Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia and implications for vaccination of children living in developing and newly industrialized countries: A systematic literature review

References

• Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, O'Brien KL, Campbell H, Black RE. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 2013; 381:1405-16; PMID:23582727; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudan I, O'Brien KL, Nair H, Liu L, Theodoratou E, Qazi S, Lukšić I, Fischer Walker CL, Black RE, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia in 2010: estimates of incidence, severe morbidity, mortality, underlying risk factors and causative pathogens for 192 countries. J Glob Health 2013; 3:010401; PMID:23826505; http://dx.doi.org/10.7189/jogh.03.010101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Campbell H, Cibulskis R, Li M, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet 2012; 379:2151-61; PMID:22579125; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60560-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonego M, Pellegrin MC, Becker G, Lazzerini M. Risk factors for mortality from acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children under five years of age in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116380; PMID:25635911; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Fact sheet N°331; Updated November 2015. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. The world health report 1998: life in the 21st century a vision for all. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/1998/en/whr98_en.pdf. Geneva: WHO, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 2005; 365:1147-52; PMID:15794969; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71877-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudan I, Tomaskovic L, Boschi-Pinto C, Campbell H. Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age. Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82:895-903; PMID:15654403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams BG, Gouws E, Boschi-Pinto C, Bryce J, Dye C. Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2:25-32; PMID:11892493; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00170-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar HJ, Madhi SA. Childhood pneumonia: progress and challenges. S Afr Med J 2006; 96:890-900; PMID:17077915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar HJ, Ferkol TW. The global burden of respiratory disease-impact on child health. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:430-4; PMID:24610581; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:408-16; PMID:18545744; http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.048769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw T, White Johansson E, Hodge M. Pneumonia: the forgotten killer of children. Available at: http://www.childinfo.org/files/Pneumonia_The_Forgotten_Killer_of_Children.pdf. New York: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) & World Health Organization (WHO), 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Zar HJ, Jeena P, Argent A, Gie R, Madhi SA, McNally L, Working Groups of the Paediatric Assembly of the South African Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia in childhood: South African Thoracic Society guildelines. S Afr Med J 2005; 95:977-90; PMID:16482985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker CL, Perin J, Katz J, Tielsch JM, Black RE. Diarrhea as a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections among young children in low income settings. J Glob Health 2013; 3:010402; PMID:23826506; http://dx.doi.org/10.7189/jogh.03.010402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church J, Maitland K. Invasive bacterial co-infection in African children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review. BMC Med 2014; 12:31; PMID:24548672; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-12-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf H, Chisti MJ, Alam NH. Treatment of childhood pneumonia in developing countries In: Smigorski K, ed. Health Management. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2010
   Google Scholar
• British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in childhood. Thorax 2002; 57:1-24; PMID:11809978; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HL, Deloria-Knoll M, Levine OS, Stoszek SK, Freimanis Hance L, Reithinger R, Muenz LR, O'Brien KL. Systematic evaluation of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease among children under five: the pneumococcal global serotype project. PLoS Med 2010; 7:pii:e1000348; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassi ZS, Das JK, Haider SW, Salam RA, Qazi SA, Bhutta ZA. Systematic review on antibiotic therapy for pneumonia in children between 2 and 59 months of age. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99(7):687-93; PMID:24431417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar HJ, Madhi SA, Aston SJ, Gordon SB. Pneumonia in low and middle income countries: progress and challenges. Thorax 2013; 68:1052-6; PMID:23956020; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, De Wals P, Grijalva CG, Grimwood K, Grossman R, Ishiwada N, Lee PI, Nascimento-Carvalho C, Nohynek H, O'Brien KL, et al. The burden of childhood pneumonia in the developed world: a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:e119-27; PMID:23099423; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e318271f369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 2013. Country grouping in UNIDO statistics. Available at: https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/PSD/Country_Grouping_in_UNIDO_Statistics_2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gentile A, Bardach A, Ciapponi A, Garcia-Marti S, Aruj P, Glujovsky D, Calcagno JI, Mazzoni A, Colindres RE. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children of Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16:e5-15; PMID:22056731; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2011.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca A, Sigauque B, Quinto L, Morais L, Berenguera A, Corachan M, Ribó JL, Naniche D, Bassat Q, Sacoor Ch, et al. Estimating the vaccine-preventable burden of hospitalized pneumonia among young Mozambican children. Vaccine 2010; 28:4851-7; PMID:20392430; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell JD, Kotloff KL, Sow SO, Tapia M, Keita MM, Keita T, Diallo S, Hormazabal JC, Murray P, Levine MM. Invasive pneumococcal infections among hospitalized children in Bamako, Mali. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23:642-9; PMID:15247603; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000130951.85974.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell JD, Sow SO, Levine MM, Kotloff KL. The causes of hospital admission and death among children in Bamako, Mali. J Trop Pediatr 2004; 50:158-63; PMID:15233192; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/50.3.158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornheim JA, Manya AS, Oyando N, Kabaka S, Breiman RF, Feikin DR. The epidemiology of hospitalized pneumonia in rural Kenya: the potential of surveillance data in setting public health priorities. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11:536-43; PMID:17537660; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2007.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Bassat Q, Morais L, Diez-Padrisa N, MacHevo S, Nhampossa T, Nhalungo D, Sanz S, Quintó L, Alonso PL, et al. Etiology and epidemiology of viral pneumonia among hospitalized children in rural mozambique: a malaria endemic area with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:39-44; PMID:20805786; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181f232fe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usen S, Adegbola R, Mulholland K, Jaffar S, Hilton S, Oparaugo A, Omosigho C, Lahai G, Corrah T, Palmer A, et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Western Region, The Gambia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:23-8; PMID:9469390; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199801000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enwere G, Cheung YB, Zaman SMA, Akano A, Oluwalana C, Brown O, Vaughan A, Adegbola R, Greenwood B, Cutts F. Epidemiology and clinical features of pneumonia according to radiographic findings in Gambian children. Trop Med Int Health 2007; 12:1377-85; PMID:18045264; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01922.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks WA, Breiman RF, Goswami D, Hossain A, Alam K, Saha SK, Nahar K, Nasrin D, Ahmed N, El Arifeen S, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease burden and implications for vaccine policy in urban Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 77:795-801; PMID:17984328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks WA, Goswami D, Rahman M, Nahar K, Fry AM, Balish A, Iftekharuddin N, Azim T, Xu X, Klimov A, et al. Influenza is a major contributor to childhood pneumonia in a tropical developing country. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:216-21; PMID:20190613; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181bc23fd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awasthi S, Pande VK. Seasonal pattern of morbidities in preschool slum children in Lucknow, north India. Indian Pediatr 1997; 34:987-93; PMID:9567528.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arifeen SE, Saha SK, Rahman S, Rahman KM, Rahman SM, Bari S, Naheed A, Mannan I, Seraji MH, Ahmed NU, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among children in rural Bangladesh: results from a population-based surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48 Suppl 2:S103-13; PMID:19191605; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596543
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta M, Kumar R, Deb AK, Bhattacharya SK, Bose A, John J, Balraj V, Ganguly NK, Kant L, Kapoor AN, et al. Multi-center surveillance for pneumonia & meningitis among children. Indian J Med Res 2010; 131:649-58; PMID:20516536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang Z, Gonzalez R, Xie Z, Xiao Y, Liu J, Chen L, Liu C, Zhang J, Ren L, Vernet G, et al. Human rhinovirus C infections mirror those of human rhinovirus A in children with community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Virol 2010; 49:94-9; PMID:20728404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2010.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho P-L, Chiu SS, Chow FKH, Mak GC, Lau YL. Pediatric hospitalization for pneumococcal diseases preventable by 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Hong Kong. Vaccine 2007; 25:6837-41; PMID:17714837; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildenwall H, Nantanda R, Tumwine JK, Petzold M, Pariyo G, Tomson G, Peterson S. Care-seeking in the development of severe community acquired pneumonia in Ugandan children. Ann Trop Paediatr 2009; 29:281-9; PMID:19941751; http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/027249309X12547917869005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delport SD, Brisley T. Aetiology and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit. S Afr Med J 2002; 92:907-11; PMID:12506595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adegbola RA, Falade AG, Sam BE, Aidoo M, Baldeh I, Hazlett D, Whittle H, Greenwood BM, Mulholland EK. The etiology of pneumonia in malnourished and well-nourished Gambian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:975-82; PMID:7845751; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199411000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson A-W, Osinusi K, Aderele WI, Gbadero DA, Olaleye OD, Adeyemi-Doro FAB. Etiologic agents and outcome determinants of community-acquired pneumonia in urban children: a hospital-based study. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:370-85; PMID:18481475; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)31269-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao R, Zheng Y, Deng Q, Wang H, Chen Q, Deng J. [Serotype/serogroup distribution and antimicrobial resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae in children with community-acquired pneumonia in Shenzhen area]. Chinese Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2010; 10:205-8.
   Google Scholar
• Liu G, Talkington DF, Fields BS, Levine OS, Yang Y, Tondella MLC. Chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae in young children from China with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 52:7-14; PMID:15878436; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Guo Z, MacDonald NE. Vaccine preventable community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in Northwest China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:7-10; PMID:20625346; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181ec6245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naheed A, Saha SK, Breiman RF, Khatun F, Brooks WA, El Arifeen S, Sack D, Luby SP, Pneumococcal Study Group. Multihospital surveillance of pneumonia burden among children aged. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:S82-9; PMID:19191623; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal J, Awasthi S, Rajput A, Tiwari M, Jain A. Atypical bacterial pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia in children: a hospital-based study. Trop Doct 2009; 39:109-11; PMID:19299299; http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2008.080248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batuwanthudawe R, Karunarathne K, Dassanayake M, De Silva S, Lalitha MK, Thomas K, Steinhoff M, Abeysinghe N. Surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:S136-40; PMID:19191609; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas K. Prospective multicentre hospital surveillance of streptococcus pneumoniae disease in India. Lancet 1999; 353:1216-21; PMID:10217081; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07228-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibinejad HA, Riahin AA, Heidari A, Mahjourian F. Infectious diseases in hospitalized children of central Iran. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2010; 26:901-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howidi M, Muhsin H, Rajah J. The burden of pneumococcal disease in children less than 5 years of age in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31:356-9; PMID:21808110; http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.83214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somer A, Salman N, Yalcin I, Agacfidan A. Role of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae in children with community-acquired pneumonia in Istanbul, Turkey. J Trop Pediatr 2006; 52:173-8; PMID:16627487; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fml017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassmann B, Poetschke M, Ninteretse B, Issifou S, Winkler S, Kremsner PG, Graninger W, Apfalter P. Community-acquired pneumonia in children in Lambarene, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:109-14; PMID:18606773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry R, Nazima N, Dhawan B, Kabra SK. Prevalence of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae in children with community acquired pneumonia. Indian J Pediatr 1998; 65:717-21; PMID:10773927; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02731050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baranovich T, Zaraket H, Shabana II, Nevzorova V, Turcutyuicov V, Suzuki H. Molecular characterization and susceptibility of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospitals and the community in Vladivostok, Russia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:575-82; PMID:19681959; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02891.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nantanda R, Hildenwall H, Peterson S, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Kalyesubula I, Tumwine JK. Bacterial aetiology and outcome in children with severe pneumonia in Uganda. Ann Trop Paediatr 2008; 28:253-60; PMID:19021940; http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146532808X375404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussey G, Hitchcock J, Schaaf H, Coetzee G, Hanslo D, van Schalkwyk E, Pitout J, Clausen J, van der Horst W. Epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae infections in Cape Town, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 1994; 14:97-103; PMID:7521637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Y, Zulu E, Mutisya M, Orindi B, Emina J, Kyobutungi C. Seasonal pattern of pneumonia mortality among under-five children in Nairobi's informal settlements. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 81:770-5; PMID:19861609; http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman M, Hossain S, Baqui AH, Shoma S, Rashid H, Nahar N, Zaman MK, Khatun F. Haemophilus influenzae type-b and non-b-type invasive diseases in urban children. J Infect 2008; 56:191-6; PMID:18280571; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2007.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luby SP, Halder AK, Saha SK, Naheed A, Sazzad HM, Akhter S, Gurley ES, Brooks WA, El-Arifeen S, Najnin N, et al. A low-cost approach to measure the burden of vaccine preventable diseases in urban areas. Vaccine 2010; 28:4903-12; PMID:20653079; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain H, Waters H, Khan AJ, Omer SB, Halsey NA. Economic analysis of childhood pneumonia in Northern Pakistan. Health Policy Plan 2008; 23:438-42; PMID:18755733; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falade AG, Lagunju IA, Bakare RA, Odekanmi AA, Adegbola RA. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:S190-6; PMID:19191615; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Tang J, Xiong Y, Li X, Gonzalez F, Mu D. Neonatal community-acquired pneumonia: pathogens and treatment. J Paediatr Child Health 2010; 46:668-72; PMID:20796185; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01814.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao K-H, Wang L-B, Zhao G-M, Zheng Y-J, Deng L, Huang J-F, Wang JX, Zhao RZ, Deng QL, Hu YH, et al. Pneumococcal serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance in Chinese children hospitalized for pneumonia. Vaccine 2011; 29:2296-301; PMID:21276441; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Huang Y, Cui Z. A study of viral pathogens in 280 cases of children with community acquired pneumonia(CAP). J Med Res 2009; 38:73-5.
   Google Scholar
• Hou L, Zheng Y, Deng J, Zhao R. Bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of community- acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in Shenzhen. Zhongguo Weishengtaxixue Zazhi 2008; 20:586-8.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Wang H, Chen M, Sun Z, Zhao R, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang H, Wang L, Chu Y, et al. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in China younger than 5 years. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61:256-63; PMID:18358662; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ali MK, Batchoun RG, Al-Nour TM. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in Jordan. Saudi Med J 2006; 27:813-6; PMID:16758041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secmeer G, Ciftci AO, Kanra G, Ceyhan M, Kara A, Cengiz AB, Kiper N, Haliloğlu M, Ozçelik U, Cağdaş DN. Community-acquired pneumonia and parapneumonic effusions in developing countries. Turk J Pediatr 2008; 50:51-7; PMID:18365592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkhy HH, Cunningham G, Chew FK, Francis C, Al Nakhli DJ, Almuneef MA, Memish ZA. Hospital- and community-acquired infections: a point prevalence and risk factors survey in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 10:326-33; PMID:16678467; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2005.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaijalainen T, Kharit SM, Kvetnaya AS, Sirkia K, Herva E, Parkov OV, Nohynek H. Invasive infections caused by neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae among children in St Petersburg, Russia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:507-10; PMID:18318743; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01967.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornick JE, Everett DB, Broughton C, Denis BB, Banda DL, Carrol ED, Parry CM. Invasive streptococcus pneumoniae in children, Malawi, 2004-2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1107-9; PMID:21749782; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid/1706.101404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deraz TE, El SSA, Shaheen MA, Motawea AA, Gomaa HE, Fawzy SH, et al. Atypical pathogens in community acquired pneumonia of Egyptian children. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2009; 2:1-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y-J, Vuori-Holopainen E, Yang Y, Wang Y, Hu Y, Leboulleux D, Hedman K, Leinonen M, Peltola H. Relative frequency of haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia in Chinese children as evidenced by serology. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:271-7; PMID: 12075755; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200204000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Ji W, Guo HB, Tao YZ, Ding YF. ; Comparative studies on the composition and antibiotic-resistance of pathogenic bacteria between children with community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011; 45:211-6; PMID:21624231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeng L, Liao B. Pathogens and drug resistance analysis in children with community- acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology 2010; 20:3231-3
   Google Scholar
• Zhao R, Zheng Y, Ma D, Deng J, Wang H, Sun L. Study on antibiotic antibacterial activity in vitro of hemophilus influenza isolated in children with CAP in Shenzhen area. Zhongguo Weishengtaxixue Zazhi 2007; 19:533-4
   Google Scholar
• Cutts FT, Zaman SM, Enwere G, Jaffar S, Levine OS, Okoko JB, Oluwalana C, Vaughan A, Obaro SK, Leach A, et al. Efficacy of nine-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365:1139-46; PMID:15794968; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71876-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Kuwanda L, Cutland C, Klugman KP. The impact of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the public health burden of pneumonia in HIV-infected and -uninfected children. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1511-8; PMID:15844075; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1341-8; PMID:14523142; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa035060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adegbola RA, Secka O, Lahai G, Lloyd-Evans N, Njie A, Usen S, Oluwalana C, Obaro S, Weber M, Corrah T, et al. Elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease from The Gambia after the introduction of routine immunisation with a Hib conjugate vaccine: a prospective study. Lancet 2005; 366:144-50; PMID:16005337; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66788-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayieko P, Akumu AO, Griffiths UK, English M. The economic burden of inpatient paediatric care in Kenya: household and provider costs for treatment of pneumonia, malaria and meningitis. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2009; 7:3; PMID:19161598; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-7547-7-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aurangzeb B, Hameed A. Comparative efficacy of amoxicillin, cefuroxime and clarithromycin in the treatment of community -acquired pneumonia in children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2003; 13:704-7; PMID:15569557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussain H, Waters H, Omer SB, Khan A, Baig IY, Mistry R, Halsey N. The cost of treatment for child pneumonias and meningitis in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Int J Health Plann Manage 2006; 21:229-38; PMID:17044548; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan L, Zhang J-P, Chen C. Retrospective analysis of clinic and epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in 309 neonates. Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics 2009; 24:1064-7
   Google Scholar
• Yan FQ, Li DM, Sun HP, LüJuan Li, Liu Y. Cost-effectiveness analysis of three therapeutic schemes in treatment of children's pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology 2010; 20:3026-7.
   Google Scholar
• WHO, UNICEF. Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) chart booklet. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43993/1/9789241597289_eng.pdf. Geneva: WHO, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998; 52:377-84; PMID:9764259; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao KH, Lu Q, Deng L, Yu SJ, Zhang H, Deng QL, Tong YJ, Gao W, Yuan L, Shen XZ, et al. [Serotype distribution and resistance to beta-lactams of streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, 2000 – 2002]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2006; 44:928-32; PMID:17254463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li J, Yuan L, Yu S, Yang Y. Nasal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Beijing. Chin Med J 2001; 114:1196-200; PMID:11729519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho PL, Lam KF, Chow FKH, Lau YL, Wong SSY, Cheng SLE, Chiu SS. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nasopharyngeal and invasive streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Hong Kong children. Vaccine 2004; 22:3334-9; PMID:15308357; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percin D, Ay Altintop Y, Sumerkan B. Ten-year surveillance of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in central Turkey prior to the introduction of a conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4:560-5; PMID:21045368; http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ercan TE, Severge B, Topkaya A, Ercan RG, Altinkaya N. Effect of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal carriage in Turkish children. Pediatr Int 2011; 53:224-30; PMID:21501306; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03212.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibl AM. Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease isolates among children aged 5 years and under in Saudi Arabia (2000–2004). Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:876-9; PMID:18844690; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02058.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokaddas EM, Rotimi VO, Albert MJ. Implications of streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance and serotype distribution in Kuwait for disease treatment and prevention. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008; 15:203-7; PMID:18077618; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00277-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz A, Leibovitz E, Timchenko VN, Greenberg D, Porat N, Peled N, Dagan R, Ossipov IB. Antibiotic susceptibility, serotype distribution and vaccine coverage of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae in a day-care centre in St. Petersburg, Russia. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39:293-8; PMID:17454891; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540600987741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Deng W, Wang SM, Mo QM, Jia H, Wang Q, Li SG, Li X, Yao BD, Liu CJ, et al. Burden of Pneumonia and Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in China among Children under 5 Years of Age: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27333; PMID:22110628; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan X, Silk BJ, Li W, Fleischauer AT, Xing X, Jiang X, Yu H, Olsen SJ, Cohen AL. Pneumonia incidence and mortality in Mainland China: systematic review of Chinese and English literature, 1985–2008. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11721; PMID:20668535; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayanskiy N, Alyabieva N, Ponomarenko O, Lazareva A, Katosova L, Ivanenko A, Kulichenko T, Namazova-Baranova L, Baranov A. Serotypes and antibiotic resistance of non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating in pediatric hospitals in Moscow, Russia. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 20:58-62; PMID:24462930; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassat Q, Machevo S, O'Callaghan-Gordo C, Sigauque B, Morais L, Diez-Padrisa N, Ribó JL, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Ayala E, et al. Distinguishing malaria from severe pneumonia among hospitalized children who fulfilled integrated management of childhood illness criteria for both diseases: a hospital-based study in Mozambique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:626-34; PMID:21976562; http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahende C, Ngasala B, Lusingu J, Butichi A, Lushino P, Lemnge M, Premji Z. Aetiology of acute febrile episodes in children attending Korogwe District Hospital in north-eastern Tanzania. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104197; PMID:25090651; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acacio S, Verani JR, Lanaspa M, Fairlie TA, Nhampossa T, Ruperez M, Aide P, Plikaytis BD, Sacoor C, Macete E, et al. Under treatment of pneumonia among children under 5 years of age in a malaria-endemic area: population-based surveillance study conducted in Manhica district- rural, Mozambique. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 36:39-45; PMID:25980619; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Means AR, Weaver MR, Burnett SM, Mbonye MK, Naikoba S, McClelland RS. Correlates of inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics to patients with malaria in Uganda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90179; PMID:24587264; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akanbi II A, Taiwoo S, Babatunde S, Onile B, Abdulraheem I. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of streptoccocus pneumoniae in Ilorin, Nigeria. African journal of clinical and experimental microbiology 2004; 5:173-6.
   Google Scholar
• Thorburn K, Riordan A. Pulmonary bacterial coinfection in infants and children with viral respiratory infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:909-16; PMID:23030330; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eri.12.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Immunization monitoring: vaccination schedule [Excel] [Internet]. WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form, 2011 [cited 22.2.12].
   Google Scholar
• Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O'Brien TF, Pablos-Mendez A, Klugman KP. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:481-93; PMID:16048717; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70189-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025. The integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Available at: http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/gappd_report_2013_en.pdf. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Reingold A, Thomas A, Schaffner W, Craig AS, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:32-41; PMID:19947881; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/648593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodoratou E, Johnson S, Jhass A, Madhi SA, Clark A, Boschi-Pinto C, Bhopal S, Rudan I, Campbell H. The effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood pneumonia incidence, severe morbidity and mortality. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39 Suppl 1:i172-85; PMID:20348119; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq033
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzwater SP, Chandran A, Santosham M, Johnson HL. The worldwide impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:501-8; PMID:22327872; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31824de9f6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper–2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012; 87:129-44; PMID:24340399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richter SS, Heilmann KP, Dohrn CL, Riahi F, Diekema DJ, Doern GV. Pneumococcal serotypes before and after introduction of conjugate vaccines, United States, 1999-2011(1.). Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:1074-83; PMID:23763847; http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1907.121830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger DM, Malley R, Lipsitch M. Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet 2011; 378:1962-73; PMID:21492929; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62225-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Progress in Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine — Worldwide, 2000–2012. MMWR Weekly 2013; 62:308-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Global Immunization Data. July 2015. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/Global_Immunization_Data.pdf?ua = 1 and http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Treatment and prevention of pneumonia. March 2010. Available at: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA63/A63_26-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Campbell H, Biloglav Z, Rudan I. Reducing bias from test misclassification in burden of disease studies: use of test to actual positive ratio–new test parameter. Croat Med J 2008; 49:402-14; PMID:18581619; http://dx.doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2008.3.402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissemination CfRa. Systematic Reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. Available at: https://www.york.ac.uk/media/crd/Systematic_Reviews.pdf. York: University of York, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Green S, eds. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Available at: http://community.cochrane.org/handbook. Version 5.1.0: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
   Google Scholar