The potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Africa: Considerations and early lessons learned from the South African experience

References

• O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, Lee E, Mulholland K, Levine OS, Cherian T. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009; 374(9693):893-902; PMID:19748398; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61204-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H, Black RE. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 2013; 381(9875):1405-16; PMID:23582727; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Progress in introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine–worldwide, 2000-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008; 57(42):1148-51; PMID:18946462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(14):1341-8; PMID:14523142; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa035060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, Jaffar S, Levine OS, Okoko JB, Oluwalana C, Vaughan A, Obaro SK, Leach A, et al. Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365(9465):1139-46; PMID:15794968; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71876-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Adrian P, Kuwanda L, Jassat W, Jones S, Little T, Soininen A, Cutland C, Klugman KP. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of a 9-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in human immunodeficient virus infected and non-infected children in the absence of a booster dose of vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25(13):2451-7; PMID:17023095; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Cumin E, Klugman KP. Defining the potential impact of conjugate bacterial polysaccharide-protein vaccines in reducing the burden of pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and -uninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21(5):393-9; PMID:12150175; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200205000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Kuwanda L, Cutland C, Klugman KP. The impact of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the public health burden of pneumonia in HIV-infected and -uninfected children. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(10):1511-8; PMID:15844075; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie GA, Bottomley C, van Hoek AJ, Jeffries D, Ota M, Zaman SM, Greenwood B, Cutts F. Efficacy of different pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedules against pneumonia, hospitalisation, and mortality: re-analysis of a randomised trial in the Gambia. Vaccine 2014; 32(21):2493-500; PMID:24631086; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojo LR, O'Loughlin RE, Cohen AL, Loo JD, Edmond KM, Shetty SS, Bear AP, Privor-Dumm L, Griffiths UK, Hajjeh R. Global use of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2010; 28(43):7117-22; PMID:20691265; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/pneumococcal/. Accessed 15 June 2105.
   Google Scholar
• Ayieko P, Griffiths UK, Ndiritu M, Moisi J, Mugoya IK, Kamau T, English M, Scott JA. Assessment of health benefits and cost-effectiveness of 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Kenyan children. PLoS One 2013; 8(6):e67324; PMID:23826268; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP/countries. Accessed 1 June 2105.
   Google Scholar
• Usuf E, Mackenzie G, Lowe-Jallow Y, Boye B, Atherly D, Suraratdecha C, Griffiths UK. Costs of vaccine delivery in the Gambia before and after, pentavalent and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introductions. Vaccine 2014; 32(17):1975-81; PMID:24503271; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo JD, Conklin L, Fleming-Dutra KE, Deloria Knoll M, Park DE, Kirk J, Goldblatt D, O'Brien KL, Whitney CG. Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on prevention of pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33(Suppl 2):S140-51; PMID:24336056; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin L, Loo JD, Kirk J, Fleming-Dutra KE, Deloria Knoll M, Park DE, Goldblatt D, O'Brien KL, Whitney CG. Systematic review of the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease among young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33(Suppl 2):S109-18; PMID:24336053; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afonso ET, Minamisava R, Bierrenbach AL, Escalante JJ, Alencar AP, Domingues CM, Morais-Neto OL, Toscano CM, Andrade AL. Effect of 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine on pneumonia among children, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(4):589-97; PMID:23628462; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1904.121198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirez MC, Algorta G, Cedres A, Sobrero H, Varela A, Giachetto G, Montano A. Impact of universal pneumococcal vaccination on hospitalizations for pneumonia and meningitis in children in Montevideo, Uruguay. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30(8):669-74; PMID:21407145; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3182152bf1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger DM, Bruden DT, Grant LR, Lipsitch M, O'Brien KL, Pelton SI, Sanders EA, Feikin DR. Using pneumococcal carriage data to monitor postvaccination changes in invasive disease. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178(9):1488-95; PMID:24013204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Bamford L, Ngcobo N. Effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and rotavirus vaccine introduction into the South African public immunisation programme. S Afr Med J 2014; 104(3 Suppl 1):228-34; PMID:24893498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner RE, Klugman KP, Matai U, Eggers R, Hussey G. Laboratory surveillance for Haemophilus influenzae type B meningococcal, and pneumococcal disease. Haemophilus surveillance working group. S Afr Med J 1999; 89(9):924-5; PMID:10554623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Gottberg A, Cohen C, de Gouveia L, Meiring S, Quan V, Whitelaw A, Crowther-Gibson P, Madhi SA, Whitney CG, Klugman KP. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the pre-conjugate vaccine era: South Africa, 2003-2008. Vaccine 2013; 31(38):4200-8; PMID:23684826; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes MC, von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Cohen C, Moore DP, Klugman KP, Madhi SA. The impact of antiretroviral treatment on the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: a time series analysis. AIDS 2011; 25(4):453-62; PMID:21178754; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328341b7f1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes MC, von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Cohen C, Kuwanda L, Karstaedt AS, Klugman KP, Madhi SA. Persistent high burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in South African HIV-infected adults in the Era of an antiretroviral treatment program. PLoS One 2011; 6(11):e27929; PMID:22140487; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Tempia S, Quan V, Meiring S, von Mollendorf C, Madhi SA, Zell ER, Verani JR, O'Brien KL, et al. Effects of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa. N Engl J Med 2014; 371(20):1889-99; PMID:25386897; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1401914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen C, von Mollendorf C, de Gouveia L, Naidoo N, Meiring S, Quan V, Nokeri V, Fortuin-de Smit M, Malope-Kgokong B, Moore D, et al. Effectiveness of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected and -uninfected children in South Africa: A matched case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59(6):808-18; PMID:24917657; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Groome MJ, Zar HJ, Kapongo CN, Mulligan C, Nzenze S, Moore DP, Zell ER, Whitney CG, Verani JR. Effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against presumed bacterial pneumonia hospitalisation in HIV-uninfected South African children: a case-control study. Thorax 2015; 70(12):1149-55; PMID:26092924; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzenze SA, von Gottberg A, Shiri T, van Niekerk N, de Gouveia L, Violari A, Nunes MC, Madhi SA. Temporal changes in pneumococcal colonization in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected mother-child pairs following transitioning from 7-valent to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Soweto, South Africa. J Infect Dis 2015; (7) 1082-1092; PMID:25784729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbelle N, Huebner RE, Wasas AD, Kimura A, Chang I, Klugman KP. Immunogenicity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 1999; 180(4):1171-6; PMID:10479145; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://countryoffice.unfpa.org/southafrica/2013/05/03/6675/hiv/. Accessed 1 June 2105.
   Google Scholar
• Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper - 2012 - recommendations. Vaccine 2012; 30(32):4717-8; PMID:22621828; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldblatt D, Southern J, Ashton L, Andrews N, Woodgate S, Burbidge P, Waight P, Miller E. Immunogenicity of a reduced schedule of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants and correlates of protection for serotype 6B in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29(5):401-5; PMID:20010312; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181c67f04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldblatt D, Southern J, Ashton L, Richmond P, Burbidge P, Tasevska J, Crowley-Luke A, Andrews N, Morris R, Borrow R, et al. Immunogenicity and boosting after a reduced number of doses of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25(4):312-9; PMID:16567982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000207483.60267.e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Kuwanda L, Cutland C, Holm A, Kayhty H, Klugman KP. Quantitative and qualitative antibody response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among African human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24(5):410-6; PMID:15876939; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000160942.84169.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Adegbola RA, Cutts F, Greenwood B, Hausdorff WP. Timing of serotype 1 pneumococcal disease suggests the need for evaluation of a booster dose. Vaccine 2011; 29(18):3372-3; PMID:21396901; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HL, Deloria-Knoll M, Levine OS, Stoszek SK, Freimanis Hance L, Reithinger R, Muenz LR, O'Brien KL. Systematic evaluation of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease among children under five: the pneumococcal global serotype project. PLoS Med 2010; 7(10); PMID:20957191; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller JE, Yaro S, Ouedraogo MS, Levina N, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Tall H, Idohou RS, Sanou O, Kroman SS, Drabo A, et al. Pneumococci in the African meningitis belt: meningitis incidence and carriage prevalence in children and adults. PLoS One 2012; 7(12):e52464; PMID:23285051; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SA, Groome M, Koen A, Van Niekerk N, Sewraj P, Kuwanda L, Izu A, Adrian PV, Madhi SA. Immunogenicity of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered at 6, 14 and 40 weeks of age in South african infants. PLoS One 2013; 8(8):e72794; PMID:24015277; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron P, Pillay Y, Doherty T, Sherman G, Jackson D, Bhardwaj S, Robinson P, Goga A. Eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91(1):70-74; PMID:23397353; http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.12.106807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Izu A, Violari A, Cotton MF, Panchia R, Dobbels E, Sewraj P, van Niekerk N, Jean-Philippe P, Adrian PV. Immunogenicity following the first and second doses of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected and -uninfected infants. Vaccine 2013; 31(5):777-83; PMID:23228814; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Adrian P, Cotton MF, McIntyre JA, Jean-Philippe P, Meadows S, Nachman S, Kayhty H, Klugman KP, Violari A. Effect of HIV infection status and anti-retroviral treatment on quantitative and qualitative antibody responses to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. J Infect Dis 2010; 202(3):355-61; PMID:20583920; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/653704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mollendorf C, von Gottberg A, Tempia S, Meiring S, de Gouveia L, Quan V, Lengana S, Avenant T, du Plessis N, Eley B, et al. Increased risk for and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease in hiv-exposed but uninfected infants aged. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60(9):1346-56; PMID:25645212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Petersen K, Madhi A, Wasas A, Klugman KP. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the disease spectrum of Streptococcus pneumoniae in South African children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19(12):1141-7; PMID:11144373; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200012000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klugman KP. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and their effect on carriage and antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 2001; 1(2):85-91; PMID:11871480; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00063-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cherian T, Mulholland EK, Carlin JB, Ostensen H, Amin R, de Campo M, Greenberg D, Lagos R, Lucero M, Madhi SA, et al. Standardized interpretation of paediatric chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83(5):353-9; PMID:15976876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Klugman KP. World Health Organisation definition of “radiologically-confirmed pneumonia” may under-estimate the true public health value of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines. Vaccine 2007; 25(13):2413-9; PMID:17005301; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Kohler M, Kuwanda L, Cutland C, Klugman KP. Usefulness of C-reactive protein to define pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy in the prevention of pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25(1):30-36; PMID:16395099; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000195787.99199.4a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregnaghi MW, Saez-Llorens X, Lopez P, Abate H, Smith E, Posleman A, Calvo A, Wong D, Cortes-Barbosa C, Ceballos A, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal nontypable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) in young Latin American children: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2014; 11(6):e1001657; PMID:24892763; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enwere G, Biney E, Cheung YB, Zaman SM, Okoko B, Oluwalana C, Vaughan A, Greenwood B, Adegbola R, Cutts FT. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired invasive bacterial infections in children aged 2-29 months in the Gambia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25(8):700-5; PMID:16874169; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000226839.30925.a5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enwere G, Cheung YB, Zaman SM, Akano A, Oluwalana C, Brown O, Vaughan A, Adegbola R, Greenwood B, Cutts F. Epidemiology and clinical features of pneumonia according to radiographic findings in Gambian children. Trop Med Int Health 2007; 12(11):1377-85; PMID:18045264; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01922.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Klugman KP. A role for Streptococcus pneumoniae in virus-associated pneumonia. Nat Med 2004; 10(8):811-3; PMID:15247911; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, Ampofo K, Bramley AM, Reed C, Stockmann C, Anderson EJ, Grijalva CG, Self WH, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(9):835-45; PMID:25714161; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1405870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD. 2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12(2):136-41; PMID:22030330; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate JE, Parashar UD. Rotavirus vaccines in routine use. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59(9):1291-301; PMID:25048849; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker-Dreps S, Amaya E, Liu L, Moreno G, Rocha J, Briceno R, Aleman J, Hudgens MG, Woods CW, Weber DJ. Changes in childhood pneumonia and infant mortality rates following introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Nicaragua. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33(6):637-42; PMID:24445827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodoratou E, McAllister DA, Reed C, Adeloye DO, Rudan I, Muhe LM, Madhi SA, Campbell H, Nair H. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia burden in HIV-infected children in 2010: a meta-analysis and modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14(12):1250-8; PMID:25455992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punpanich W, Groome M, Muhe L, Qazi SA, Madhi SA. Systematic review on the etiology and antibiotic treatment of pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30(10):e192-202; PMID:21857264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gona P, Van Dyke RB, Williams PL, Dankner WM, Chernoff MC, Nachman SA, Seage GR, 3rd. Incidence of opportunistic and other infections in HIV-infected children in the HAART era. Jama 2006; 296(3):292-300; PMID:16849662; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.3.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen L, Taylor RJ, Schuck-Paim C, Lustig R, Haber M, Klugman KP. Effect of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on admissions to hospital 2 years after its introduction in the USA: a time series analysis. Lancet Respirat Med 2014; 2(5):387-94; PMID:24815804; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70032-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poehling KA, Talbot TR, Griffin MR, Craig AS, Whitney CG, Zell E, Lexau CA, Thomas AR, Harrison LH, Reingold AL, et al: Invasive pneumococcal disease among infants before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Jama 2006; 295(14):1668-74; PMID:16609088; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.14.1668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flannery B, Heffernan RT, Harrison LH, Ray SM, Reingold AL, Hadler J, Schaffner W, Lynfield R, Thomas AR, Li J, et al. Changes in invasive Pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults living in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunization. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144(1):1-9; PMID:16389249; http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-1-200601030-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo JD, Conklin L, Fleming-Dutra KE, Knoll MD, Park DE, Kirk J, Goldblatt D, O'Brien KL, Whitney CG. Systematic review of the indirect effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on pneumococcal disease and colonization. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33(Suppl 2):S161-71; PMID:24336058; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obaro SK, Adegbola RA, Banya WA, Greenwood BM. Carriage of pneumococci after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet 1996; 348(9022):271-2; PMID:8684225; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65585-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammitt LL, Akech DO, Morpeth SC, Karani A, Kihuha N, Nyongesa S, Bwanaali T, Mumbo E, Kamau T, Sharif SK, et al. Population effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae in Kilifi, Kenya: findings from cross-sectional carriage studies. Lancet Glob health 2014; 2(7):e397-405; PMID:25103393; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70224-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca A, Hill PC, Townend J, Egere U, Antonio M, Bojang A, Akisanya A, Litchfield T, Nsekpong DE, Oluwalana C, et al. Effects of community-wide vaccination with PCV-7 on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in the Gambia: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med 2011; 8(10):e1001107; PMID:22028630; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzenze SA, Shiri T, Nunes MC, Klugman KP, Kahn K, Twine R, de Gouveia L, von Gottberg A, Madhi SA. Temporal changes in pneumococcal colonization in a Rural-African community with high HIV-prevalence following routine infant pneumococcal-immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32(11):1270-8; PMID:24061271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzenze SA, Shiri T, Nunes MC, Klugman KP, Kahn K, Twine R, de Gouveia L, von Gottberg A, Madhi SA. Temporal association of infant immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the ecology of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonisation in a rural South African community. Vaccine 2014; 32(42):5520-30; PMID:25101982; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buie KA, Klugman KP, von Gottberg A, Perovic O, Karstaedt A, Crewe-Brown HH, Madhi SA, Feldman C: Gender as a risk factor for both antibiotic resistance and infection with pediatric serogroups/serotypes, in HIV-infected and -uninfected adults with pneumococcal bacteremia. J Infect Dis 2004; 189(11):1996-2000; PMID:15143465; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Izu A, Nunes MC, Violari A, Cotton MF, Jean-Philippe P, Klugman KP, von Gottberg A, van Niekerk N, Adrian PV. Longitudinal study on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization in HIV-infected and -uninfected infants vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33(23):2662-9; PMID:25910923; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar