., AlAli, E., & AlHarthi, H. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and practice of hepatitis B virus infection among dental students and interns in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.54418
  • An, P. L., Huynh, G., Nguyen, H. T. N., Pham, B. D. U., Nguyen, T. V., Tran, T. T. T., & Tran, T. D. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among healthcare students in Vietnam. Infection and Drug Resistance, 14, 3405–3413. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S328677
  • Arda Sürücü, H., Büyükkaya Besen, D., & Erbil, E. Y. (2017). Empowerment and social support as predictors of self-care behaviors and glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Clinical Nursing Research, 27(4), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773816688940
  • Ashraf, N., Malik, W., Khan, M. A., Ansari, J. A., & Ikram, A. (2020). An outbreak of hepatitis E in a rural area of Islamabad, Pakistan in April-May 2019: A teaching case-study student’s guide. https://panafrican-med-journal.com/content/series/36/1/14/full/36-1-14.pdf
  • Brener, L., Murphy, D. A., Ellard, J., Cama, E., Fraser, N., & Murray, J. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to hepatitis C among gay and bisexual men in the era of direct-acting antivirals: Implications for treatment and prevention. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 22(5), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1615125
  • Cardoso, H., & Silva, M. (2017). Health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C. GE – Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(2), 55–57. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453319
  • Chen, P., Zhang, F., Shen, Y., Cai, Y., Jin, C., Li, Y., Tu, M., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, S.-F., Wang, J., & Li, L. (2021). Health-related quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with hepatitis B: A cross-sectional assessment in Southeastern China. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9937591
  • Chin, W. Y., Choi, E. P. H., Chan, K. T. Y., & Wong, C. K. H. (2015). The psychometric properties of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale in Chinese primary care patients: Factor structure, construct validity, reliability, sensitivity and responsiveness. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0135131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135131
  • Cohen, C., Alber, J. M., Bleakley, A., Grossman, S., Freeland, C., Alarcon, K., & Merchant, R. M. (2018). Social media for hepatitis B awareness: Young adult and community leader perspectives. Health Promotion Practice, 20(4), 573–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839918765438
  • Cortesi, P. A., Conti, S., Scalone, L., Jaffe, A., Ciaccio, A., Okolicsanyi, S., Rota, M., Fabris, L., Colledan, M., Fagiuoli, S., Belli, L. S., Cesana, G., Strazzabosco, M., & Mantovani, L. G. (2020). Health related quality of life in chronic liver diseases. Liver International, 40(11), 2630–2642. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14647
  • Cui, Y., Moriyama, M., Chayama, K., Liu, Y., Ya, C., Muzembo, B. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2019). Efficacy of a self-management program in patients with chronic viral hepatitis in China. BMC Nursing, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0366-7
  • Dwiartama, A., Nirbayati, W. F., Giri-Rachman, E. A., Niloperbowo, W., Tan, M. I., & Anin, A. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B infection prevention and screening among Indonesians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084644
  • Earnshaw, V. A., & Quinn, D. M. (2011). The impact of stigma in healthcare on people living with chronic illnesses. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311414952
  • Elbahrawy, A., Ibrahim, M. K., Eliwa, A., Alboraie, M., Madian, A., & Aly, H. H. (2021). Current situation of viral hepatitis in Egypt. Microbiology and Immunology, 65(9), 352–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12916
  • Fatima, S. M., Ahmed Lak, T., & Mushtaque, I. (2022). Cases of transgender killing in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 34, 660–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395221107134
  • Freeland, C., Racho, R., Kamischke, M., Moraras, K., Wang, E., Cohen, C., & Kendrick, S. (2021). Health-related quality of life for adults living with hepatitis B in the United States: A qualitative assessment. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-021-00398-8
  • Gebrecherkos, T., Girmay, G., Lemma, M., & Negash, M. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B virus among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Hepatology, 2020, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5617603
  • Gomaa, A., Allam, N., Elsharkawy, A., El Kassas, M., & Waked, I. (2017). Hepatitis C infection in Egypt: Prevalence, impact and management strategies. Hepatic Medicine: Evidence and Research, 9, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.2147/hmer.s113681
  • Hang Pham, T. T., Le, T. X., Nguyen, D. T., Luu, C. M., Truong, B. D., Tran, P. D., Toy, M., Bozkurt, S., & So, S. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and medical practice regarding hepatitis B prevention and management among healthcare workers in Northern Vietnam. PLOS ONE, 14(10), e0223733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223733
  • Hughes, S., Lewis, S., Willis, K., Rogers, A., Wyke, S., & Smith, L. (2017). The experience of facilitators and participants of long term condition self-management group programmes: A qualitative synthesis. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(12), 2244–2254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.035
  • James, S. L., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abebe, Z., Abera, S. F., Abil, O. Z., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Accrombessi, M. M. K., & Acharya, D. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1789–1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
  • Jamil, M.S., Ali, H., Shaheen, R., & Basit, A. (2010). Prevalence, knowledge and awareness of hepatitis C among residents of three Union Councils in Mansehra. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, 22(3). https://ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/22-3/Shahid.pdf
  • Karimi-Sari, H., Bayatpoor, M. E., Aftabi Khotbesara, M., Ebrahimi, M. S., Sattari, Z., Sattari, P., Saberi Shakib, N., Taheri, H., Abdolrahim Poor Heravi, S., Dinizadeh, M., Vahed, P., Shirsavar, K., Hosseini, H., Rashvand, S., Jalaei, D., Azarafraz, M., Naderi, M., Pourzakaria, M., Firoozbakht, M., & Khosravi, M. H. (2017). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian health sciences students regarding hepatitis B and C virus infections: A national survey. American Journal of Infection Control, 45(11), e135–e141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.07.012
  • Khanam, A., Chua, J. V., & Kottilil, S. (2021). Immunopathology of chronic hepatitis B infection: Role of innate and adaptive immune response in disease progression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(11), 5497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115497
  • Kong, L.-N., Guo, Y., Qin, B., Peng, X., & Zhu, W.-F. (2015). Development of self-management indicators for chronic hepatitis B patients on antiviral therapy: Results of a Chinese Delphi Panel Survey. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0134125. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134125
  • Kong, L.-N., Zhu, W.-F., He, S., Wang, T., & Guo, Y. (2018). Development and preliminary validation of the chronic hepatitis B self-management scale. Applied Nursing Research, 41, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.03.009
  • Kong, L.-N., Zhu, W.-F., Li, L., Lei, Q.-S., Wang, T., & Li, Y.-L. (2019). Self-management behaviors in adults with chronic hepatitis B: A structural equation model. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 116, 103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.06.013
  • Lam, E. T., Lam, C. L., Lai, C., Yuen, M., Fong, D. Y., & So, T. M. (2009). Health-related quality of life of Southern Chinese with chronic hepatitis B infection. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-52
  • Leoni, S., Casabianca, A., Biagioni, B., & Serio, I. (2022). Viral hepatitis: Innovations and expectations. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 28(5), 517–531. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i5.517
  • Lette, A. (2019). Knowledge, attitude and practice towards prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Southeast Ethiopia. Nursing & Healthcare International Journal, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.23880/NHIJ-16000201
  • Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989). A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review, 54(3), 400–423. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095613
  • Liu, Q., Liu, M., & Liu, J. (2022). Burden and trends of acute viral hepatitis in Asia from 1990 to 2019. Viruses, 14(6), 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061180
  • Major, B., & O’Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 393–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137
  • Maqsood, S., Iqbal, S., Zakar, R., Zakar, M. Z., & Fischer, F. (2021). Determinants of overall knowledge and health behaviours in relation to hepatitis B and C among ever-married women in Pakistan: Evidence based on Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12406-z
  • Matreja, P., Matreja, P. S., Rao, H. K., & Khanna, P. M. L. (2015). Prevalence and impact of hepatitis on the quality of life of patients. Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology, 5(2), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1142
  • Miftahussurur, M., Priyantini, D., Mahmudah, I., Alfaray, R., Vidyani, A., Lucia, M., Lusida, I., Waskito, L., Annisa, Y., & Rezkitha, A. (2020). Quality of life and related factors among hepatitis B virus infected individuals. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11. https://www.sysrevpharm.org/articles/quality-of-life-and-related-factors-among-hepatitis-b-virus-infected-individuals.pdf
  • Mirnezami, H. F., Jacobsson, L., & Edin-Liljegren, A. (2016). Changes in attitudes towards mental disorders and psychiatric treatment 1976-2014 in a Swedish population. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 70(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1046916
  • Miyasaka, A., Yoshida, Y., Suzuki, A., & Takikawa, Y. (2021). Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with sofosbuvir-based treatment at 1-year post-sustained virological response. Quality of Life Research, 30(12), 3501–3509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-021-02874-6
  • Moradi, G., Soheili, M., Rashti, R., Dehghanbanadaki, H., Nouri, E., Zakaryaei, F., Amini, E. E., Baiezeedi, S., Ahmadi, S., & Moradi, Y. (2022). The prevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Medical Research, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00677-0
  • Moriyama, M., Takeshita, Y., Haruta, Y., Hattori, N., & Ezenwaka, C. E. (2013). Effects of a 6-month nurse-led self-management program on comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COPD receiving home oxygen therapy. Rehabilitation Nursing, 40(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/rnj.119
  • Mushtaque, I., Awais-E-Yazdan, M., Zahra, R., & Anas, M. (2022). Quality of life and illness acceptance among End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis: The moderating effect of death anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 003022282210752. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221075202
  • Nalli, S. K., Sinha, T., Arora, G., & Khan, Q. H. (2017). A study on knowledge attitude and practices related to hepatitis B infection among nursing students of government nursing college, Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh. International Journal of Community Medicine And Public Health, 4(9), 3407. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173853
  • Nawaz, K., Hussain, M., Majeed, I., Afzal, M., & Gilani, S. A. (2018). Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding hepatitis C prevention among people of rural community, Lahore. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 5(3), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v5i3.20602
  • Nawaz, M. A., Saeed, L., & Mushtaque, I. (2021). Mediating role of spousal support on internalized stigma and marital satisfaction among depressive patients. Review of Education, Administration & LAW, 4(4), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i4.207
  • Ngami, R. S., Opomba, S., Apendi, P. C. M. A., Mongo-Onkouo, A., Mimiesse, J. F., Itoua-Ngaporo, N. A., Ngalessami, M., Adoua, C. S., Gassaye, D., Ibara, B. I. A., & Ibara, J.-R. (2020). Knowledge attitude and practice of viral hepatitis B and C screening by general practitioners in Brazzaville. Open Journal of Gastroenterology, 10(12), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojgas.2020.1012030
  • Noor, A., Bashir, S., & Earnshaw, V. A. (2016). Bullying, internalized hepatitis (Hepatitis C virus) stigma, and self-esteem: Does spirituality curtail the relationship in the workplace. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(9), 1860–1869. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314567211
  • Osei, E., Niyilapah, J., & Kofi Amenuvegbe, G. (2019). Hepatitis B knowledge, testing, and vaccination history among undergraduate public health students in Ghana. BioMed Research International, 2019, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7645106
  • Rathi, A., Kumar, V., Majhi, J., Jain, S., Lal, P., & Singh, S. (2018). Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practices toward prevention of hepatitis B infection among medical students in a high-risk setting of a newly established medical institution. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 10(04), 374–379. https://doi.org/10.4103/JLP.JLP_93_18
  • Rice, W. S., Logie, C. H., Napoles, T. M., Walcott, M., Batchelder, A. W., Kempf, M.-C., Wingood, G. M., Konkle-Parker, D. J., Turan, B., Wilson, T. E., Johnson, M. O., Weiser, S. D., & Turan, J. M. (2018). Perceptions of intersectional stigma among diverse women living with HIV in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 208, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.001
  • Rostamzadeh, M., Afkhamzadeh, A., Afrooz, S., Mohamadi, K., & Rasouli, M. A. (2018). Dentists’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HEPATITIS B and C and HIV/AIDS in Sanandaj, Iran. BMC Oral Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-018-0685-1
  • Saquib, S., Ibrahim, W., Othman, A., Assiri, M., Al-Shahri, H., & Al-Qarni, A. (2019). Exploring the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding hepatitis B infection among dental students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(5), 805–809. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.111
  • Sarin, S. K., Kumar, M., Lau, G. K., Abbas, Z., Chan, H. L. Y., Chen, C. J., Chen, D. S., Chen, H. L., Chen, P. J., Chien, R. N., Dokmeci, A. K., Gane, E., Hou, J. L., Jafri, W., Jia, J., Kim, J. H., Lai, C. L., Lee, H. C., Lim, S. G., & Liu, C. J. (2015). Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: A 2015 update. Hepatology International, 10(1), 1–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-015-9675-4
  • Schmelzer, J., Dugan, E., Blach, S., Coleman, S., Cai, Z., DePaola, M., Estes, C., Gamkrelidze, I., Jerabek, K., Ma, S., Montoya, S., Razavi-Shearer, D., Razavi-Shearer, K., Robbins-Scott, S., Razavi, H., & El Sayed, M. H. (2020). Global prevalence of hepatitis C virus in children in 2018: A modelling study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(4), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30385-1
  • Shah, H. A., & Abu-Amara, M. (2013). Education provides significant benefits to patients with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection: A systematic review. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11(8), 922–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.024
  • Shindano, T. A., Bahizire, E., Fiasse, R., & Horsmans, Y. (2016). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health-care workers about viral hepatitis B and C in South Kivu. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0287
  • Shrestha, D. B., Khadka, M., Khadka, M., Subedi, P., Pokharel, S., & Thapa, B. B. (2020). Hepatitis B vaccination status and knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding hepatitis B among preclinical medical students of a medical college in Nepal. PLOS ONE, 15(11), e0242658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242658
  • Sitlinger, A., & Yousuf Zafar, S. (2018). Health-related quality of life. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America, 27(4), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2018.05.008
  • Smith-Palmer, J., Cerri, K., Sbarigia, U., Chan, E. K. H., Pollock, R. F., Valentine, W. J., & Bonroy, K. (2020). Impact of stigma on people living with chronic hepatitis B. Patient Related Outcome Measures, 11, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.2147/PROM.S226936
  • Stockdale, A. J., Kreuels, B., Henrion, M. Y. R., Giorgi, E., Kyomuhangi, I., de Martel, C., Hutin, Y., & Geretti, A. M. (2020). The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hepatology, 73(3), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.008
  • Stravitz, R. T., & Lee, W. M. (2019). Acute liver failure. The Lancet, 394(10201), 869–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31894-X
  • Suzuki, M., Ishikawa, T., Sakuma, A., Abe, S., Abe, H., Koyama, F., Nakano, T., Ueki, A., Noguchi, H., Hasegawa, E., Yamagata, S., Kobayashi, M., Ohashi, K., Hirosawa, H., Fukazawa, T., Maruyama, Y., & Yoshida, T. (2016). Evaluation of the health-related quality of life using the 36-item short form health survey in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving pegylated interferon/ribavirin/telaprevir triple treatment. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12(5), 3353–3358. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3785
  • van der Scheun, F. C., Nagelkerke, M. C. M., Kilaru, A., Shridhar, V., Prasad, R., & van der Werf, T. S. (2019). Stigma among healthcare workers towards hepatitis B infection in Bangalore, India: A qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4606-z
  • Vrbova, K., Prasko, J., Ociskova, M., Holubova, M., Kantor, K., Kolek, A., Grambal, A., & Slepecky, M. (2018). Suicidality, self-stigma, social anxiety and personality traits in stabilized schizophrenia patients – a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 1415–1424. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S162070
  • Wallace, C. J. K., & Milev, R. (2017). The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: A systematic review. Annals of General Psychiatry, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-017-0138-2
  • Wang, J., Feng, Q., Tam, A., Sun, T., Zhou, P., & So, S. (2016). Evaluation of the first open-access hepatitis B and safe injection online training course for health professionals in China. BMC Medical Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0608-2
  • Wang, L., Wang, Y., Tang, L., Feng, C., Liu, X., Zhang, R., & Liu, D. (2012). Quality of life and the relevant factors in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepato-gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.5754/hge11867
  • Wendon, J., Cordoba, J., Dhawan, A., Larsen, F. S., Manns, M., Nevens, F., Samuel, D., Simpson, K. J., Yaron, I., & Bernardi, M. (2017). EASL clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. Journal of Hepatology, 66(5), 1047–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.003
  • World Health Organization. (2012, March 1). WHOQOL – measuring quality of life| the world health organization. www.who.int. https://www.who.int/tools/whoqol
  • World Health Organization. (2022). Hepatitis. www.who.int. https://www.who.int/health-topics/hepatitis#tab=tab_1
  • Xu, K., Liu, L.-M., Farazi, P. A., Wang, H., Rochling, F. A., Watanabe-Galloway, S., & Zhang, J.-J. (2018). Adherence and perceived barriers to oral antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Global Health Action, 11(1), 1433987. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1433987
  • Zahoor, S., Khan, A., Asif, S., Tabraiz, S. A., Mustafa, H., Ansar, S., Hanif, S., & Raza, H. A. (2021). Past and future perspectives for hepatitis B and C in Pakistan. Cureus, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17521
  • Zhang, Q., Zhong, C., Cai, S., Yu, T., Xu, X., & Yin, J. (2022). Risk factors associated with quality of life in patients with hepatitis B virus related cirrhosis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.770415