Employee silence, job burnout and job engagement among teachers: the mediational role of psychological safety

References

• Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Van Emmerick, H., & Van Riet, P. (2008). How job demands, resources and burnout predict objective performance: A constructive replication. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 21(3), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800801958637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi, R., Laurent, E., Schonfeld, I. S., Verkuilen, J., & Berna, C. (2018). Interpretation bias toward ambiguous information in burnout and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 216–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burić, I., & Macuka, I. (2018). Self-efficacy, emotions and work engagement among teachers: A two wave cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(7), 1917–1933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (1991). Burnout: Investigating the impact of background variables for elementary, intermediate, secondary, and university educators. Teaching and Teacher education, 7, 197–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, C. E., Zweig, D., Webster, J., & Trougakos, J. (2012). Knowledge hiding in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(1), 64–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett, D. A. (2013). Teacher Silence in South Carolina Public Schools [Doctoral dissertation]. University of South Carolina. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2505/
   Google Scholar
• Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 160–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Vardakou, I., & Kantas, A. (2003). The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open. Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 869–884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2016). Can your employees really speak freely? Harvard Business Review, 94(1), 80–87. https://hbr.org/2016/01/can-your-employees-really-speak-freely
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaghey, J., Cullinane, N., Dundon, T., & Wilkinson, A. (2011). Reconceptualising employee silence: Problems and prognosis. Work, Employment and Society, 25(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010389239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmondson, A. C. (2002). Managing the risk of learning: Psychological safety in work teams. In M. West, D. Tjosvold, & K. Smith (Eds.), International handbook of organizational teamwork and cooperative working (pp. 255–275). Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305
   Google Scholar
• Elsaied, M. M. (2019). Supportive leadership, proactive personality and employee voice behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2016). An adventure in statistics: The reality enigma. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Greenglass, E. R., Pantony, K.-L., & Burke, R. J. (1988). A gender-role perspective on role conflict, work stress and social support. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3(4), 317–328.
   Google Scholar
• Gu, Q., Wang, G. G., & Wang, L. (2013). Social capital and innovation in R&D teams: The mediating roles of psychological safety and learning from mistakes. R&D Management, 43(2), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The job demands-resources model:A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22(3), 224–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802379432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the "COR”: Understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao, L., Zhu, H., He, Y., Duan, J., Zhao, T., & Meng, H. (2022). When is silence golden? A meta-analysis on antecedents and outcomes of employee silence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 37(5), 1039–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09788-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hellenic Statistical Authority. (2019). Statistical Data on Primary Education. https://www.statistics.gr/el/statistics/-/publication/SED12/-
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from child-clinical and paediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.4.599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iancu, A. E., Rusu, A., Măroiu, C., Păcurar, R., & Maricuțoiu, L. P. (2018). The effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing teacher burnout: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 373–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurado, M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. M., Atria, M. D. C., Oropesa Ruiz, L. F. N., & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2019). Burnout, perceived efficacy, and job satisfaction: Perception of the educational context in high school teachers. BioMed Research International, 2019, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1021408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamtsios, S., & Lolis, T. (2016). Investigating burnout in Greek teachers: Are there any teachers at risk? Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 13(3), 196–216. https://doi.org/10.12681/jret.10277.
   Google Scholar
• Kao, K.-Y., Hsu, H.-H., Thomas, C. L., Cheng, Y.-C., Lin, M.-T., & Li, H.-F. (2022). Motivating employees to speak up: Linking job autonomy, P-O fit, and employee voice behaviors through work engagement. Current Psychology, 41(11), 7762–7776. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01222-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariou, A., Koutsimani, P., Montgomery, A., & Lainidi, O. (2021). Emotional labor and burnout among teachers: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, M. M., Chang, M. L., Becker, E. S., Goetz, T., & Frenzel, A. C. (2014). Teachers’ emotional experiences and exhaustion as predictors of emotional labor in the classroom: An experience sampling study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessel, M., Kratzer, J., & Schultz, C. (2012). Psychological safety, knowledge sharing, and creative performance in healthcare teams. Creativity and Innovation Management, 21(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2012.00635.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kish-Gephart, J., Detert, J., Trevino, L. K., & Edmondson, A. (2009). Silenced by fear: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 163–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll, M., Götz, M., Adriasola, E., Al-Atwi, A. A., Arenas, A., Atitsogbe, K. A., …Zacher, H. (2021). International differences in employee silence motives: Scale validation, prevalence, and relationships with culture characteristics across 33 countries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(5), 619–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll, M., & van Dick, R. (2013). Do I hear the whistle … ? A first attempt to measure four forms of employee silence and their correlates. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(2), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1308-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll, M., Weigelt, O., & Hall, R. J. (2019). A longitudinal study of the relationships between four differentially motivated forms of employee silence and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(5), 572–589. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2016). Latent burnout profiles: A new approach to understanding the burnout experience. Burnout Research, 3(4), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2016.09.001
   Google Scholar
• Li, J., Wu, L. Z., Liu, D., Kwan, H. K., & Liu, J. (2014). Insider maintain voice: A psychological safety model of organizational politics. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(3), 853–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-013-9371-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S., Liao, J., & Wei, H. (2015). Authentic leadership and whistleblowing: Mediating roles of psychological safety and personal identification. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2271-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu, X. (2016). Effect of organizational justice on work engagement with psychological safety as a mediator: Evidence from China. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 44(8), 1359–1370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhdoom, I. F., Atta, M., & Malik, N. I. (2019). Counterproductive work behaviors as an outcome of job burnout among high school teachers. Bulletin of Education and Research, 41(2), 79–92.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual (3rd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mcclean, E. J., Burris, E. R., & Detert, J. R. (2013). When does voice lead to exit? It depends on leadership. Academy of Μanagement Journal, 56(2), 525–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, A. (2014). The inevitability of physician burnout: Implications for interventions. Burnout Research, 1(1), 50–56.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in pluralistic world. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725. https://doi.org/10.2307/259200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrello, S., Ambrosetti, A., Iorio, I., & Castelli, L. (2019). School burnout, relational, and organizational factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinder, C. C., & Harlos, K. P. (2001). Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice. In Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 20, pp. 331–369). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(01)20007-3
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, X., Direnzo, M. S., Xu, M., & Duan, Y. (2014). When do emotionally exhausted employees speak up? Exploring the potential curvilinear relationship between emotional exhaustion and voice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(7), 1018–1041. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Utrecht work engagement scale: Preliminary manual. In Occupational health psychology unit. Utrecht University.
   Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). MBI – General Survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Consulting Pyschologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness studies, 3, 71–92.
   Google Scholar
• Sherf, E. N., Parke, M. R., & Isaakyan, S. (2021). Distinguishing voice and silence at work: Unique relationships with perceived impact, psychological safety, and burnout. Academy of Management Journal, 64(1), 114–148. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.1428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnentag, S., & Bayer, U. V. (2005). Switching off mentally: Predictors and consequences of psychological detachment from work during off-job time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 393. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taris, T. W. (2006). Is there a relationship between burnout and objective performance? A critical review of 16 studies. Work & Stress, 20(4), 316–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370601065893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constucts. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359–1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating role of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1275–1286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-C., Hsieh, H.-H., & Wang, Y.-D. (2020). Abusive supervision and employee engagement and satisfaction: The mediating role of employee silence. Personnel Review, 49(9), 1845–1858. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-04-2019-0147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, K., Altinkurt, Y., & Güner, M. (2015). The relationship between teachers’ emotional labor and burnout level. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 15(59), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.59.5
   Google Scholar
• Yin, H. (2015). The effect of teachers’ emotional labour on teaching satisfaction: Moderation of emotional intelligence. Teachers and Teaching, 21(7), 789–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadow, A., Dollard, M. F., Parker, L., & Storey, K. (2019). Psychosocial safety climate: A review of the evidence. In M. Dollard, C. Dormann, & M. Awang Idris (Eds.), Psychosocial safety climate. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(3), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, H., & Chen, J. (2021). How does psychological empowerment prevent emotional exhaustion? Psychological safety and organizational embeddedness as mediators. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 2945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar