Recent advances in the development of vaccines against ricin

References

• Montfort W, Villafranca JE, Monzingo AF, Ernst SR, Katzin B, Rutenber E, Xuong NH, Hamlin R, Robertus JD. The three-dimensional structure of ricin at 2.8 A. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:5398-403; PMID:3558397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskaran M, Didier PJ, Sivasubramani SK, Doyle LA, Holley J, Roy CJ. Pathology of lethal and sublethal doses of aerosolized ricin in rhesus macaques. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:573-81; PMID:23761937; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623313492248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy CJ, Song K, Sivasubramani SK, Gardner DJ, Pincus SH. Animal models of ricin toxicosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 357:243-57; PMID:21956160; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2011_173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe DN, Florence W, Bryant P. Current biodefense vaccine programs and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1591-7; PMID:23428906; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallshaw JE, Firan A, Fulmer JR, Ruback SL, Ghetie V, Vitetta ES. A novel recombinant vaccine which protects mice against ricin intoxication. Vaccine 2002; 20:3422-7; PMID:12213413; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00312-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legler PM, Brey RN, Smallshaw JE, Vitetta ES, Millard CB. Structure of RiVax: a recombinant ricin vaccine. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2011; 67:826-30; PMID:21904036; http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444911026771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carra JH, Wannemacher RW, Tammariello RF, Lindsey CY, Dinterman RE, Schokman RD, Smith LA. Improved formulation of a recombinant ricin A-chain vaccine increases its stability and effective antigenicity. Vaccine 2007; 25:4149-58; PMID:17408819; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLain DE, Horn TL, Detrisac CJ, Lindsey CY, Smith LA. Progress in biological threat agent vaccine development: a repeat-dose toxicity study of a recombinant ricin toxin A-chain (rRTA) 1-33/44-198 vaccine (RVEc) in male and female New Zealand white rabbits. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:143-52; PMID:21378370; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810396730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLain DE, Lewis BS, Chapman JL, Wannemacher RW, Lindsey CY, Smith LA. Protective effect of two recombinant ricin subunit vaccines in the New Zealand white rabbit subjected to a lethal aerosolized ricin challenge: survival, immunological response, and histopathological findings. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:72-83; PMID:21987460; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter A, Phillips G, Smith L, Erwin-Cohen R, Tammariello R, Hale M, DaSilva L. Evaluation of a ricin vaccine candidate (RVEc) for human toxicity using an in vitro vascular leak assay. Toxicon 2011; 58:68-75; PMID:21616091; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marconescu PS, Smallshaw JE, Pop LM, Ruback SL, Vitetta ES. Intradermal administration of RiVax protects mice from mucosal and systemic ricin intoxication. Vaccine 2010; 28:5315-22; PMID:20562013; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara JM, Brey RN 3rd, Mantis NJ. Comparative efficacy of two leading candidate ricin toxin a subunit vaccines in mice. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2013; 20:789-94; PMID:23515013; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00098-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance DJ, Greene CJ, Rong Y, Mandell LM, Connell TD, Mantis NJ. Comparative adjuvant effects of type II heat-labile enterotoxins in combination with two different candidate ricin toxin vaccine antigens. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2015; PMID:26491037; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00402-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy CJ, Brey RN, Mantis NJ, Mapes K, Pop IV, Pop LM, Ruback S, Killeen SZ, Doyle-Meyers L, Vinet-Oliphant HS, et al. Thermostable ricin vaccine protects rhesus macaques against aerosolized ricin: Epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3782-7; PMID:25775591; ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502585112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallshaw JE, Richardson JA, Vitetta ES. RiVax, a recombinant ricin subunit vaccine, protects mice against ricin delivered by gavage or aerosol. Vaccine 2007; 25:7459-69; PMID:17875350; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peek LJ, Brey RN, Middaugh CR. A rapid, three-step process for the preformulation of a recombinant ricin toxin A-chain vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:44-60; PMID:16998874; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.20675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassett KJ, Cousins MC, Rabia LA, Chadwick CM, O'Hara JM, Nandi P, Brey RN, Mantis NJ, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Stabilization of a recombinant ricin toxin A subunit vaccine through lyophilization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:279-86; PMID:23583494; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.03.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA. Vaccines: correlates of vaccine-induced immunity. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:401-9; PMID:18558875; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/589862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA. Complex correlates of protection after vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1458-65; PMID:23386629; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus SH, Bhaskaran M, Brey RN 3rd, Didier PJ, Doyle-Meyers LA, Roy CJ. Clinical and pathological findings associated with aerosol exposure of macaques to ricin toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2121-33; PMID:26067369; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7062121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David J, Wilkinson LJ, Griffiths GD. Inflammatory gene expression in response to sub-lethal ricin exposure in Balb/c mice. Toxicology 2009; 264:119-30; PMID:19682533; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong J, Korcheva V, Jacoby DB, Magun B. Intrapulmonary delivery of ricin at high dosage triggers a systemic inflammatory response and glomerular damage. Am J Pathol 2007; 170:1497-510; PMID:17456757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foxwell BM, Detre SI, Donovan TA, Thorpe PE. The use of anti-ricin antibodies to protect mice intoxicated with ricin. Toxicology 1985; 34:79-88; PMID:3969682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal LM, O'Hara J, Brey RN 3rd, Mantis NJ. A monoclonal immunoglobulin G antibody directed against an immunodominant linear epitope on the ricin A chain confers systemic and mucosal immunity to ricin. Infect Immun 2010; 78:552-61; PMID:19858297; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00796-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara JM, Mantis NJ. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against ricin's enzymatic subunit interfere with protein disulfide isomerase-mediated reduction of ricin holotoxin in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2013; 395:71-8; PMID:23774033; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2013.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara JM, Neal LM, McCarthy EA, Kasten-Jolly JA, Brey RN 3rd, Mantis NJ. Folding domains within the ricin toxin A subunit as targets of protective antibodies. Vaccine 2010; 28:7035-46; PMID:20727394; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Hara JM, Yermakova A, Mantis NJ. Immunity to ricin: fundamental insights into toxin-antibody interactions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 357:209-41; PMID:22113742; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2011_193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddaloni M, Cooke C, Wilkinson R, Stout AV, Eng L, Pincus SH. Immunological characteristics associated with the protective efficacy of antibodies to ricin. J Immunol 2004; 172:6221-8; PMID:15128810; http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus SH, Das A, Song K, Maresh GA, Corti M, Berry J. Role of Fc in antibody-mediated protection from ricin toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1512-25; PMID:24811206; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6051512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song K, Mize RR, Marrero L, Corti M, Kirk JM, Pincus SH. Antibody to ricin a chain hinders intracellular routing of toxin and protects cells even after toxin has been internalized. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62417; PMID:23638075; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sully EK, Whaley KJ, Bohorova N, Bohorov O, Goodman C, Kim do H, Pauly MH, Velasco J, Hiatt E, Morton J, et al. Chimeric plantibody passively protects mice against aerosolized ricin challenge. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 21:777-82; PMID:24574537; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00003-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombatti M, Johnson VG, Skopicki HA, Fendley B, Lewis MS, Youle RJ. Identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a galactose-binding domain of the toxin ricin. J Immunol 1987; 138:3339-44; PMID:2437188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombatti M, Pezzini A, Colombatti A. Monoclonal antibodies against ricin: effects on toxin function. Hybridoma 1986; 5:9-19; PMID:3957360
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemley PV, Amanatides P, Wright DC. Identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes ricin toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Hybridoma 1994; 13:417-21; PMID:7860097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara JM, Kasten-Jolly JC, Reynolds CE, Mantis NJ. Localization of non-linear neutralizing B cell epitopes on ricin toxin's enzymatic subunit (RTA). Immunol Lett 2014; 158:7-13; PMID:24269767; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebeda FJ, Olson MA. Prediction of a conserved, neutralizing epitope in ribosome-inactivating proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 1999; 24:19-26; PMID:10077268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance DJ, Mantis NJ. Resolution of two overlapping neutralizing B cell epitopes within a solvent exposed, immunodominant alpha-helix in ricin toxin's enzymatic subunit. Toxicon 2012; 60:874-7; PMID:22750533; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph MJ, Vance DJ, Cheung J, Franklin MC, Burshteyn F, Cassidy MS, Gary EN, Herrera C, Shoemaker CB, Mantis NJ. Crystal structures of ricin toxin's enzymatic subunit (RTA) in complex with neutralizing and non-neutralizing single-chain antibodies. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3057-68; PMID:24907552; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2014.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XP, Kahn PC, Kahn JN, Grela P, Tumer NE. Arginine residues on the opposite side of the active site stimulate the catalysis of ribosome depurination by ricin A chain by interacting with the P-protein stalk. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30270-84; PMID:24003229; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.510966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelletti D, Fracasso G, Righetti S, Tridente G, Schnell R, Engert A, Colombatti M. A dominant linear B-cell epitope of ricin A-chain is the target of a neutralizing antibody response in Hodgkin's lymphoma patients treated with an anti-CD25 immunotoxin. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:365-72; PMID:15086403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yermakova A, Klokk TI, Cole R, Sandvig K, Mantis NJ. Antibody-mediated inhibition of ricin toxin retrograde transport. MBio 2014; 5:e00995; PMID:24713323; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00995-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitetta ES, Smallshaw JE, Coleman E, Jafri H, Foster C, Munford R, Schindler J. A pilot clinical trial of a recombinant ricin vaccine in normal humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2268-73; PMID:16461456; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510893103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitetta ES, Smallshaw JE, Schindler J. Pilot phase IB clinical trial of an alhydrogel-adsorbed recombinant ricin vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012; 19:1697-9; PMID:22914366; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00381-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman PR, Reisler RB, Lindsey CY, Güereña F, Rivard R, Clizbe DP, Chambers M, Norris S, Smith LA. Safety and immunogenicity of ricin vaccine, RVEcTM, in a Phase 1 clinical trial. Vaccine 2015; 33:7299-7306; PMID:26546259; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar