610
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Social participation during the COVID-19 pandemic in persons with a high risk for a severe course of COVID-19 – results of a longitudinal, multi-center observational study in Germany

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , , , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Article: 2249534 | Received 28 Feb 2023, Accepted 11 Aug 2023, Published online: 24 Aug 2023

References

  • Adams, K., Rhoads, J. P., Surie, D., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., McNeal, T., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., Zepeski, A., Shapiro, N. I., Gibbs, K. W., Files, D. C., Hager, D. N., Frosch, A. E., Exline, M. C., Mohamed, A., Johnson, N. J., Steingrub, J. S., Peltan, I. D., ..., Self, W. H. (2022). Vaccine effectiveness of primary series and booster doses against Covid-19 associated hospital admissions in the United States: Living test negative design study. BMJ, 379, e072065. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-072065
  • Akalin, E., Azzi, Y., Bartash, R., Seethamraju, H., Parides, M., Hemmige, V., Ross, M., Forest, S., Goldstein, Y. D., Ajaimy, M., Liriano—Ward, L., Pynadath, C., Loarte—Campos, P., Nandigam, P. B., Graham, J., Le, M., Rocca, J., & Kinkhabwala, M. (2020). Covid-19 and kidney transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(25), 2475–2477. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2011117
  • Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Trabelsi, K., Masmoudi, L., Brach, M., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Mueller, P., Mueller, N., Hsouna, H., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras—Domingos, L. L., Braakman—Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., ..., Hoekelmann, A. (2020). COVID-19 Home confinement negatively impacts social participation and life satisfaction: A worldwide multicenter study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176237
  • Andersson, O., Campos-Mercade, P., Meier, A. N., & Wengström, E. (2021). Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces willingness to socially distance. Journal of Health Economics, 80, 102530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102530
  • Änderungen. (2021). Änderungen des Infektionsschutzgesetztes.
  • Arregocés-Castillo, L., Fernández-Niño, J., Rojas-Botero, M., Palacios-Clavijo, A., Galvis-Pedraza, M., Rincón-Medrano, L., Pinto-Álvarez, M., Ruiz-Gómez, F., & Trejo-Valdivia, B. (2022). Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in older adults in Colombia: A retrospective, population-based study of the ESPERANZA cohort. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 3(4), e242–e252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00035-6
  • Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., McGettigan, J., Khetan, S., Segall, N., Solis, J., Brosz, A., Fierro, C., Schwartz, H., Neuzil, K., Corey, L, ..., Zaks, T. (2021). Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(5), 403–416. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389
  • Bakdash, J. Z., & Marusich, L. R. (2017). Repeated measures correlation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00456
  • Booth, A., Reed, A. B., Ponzo, S., Yassaee, A., Aral, M., Plans, D., Labrique, A., & Mohan, D. (2021). Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(3), e0247461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247461
  • Bundesärztekammer. (2021). Stellungnahme der Bundesärztekammer, Berlin. Retrieved on 3 January 2023. https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/_old-files/downloads/pdf-Ordner/Stellungnahmen/AEnderungsantrag_IfSG_28a_SN_BAEK_26082021_final.pdf
  • Bundesregierung. 2021. Videoschaltkonferenz der Bundeskanzlerin mit den Regierungschefinnen und Regierungschefs der Länder am 3. März 2021, 2021. Retrieved on 19 April 2023. https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/974430/1872054/66dba48b5b63d8817615d11edaaed849/2021-03-03-mpk-data.pdf?download=1
  • Bürgel, T. R., Hiebl, M. R. W., & Pielsticker, D. I. (2023). Digitalization and entrepreneurial firms’ resilience to pandemic crises: Evidence from COVID-19 and the German Mittelstand. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186, 122135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122135
  • Caserotti, M., Girardi, P., Rubaltelli, E., Tasso, A., Lotto, L., & Gavaruzzi, T. (2021). Associations of COVID-19 risk perception with vaccine hesitancy over time for Italian residents. Social Science & Medicine, 272, 113688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113688
  • Chiao, C., Weng, L.-J., & Botticello, A. L. (2011). Social participation reduces depressive symptoms among older adults: An 18-year longitudinal analysis in Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-292
  • Chourpiliadis, C., Lovik, A., Kähler, A. K., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Frans, E. M., Nyberg, F., Sullivan, P. F., & Fang, F. (2023). Short-term improvement of mental health after a COVID-19 vaccination. PLoS One, 18(2), e0280587. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280587
  • Cipolletta, S., Andreghetti, G. R., & Mioni, G. (2022). Risk perception towards COVID-19: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084649
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. ISBN 9780203771587.
  • Costa, A. D., Fernandes, A., Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Machado-Sousa, M., Moreira, P., Morgado, P., & Picó-Pérez, M. (2022). How long does adaption last for? An update on the psychological impact of the confinement in Portugal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042243
  • Deck, R., Mittag, O., Hüppe, A., Muche-Borowski, C., & Raspe, H. (2011). IMET – Index zur Messung von Einschränkungen der Teilhabe.
  • Deck, R., Walther, A. L., Staupendahl, A., & Katalinic, A. (2015). Einschränkungen der Teilhabe in der Bevölkerung – Normdaten für den IMET auf der Basis eines Bevölkerungssurveys in Norddeutschland. Rehabilitation (Stuttg), 54(06|6), 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559670
  • Deimel, D., Köhler, T., Dyba, J., Graf, N., & Firk, C. (2022). Mental health of Covid-19 risk groups during the first Covid-19 lockdown in Germany: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1187. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13593-z
  • Dietrich, H., Patzina, A., & Lerche, A. (2021). Social inequality in the homeschooling efforts of German high school students during a school closing period. European Societies, 23(sup1), S348–S369. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1826556
  • Ding, Y., Chen, L., & Zhang, Z. (2022). The relationship between social participation and depressive symptoms among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: A cross-lagged panel analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 996606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.996606
  • Dopfer-Jablonka, A., Steffens, S., Müller, F., Mikuteit, M., Niewolik, J., Cossmann, A., Stankov, M. V., Behrens, G. M. N., Hummers, E., Heesen, G., Schröder, D., Roder, S., Klawonn, F., Vahldiek, K., Hasenkamp, J., Kallusky, J., Falk, C. S., Overbeck, T. R., & Heinemann, S. (2022). SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in elderly and immunosuppressed participants and patients with hematologic disease or checkpoint inhibition in solid tumors: Study protocol of the prospective, observational CoCo immune study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07347-w
  • Douglas, H., Georgiou, A., & Westbrook, J. (2017). Social participation as an indicator of successful aging: An overview of concepts and their associations with health. Australian Health Review, 41(4), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH16038
  • Fain, R. S., Hayat, S. A., Luben, R., Abdul Pari, A. A., & Yip, J. L. Y. (2022). Effects of social participation and physical activity on all-cause mortality among older adults in Norfolk, England: An investigation of the EPIC-Norfolk study. Public Health, 202, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.10.017
  • Fendler, A., Vries, E. G. E. d., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Haanen, J. B., Wörmann, B., Turajlic, S., & Lilienfeld-Toal, M. v. (2022). COVID-19 vaccines in patients with cancer: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 19(6), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-022-00610-8
  • Florensa, D., Mateo, J., Spaimoc, R., Miret, C., Godoy, S., Solsona, F., & Godoy, P. (2022). Severity of COVID-19 cases in the months of predominance of the Alpha and Delta variants. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19125-4
  • Galmiche, S., Luong Nguyen, L. B., Tartour, E., Lamballerie, X. d., Wittkop, L., Loubet, P., & Launay, O. (2022). Immunological and clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations: A systematic review. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 28(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.036
  • Gianfrancesco, M., Hyrich, K. L., Al—Adely, S., Carmona, L., Danila, M. I., Gossec, L., Izadi, Z., Jacobsohn, L., Katz, P., Lawson—Tovey, S., Mateus, E. F., Rush, S., Schmajuk, G., Simard, J., Strangfeld, A., Trupin, L., Wysham, K. D., Bhana, S., Costello, W., ..., Robinson, P. C. (2020). Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: Data from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance physician-reported registry. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 79(7), 859–866. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871
  • Gough, C., Barr, C., Lewis, L. K., Hutchinson, C., Maeder, A., & George, S. (2023). Older adults’ community participation, physical activity, and social interactions during and following COVID-19 restrictions in Australia: A mixed methods approach. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15093-0
  • Graffigna, G., Palamenghi, L., Boccia, S., & Barello, S. (2020). Relationship between citizens’ health engagement and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine in Italy: A mediation analysis. Vaccines (Basel), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040576
  • Guida, J. L., Holt, C. L., Dallal, C. M., He, X., Gold, R., & Liu, H. (2020). Social relationships and functional impairment in aging cancer survivors: A longitudinal social network study. The Gerontologist, 60(4), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz051
  • Hadley, W. (2016). Ggplot2: Elegrant graphics for data analysis, Second edition. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-24277-4.
  • Haktanir, A., Can, N., Seki, T., Kurnaz, M. F., & Dilmaç, B. (2022). Do we experience pandemic fatigue? Current state, predictors, and prevention. Current Psychology, 41(10), 7314–7325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02397-w
  • Hanna, K., Clarke, P., Woolfall, K., Hassan, S., Abba, K., Hajj, T. E., Deja, E., Ahmed, S., Joseph, N., Ring, A., Allen, G., Byrne, P., & Gabbay, M. (2023). The perception of risk in contracting and spreading COVID-19 amongst individuals, households and vulnerable groups in England: A longitudinal qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 653. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15439-8
  • He, W., Chen, L [Lei], Chen, L [Li], Yuan, G., Fang, Y., Chen, W., Di Wu, Liang, B., Lu, X., Ma, Y., Li, L., Wang, H., Chen, Z., Li, Q., & Gale, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 in persons with haematological cancers. Leukemia, 34(6), 1637–1645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-020-0836-7
  • Hilverda, F., & Vollmann, M. (2021). The role of risk perception in students’ COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A longitudinal study. Vaccines (Basel), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010022
  • Howrey, B. T., & Hand, C. L. (2019). Measuring social participation in the health and retirement study. The Gerontologist, 59, e415–e423. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny094
  • Hueppe, A., Langbrandtner, J., & Raspe, H. (2014). Inviting patients with inflammatory bowel disease to active involvement in their own care: A randomized controlled trial. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 20, 1057–1069. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000044
  • Hüppe, A., Langbrandtner, J., Lill, C., & Raspe, H. (2020). The effectiveness of actively induced medical rehabilitation in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 117, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0089
  • Hyams, C., Challen, R., Marlow, R., Nguyen, J., Begier, E., Southern, J., King, J., Morley, A., Kinney, J., Clout, M., Oliver, J., Gray, S., Ellsbury, G., Maskell, N., Jodar, L., Gessner, B., McLaughlin, J., Danon, L., & Finn, A. (2023). Severity of omicron (B.1.1.529) and delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospitalised adults: A prospective cohort study in Bristol, United Kingdom. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 25, 100556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100556
  • Im Ryu, S., Park, Y.-H., Kim, J., Huh, I., Chang, S. J., Jang, S.-N., & Noh, E.-Y. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on the social relationships and mental health of older adults living alone: A two-year prospective cohort study. PLoS One, 17, e0270260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270260
  • John Hopkins University. (2023). COVID-19 dashboard: By the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed on 14 January 2023)
  • Karing, C. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of anxiety, depression and stress among university students during the period of the first lockdown in Germany. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 5, 100174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100174
  • Kassambara, A. (2022). rstatix.
  • Kerper, L. F., Spies, C. D., Tillinger, J., Wegscheider, K., Salz, A.-L., Weiss-Gerlach, E., Neumann, T., & Krampe, H. (2014). Screening for depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in pre-operative surgical patients: A psychometric analysis of the patient health questionnaire 4 (Phq-4). Clinical Health Promotion – Research and Best Practice for Patients, Staff and Community, 4(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.29102/clinhp.14002
  • King, K., Vygen-Bonnet, S., Burchard, G.-D., Heininger, U., Kremer, K., Wiedermann, U., & Bogdan, C. (2021). STIKO-Empfehlung zur COVID-19-Impfung bei Personen mit Immundefizienz (ID) 2021. https://doi.org/10.25646/9083.2.
  • Kowsar, R., Rahimi, A. M., Sroka, M., Mansouri, A., Sadeghi, K., Bonakdar, E., Kateb, S. F., & Mahdavi, A. H. (2023). Risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients: A meta- and network analysis. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 2138. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29364-8
  • Lee, A. R. Y. B., Wong, S. Y., Chai, L. Y. A., Lee, S. C., Lee, M. X., Muthiah, M. D., Tay, S. H., Teo, C. B., Tan, B. K. J., Chan, Y. H., Sundar, R., & Soon, Y. Y. (2022). Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 376, e068632. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-068632
  • Levasseur, M., Desrosiers, J., & Whiteneck, G. (2010). Accomplishment level and satisfaction with social participation of older adults: Association with quality of life and best correlates. Quality of Life Research, 19(5), 665–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9633-5
  • Levasseur, M., Lussier-Therrien, M., Biron, M. L., Raymond, É, Castonguay, J., Naud, D., Fortier, M., Sévigny, A., Houde, S., & Tremblay, L. (2022). Scoping study of definitions of social participation: Update and co-construction of an interdisciplinary consensual definition. Age and Ageing, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab215
  • Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., & Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1-2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019
  • Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000690
  • Masten, A. S., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2020). Multisystem resilience for children and youth in disaster: Reflections in the context of COVID-19. Adversity and Resilience Science, 1(2), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-020-00010-w
  • Mergel, E., & Schützwohl, M. (2021). A longitudinal study on the COVID-19 pandemic and its divergent effects on social participation and mental health across different study groups with and without mental disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(8), 1459–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02025-9
  • Morrison, L., McDonough, M., Won, S., Matsune, A. J., & Hewson, J. (2022). Older adults’ physical activity and social participation during COVID-19. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 46(4), 320–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2022.2094658
  • Nair, V., Jandovitz, N., Hirsch, J. S., Nair, G., Abate, M., Bhaskaran, M., Grodstein, E., Berlinrut, I., Hirschwerk, D., Cohen, S. L., Davidson, K. W., Dominello, A. J., Osorio, G. A., Richardson, S., Teperman, L. W., & Molmenti, E. P. (2020). COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation, 20(7), 1819–1825. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15967
  • Noguchi, T., Hayashi, T., Kubo, Y., Tomiyama, N., Ochi, A., & Hayashi, H. (2021). Association between decreased social participation and depressive symptom onset among community-dwelling older adults: A longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 25(9), 1070–1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1674-7
  • Patel, K., Robertson, E., Kwong, A. S. F., Griffith, G. J., Willan, K., Green, M. J., Di Gessa, G., Huggins, C. F., McElroy, E., Thompson, E. J., Maddock, J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Henderson, M., Richards, M., Steptoe, A., Ploubidis, G. B., Moltrecht, B., Booth, C., Fitzsimons, E., ..., Katikireddi, S. V. (2022). Psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among adults in the United Kingdom based on coordinated analyses of 11 longitudinal studies. JAMA Network Open, 5(4), e227629. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7629
  • Pereira, M. R., Mohan, S., Cohen, D. J., Husain, S. A., Dube, G. K., Ratner, L. E., Arcasoy, S., Aversa, M. M., Benvenuto, L. J., Dadhania, D. M., Kapur, S., Dove, L. M., Brown, R. S., Rosenblatt, R. E., Samstein, B., Uriel, N., Farr, M. A., Satlin, M., Small, C. B., ..., Verna, E. C. (2020). COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: Initial report from the US epicenter. American Journal of Transplantation, 20(7), 1800–1808. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15941
  • Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K. A., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Li, P., Kalina, W. V., Cooper, D., Frenck, R. W., Hammitt, L. L., ..., Gruber, W. C. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(27), 2603–2615. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
  • Prati, G., & Mancini, A. D. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: A review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Psychological Medicine, 51(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000015
  • Prihodova, L., Nagyova, I., Rosenberger, J., Roland, R., Majernikova, M., Groothoff, J. W., & van Dijk, J. P. (2015). Social participation after kidney transplantation as a predictor of graft loss and mortality over 10 years: A longitudinal study. Transplantation, 99(3), 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000347
  • Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., Barnaby, D. P., Becker, L. B., Chelico, J. D., Cohen, S. L., Cookingham, J., Coppa, K., Diefenbach, M. A., Dominello, A. J., Duer-Hefele, J., Falzon, L., Gitlin, J., Hajizadeh, N., Harvin, T. G., ..., Zanos, T. P. (2020). Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA, 323(20), 2052–2059. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775
  • Robert Koch-Institut. (2023). 7-Tage-Inzidenzen nach Bundesländern und Kreisen (fixierte Werte) sowie 7-Tage-Inzidenz der hospitalisierten COVID-19-Fälle nach Bundesländern (fixierte Werte). https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Daten/Fallzahlen_Kum_Tab.html (accessed on 13 January 2023)
  • Robinson, E., Sutin, A. R., Daly, M., & Jones, A. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.098
  • Sadoff, J., Gray, G., an Vandebosch, Cárdenas, V., Shukarev, G., Grinsztejn, B., Goepfert, P. A., Truyers, C., Fennema, H., Spiessens, B., Offergeld, K., Scheper, G., Taylor, K. L., Robb, M. L., Treanor, J., Barouch, D. H., Stoddard, J., Ryser, M. F., Marovich, M. A., ..., Douoguih, M. (2021). Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(23), 2187–2201. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101544
  • Schmid, L., Wörn, J., Hank, K., Sawatzki, B., & Walper, S. (2021). Changes in employment and relationship satisfaction in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the German family panel. European Societies, 23(sup1), S743–S758. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1836385
  • Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., Spiegelhalter, D., & van der Linden, S. (2021). COVID-19 risk perception: A longitudinal analysis of its predictors and associations with health protective behaviours in the United Kingdom. Journal of Risk Research, 24(3-4), 294–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2021.1890637
  • Schröder, D., Heesen, G., Heinemann, S., Hummers, E., Jablonka, A., Steffens, S., Mikuteit, M., Niewolik, J., Overbeck, T. R., Kallusky, J., et al. (2022). Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess social participation of high risk-adults in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 831087. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.831087
  • Schützwohl, M., & Mergel, E. (2020). Teilhabemöglichkeit, Partizipation, Inklusion und psychisches Befinden im Zusammenhang mit Ausgangsbeschränkungen aufgrund SARS-CoV-2. Psychiatrische Praxis, 47(06|6), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1202-2427
  • Shen, C., Risk, M., Schiopu, E., Hayek, S. S., Xie, T., Holevinski, L., Akin, C., Freed, G., & Zhao, L. (2022). Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients taking immunosuppressants. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 81(6), 875–880. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-222045
  • Skulmowski, A., & Rey, G. D. (2020). COVID-19 as an accelerator for digitalization at a German university: Establishing hybrid campuses in times of crisis. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(3), 212–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.201
  • Sozialgesetzbuch. (2022). Sozialgesetzbuch neuntes Buch, §152: SGB IX §152, 2022.
  • Su, S., Marrie, R. A., & Bernstein, C. N. (2022). Factors associated with social participation in persons living with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology, 5(2), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab022
  • Sudre, C. H., Murray, B., Varsavsky, T., Graham, M. S., Penfold, R. S., Bowyer, R. C., Pujol, J. C., Klaser, K., Antonelli, M., Canas, L. S., Molteni, E., Modat, M., Jorge Cardoso, M., May, A., Ganesh, S., Davies, R., Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Astley, C. M., ..., Steves, C. J. (2021). Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nature Medicine, 27(4), 626–631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y
  • Takagi, D., Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. (2013). Social participation and mental health: Moderating effects of gender, social role and rurality. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 701. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-701
  • Tillinger, J. (2015). Der PHQ-4 zur Messung von Depressivität und Angst bei operativen Patienten der Anästhesieambulanz; Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
  • Voysey, M., Clemens, S. A. C., Madhi, S. A., Weckx, L. Y., Folegatti, P. M., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Baillie, V. L., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., Bibi, S., Briner, C., Cicconi, P., Collins, A. M., Colin-Jones, R., Cutland, C. L., Darton, T. C., Dheda, K., Duncan, C. J. A., ..., Pollard, A. J. (2021). Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: An interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. The Lancet, 397(10269), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1
  • Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., & Gao, G. F. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet, 395(10223), 470–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
  • Webb, G. J., Moon, A. M., Barnes, E., Barritt, A. S., & Marjot, T. (2020). Determining risk factors for mortality in liver transplant patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(7), 643–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30125-4
  • Wessels, M., Utegaliyev, N., Bernhard, C., Welsch, R., Oberfeld, D., Thönes, S., & Castell, C. v. (2022). Adapting to the pandemic: Longitudinal effects of social restrictions on time perception and boredom during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1863. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05495-2
  • WHO. WHO/Europe discusses how to deal with pandemic fatigue. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-europe-discusses-how-to-deal-with-pandemic-fatigue
  • Wu, X., Lu, Y., & Jiang, B. (2023). Built environment factors moderate pandemic fatigue in social distance during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide longitudinal study in the United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 233, 104690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104690