Review of seasonal influenza in Canada: Burden of disease and the cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines

References

• Public Health Agency of Canada. An advisory committee statement (ACS) - National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2015–2016; Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/naci-ccni/flu-2015-grippe-eng.php [Accessed 18 February 2016]
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Health. Clinical advice for immunisation providers regarding the administration of 2014 seasonal influenza vaccines. March 2014; Available from: http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/Publishing.nsf/content/ATAGI-advice-TIV [Accessed 18 February 2016]
   Google Scholar
• United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC's advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) recommends universal annual influenza vaccination. 2010; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2010/r100224.htm [Accessed 18 February 2016]
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) - National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2014–2015. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/naci-ccni/flu-grippe-eng.php [Accessed 18 February 2016]
   Google Scholar
• Ambrose CS, Levin MJ. The rationale for quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:81-8; PMID:22252006; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.8.1.17623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2012–2013 northern hemisphere influenza season. 2012; Available from: http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/201202_recommendation.pdf [Accessed 18 February 2016]
   Google Scholar
• Belshe RB. The need for quadrivalent vaccine against seasonal influenza. Vaccine 2010; 28(Suppl 4):D45-53; PMID:20713260; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed C, Meltzer MI, Finelli L, Fiore A. Public health impact of including two lineages of influenza B in a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:1993-8; PMID:22226861; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain VK, Rivera L, Zaman K, Espos RA, Jr., Sirivichayakul C, Quiambao BP, Rivera-Medina DM, Kerdpanich P, Ceyhan M, Dinleyici EC, et al. Vaccine for prevention of mild and moderate-to-severe influenza in children. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2481-91; PMID:24328444; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1215817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moa AM, Chughtai AA, Muscatello DJ, Turner RM, MacIntyre CR. Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Vaccine 2016; 34(35):4092-102; PMID:27381642; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires SG, Pelletier L, Zabchuck P, Winchester B, Tam T. Influenza in Canada: 1999–2000 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2001; 27(1):1-9; PMID:11195964
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macey JF, Zabchuck P, Winchester B, Tam TWS. Influenza in Canada: 2000–2001 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2002; 28(3):17-28; PMID:11852481
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macey JF, Tam TWS, Li Y, Winchester B, Zabchuck P. Influenza in Canada: 2001–2002 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2003; 29(6):45-59; PMID:12666540
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aziz S, Tam TWS, Macey JF, Li Y, Jain S, Boulos D, Zheng H, Winchester B, Zabchuck P. Influenza in Canada: 2003–2004 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2005; 31(1):1-19
   Google Scholar
• Xie L, Squires SG, Macey JF, Aziz S, Winchester B, Zheng H, Tam TWS. Influenza in Canada: 2004–2005 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2006; 32(6):57-74; PMID:16649289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyes F, Macey JF, Aziz S, Li Y, Watkins K, Winchester B, Zabchuck P, Zheng H, Huston P, Tam TWS, et al. Influenza in Canada: 2005–2006 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2007; 33(3):21-41; PMID:17323533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyes F, Aziz S, Li Y, Macey JF, Winchester B, Garner M, Huston P, King A. Influenza in Canada: 2006–2007 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2008; 34(3):1-25
   Google Scholar
• Domingo F, Aziz S, Winchester B, Li Y, Bettinger J, Rahimi Khameneh S, Pelletier L. Influenza in Canada: 2007–2008 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2012; 37(S1)
   Google Scholar
• Domingo F, Winchester B, Sumner M, Li Y, Bastien N, Bettinger J, Bryson M, Do MT, Akwar H. An epidemiologic and virologic summary of seasonal and pandemic influenza in Canada, 2008–2009 to 2009–2010 seasons. Public Health Agency of Canada 2013
   Google Scholar
• FluWatch Weekly Report, August 14 to 27, 2011 (Weeks 33 and 34). In: FluWatch [Internet]. Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada. 2011. Available from: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP58-1-2011-34-eng.pdf. [Accessed 13 April 2016]
   Google Scholar
• FluWatch Weekly Report, August 12 to August 25, 2012 (Weeks 33 and 34). In: FluWatch [Internet]. Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada. 2012. Available from: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/aspc-phac/HP58-1-2012-34-eng.pdf. [Accessed 13 April 2016]
   Google Scholar
• FluWatch Weekly Report, August 11 to 24, 2013 (Weeks 33 and 34). In: FluWatch [Internet]. Canada: Public Health Agency of Canada. 2013. Available from: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/aspc-phac/HP58-1-2013-34-eng.pdf. [Accessed 13 April 2016]
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) - National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on seasonal influenza vaccine for 2013–2014. Can Commun Dis Rep 2013; 39(ACS-4)
   Google Scholar
• McGeer A, Green KA, Plevneshi A, Shigayeva A, Siddiqi N, Raboud J, Low DE. Antiviral therapy and outcomes of influenza requiring hospitalization in Ontario, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1568-75; PMID:18190317; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/523584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schull MJ, Mamdani MM, Fang J. Influenza and emergency department utilization by elders. Acad Emerg Med 2005; 12:338-44; PMID:15805325; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb01953.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGeer A, Gravel D, Taylor G, Weir C, Frenette C, Vayalumkal J, Wong A, Moore D, Michaud S, Amihod B. Influenza in adults admitted to Canadian hospitals: data from two seasons. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15(Suppl s4):S26
   Google Scholar
• McGeer A, Devlin R, Downey S, Drews K, Green J, Gubbay K, Hassan K, Katz T, Mazzulli M, Muller A, et al. Did the 2009 influenza pandemic change influenza prevention, diagnosis and management? Evidence from surveillance for influenza-associated hospitalisation in Canada. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18(Suppl s3):129-30
   Google Scholar
• Church DL, Davies HD, Mitton C, Semeniuk H, Logue M, Maxwell C, Donaldson C. Clinical and economic evaluation of rapid influenza a virus testing in nursing homes in Calgary, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:790-5; PMID:11830797; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/338960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles SK, Lee W, Simor AE, Vearncombe M, Loeb M, Tamblyn S, Fearon M, Li Y, McGeer A. Use of oseltamivir during influenza outbreaks in Ontario nursing homes, 1999–2000. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50:608-16; PMID:11982659; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50153.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmud SM, Thompson LH, Nowicki DL, Plourde PJ. Outbreaks of influenza-like illness in long-term care facilities in Winnipeg, Canada. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1055-61; PMID:23145997; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12052
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuster SP, Drews S, Green K, Blair J, Davis I, Downey J, Fowler R, Katz K, Lapinsky S, McRitchie D, et al. Epidemiology of influenza-associated hospitalization in adults, Toronto, 2007/8. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:835-43; PMID:20428910; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-010-0935-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janjua NZ, Skowronski DM, Hottes TS, Osei W, Adams E, Petric M, Lem M, Tang P, De Serres G, Patrick DM, et al. Transmission dynamics and risk factors for pandemic H1N1-related illness: outbreak investigation in a rural community of British Columbia, Canada. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:e54–62; PMID:22385647; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00344.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ammons B, Barnes S, Xiong W, Linse T, Loeb M, Smieja M. Influenza-like illness amongst Canadians in Winter 2008: a nationally representative, telephone-based survey. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34(Suppl 2):S110; ; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70487-X
   Google Scholar
• Tran D, Vaudry W, Moore DL, Bettinger JA, Halperin SA, Scheifele DW, Aziz S. Comparison of children hospitalized with seasonal versus pandemic influenza A, 2004–2009. Pediatrics 2012; 130:397-406; PMID:22931901; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGeer A, Green K, Drews S, Davis I, Downey J, Katz K, Rose D, Sarabia A, Simor A, Pataki R, et al. Epidemiology of influenza illness requiring intensive care unit admission in Toronto, Canada. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15(Suppl s4):S26
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell R, Taylor G, McGeer A, Frenette C, Suh KN, Wong A, Katz K, Wilkinson K, Amihod B, Gravel D. Understanding the burden of influenza infection among adults in Canadian hospitals: a comparison of the 2009–2010 pandemic season with the prepandemic and postpandemic seasons. Am J Infect Control 2013; 41:1032-7; PMID:24176768; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.06.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollock SL, Sagan M, Oakley L, Fontaine J, Poffenroth L. Investigation of a pandemic H1N1 influenza outbreak in a remote First Nations community in northern Manitoba, 2009. Can J Public Health 2012; 103:90-3; PMID:22530528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. Deaths, by cause, Chapter X: Diseases of the respiratory system (J00 to J99), age group and sex, Canada. Statistics Canada CANSIM table 102–0530. 2014; Available from: http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&id=1020530 [Accessed 18 February 2016]
   Google Scholar
• Hassan K, Devlin R, Downey J, Drews S, Green K, Gubbay J, Katz K, Low D, Ma C, Mazzulli T, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of severe influenza in adults: 7 years of surveillance in Toronto, Canada. Abstract presented at the 22nd European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. March 31-April 3, 2012; London, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson KD, Taylor G, Gravel D, Frenette C, McGeer A, Moore D, Suh K, Vayalumkal J, Wong A, Tong A, et al. Laboratory Confirmed Seasonal Influenza in Adults in a Network of Canadian Hospitals 2006–2009. Abstract [n 892] presented at the International Conference on Healthcare-Associated Infections. March 18–22, 2010; Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
   Google Scholar
• Jouvet P, Hutchison J, Pinto R, Menon K, Rodin R, Choong K, Kesselman M, Veroukis S, Andre Dugas M, Santschi M, et al. Critical illness in children with influenza A/pH1N1 2009 infection in Canada. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010; 11:603-9; PMID:20308929; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181d9c80b
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Riordan S, Barton M, Yau Y, Read SE, Allen U, Tran D. Risk factors and outcomes among children admitted to hospital with pandemic H1N1 influenza. CMAJ 2010; 182:39-44; PMID:19926677; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre E, Papenburg J, Ouakki M, Fontela PS, Guimont C, De Serres G, Boivin G. Comparison of pandemic and seasonal influenza in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:633-9; PMID:21289529; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3182103d54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flechelles O, Fowler R, Jouvet P. H1N1 pandemic: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the Canadian pediatric outbreak. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:555-63; PMID:23750727; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eri.13.40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allard R, Leclerc P, Tremblay C, Tannenbaum TN. Diabetes and the severity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1491-3; PMID:20587722; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc09-2215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, Cook DJ, Marshall J, Lacroix J, Stelfox T, Bagshaw S, Choong K, Lamontagne F, et al. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA 2009; 302:1872-9; PMID:19822627; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell A, Rodin R, Kropp R, Mao Y, Hong Z, Vachon J, Spika J, Pelletier L. Risk of severe outcomes among patients admitted to hospital with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. CMAJ 2010; 182:349-55; PMID:20159893; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood MM, Rigatto C, Zarychanski R, Komenda P, Sood AR, Bueti J, Reslerova M, Roberts D, Mojica J, Kumar A. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients infected with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1): report from a Canadian province. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55:848-55; PMID:20303633; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.01.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung J, Fowler R, Long J, Zarychanski R, Rodin R, Cook DJ, Jouvet P, Marshall J, Kumar A. On behalf of the ICU-flu investigators. 2009–2010 H1N1-related critical illness among aboriginal canadians and non-aboriginal canadians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:A3140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu S, Long J, Menon K, Cook D, McGeer A, Kumar A, Jouvet P, Marshall J, Hutchison J, Fowler R. Comparison of the first and second waves Of H1N1-related critical illness in Canada. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:A3141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil SA, Johnstone J, Ambrose A, Loeb M, Russell M, Trottier S, Boivin G, McCarthy A, Henderson E, Stiver G, et al. Sentinel Surveillance for Influenza in Canadian Hospitals: Experience of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)/Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) Adult Serious Outcomes Surveillance Network. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2010; 21(4):214.
   Google Scholar
• Muscedere J. Prevalent and incident bacterial infections among Canadian critically Ill patients with influenza A (H1N1) 2009 preliminary data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:A4915.
   Google Scholar
• Muscedere J, Ofner M, Kumar A, Long J, Lamontagne F, Cook D, McGeer A, Chant C, Marshall J, Jouvet P, et al. The occurrence and impact of bacterial organisms complicating critical care illness associated with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection. Chest 2013; 144:39-47; PMID:23392627; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-1861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagshaw SM, Sood MM, Long J, Fowler RA, Adhikari NK. Acute kidney injury among critically ill patients with pandemic H1N1 influenza A in Canada: cohort study. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:123; PMID:23763900; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-14-123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor G, Wilkinson K, Gravel D, Amihod B, Frenette C, Moore D, McGeer A, Suh K, Wong A, Mitchell R. Laboratory-confirmed pandemic h1n1 influenza in hospitalized adults: findings from the Canadian Nosocomial Infections Surveillance Program (CNISP), 2009–2010. BMC Proc 2011 2011; 5(6):P81; https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-6561-5-S6-P81
   Google Scholar
• Cutler J, Schleihauf E, Hatchette TF, Billard B, Watson-Creed G, Davidson R, Li Y, Bastien N, Sarwal S. Investigation of the first cases of human-to-human infection with the new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in Canada. CMAJ 2009; 181:159-63; PMID:19620268; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090859
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helferty M, Vachon J, Tarasuk J, Rodin R, Spika J, Pelletier L. Incidence of hospital admissions and severe outcomes during the first and second waves of pandemic (H1N1) 2009. CMAJ 2010; 182:1981-7; PMID:21059773; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100746
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Epidemiological summary of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus - Ontario, Canada. 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009; 84:485-91; Available from: http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8447.pdf [Accessed 18 February 2016]; PMID:19928301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkinson KD, Taylor G, Gravel D, Amihod B, Frenette C, McGeer A, Moore D, Suh K, Tong A, Vayalumkal J, et al. Laboratory-confirmed influenza in hospitalized adults: findings from the Canadian nosocomial infections surveillance program, June 1 to December 31, 2009. Abstract [n LB 3] presented at the International Conference on Healthcare-Associated Infections. March 18–22, 2010; Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
   Google Scholar
• Moore DL, Vaudry W, Scheifele DW, Halperin SA, Dery P, Ford-Jones E, Arishi HM, Law BJ, Lebel M, Le Saux N, et al. Surveillance for influenza admissions among children hospitalized in Canadian immunization monitoring program active centers, 2003–2004. Pediatrics 2006; 118:e610–9; PMID:16950953; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2744
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. The epidemiology of influenza in children hospitalized in Canada, 2004–2005, in immunization monitoring program active (IMPACT) centres. Can Commun Dis Rep 2006; 32:77-86; PMID:16649286
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schanzer DL, Schwartz B. Impact of seasonal and pandemic influenza on emergency department visits, 2003–2010, Ontario, Canada. Acad Emerg Med 2013; 20:388-97; PMID:23701347; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.12111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fanella ST, Pinto MA, Bridger NA, Bullard JM, Coombs JM, Crockett ME, Olekson KL, Poliquin PG, Van Caeseele PG, Embree JE. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in hospitalized children in Manitoba: nosocomial transmission and lessons learned from the first wave. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:435-43; PMID:21515973; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostaço-Guidolin LC, Towers SM, Buckeridge DL, Moghadas SM. Age distribution of infection and hospitalization among Canadian First Nations populations during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e39–44; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300820
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schanzer DL, Langley JM, Tam TW. Hospitalization attributable to influenza and other viral respiratory illnesses in Canadian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:795-800; PMID:16940836; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000232632.86800.8c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanzer DL, Langley JM, Tam TW. Role of influenza and other respiratory viruses in admissions of adults to Canadian hospitals. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2008; 2:1-8; PMID:19453488; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00035.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanzer DL, McGeer A, Morris K. Statistical estimates of respiratory admissions attributable to seasonal and pandemic influenza for Canada. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:799-808; PMID:23122189; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schanzer DL, Zheng H, Gilmore J. Statistical estimates of absenteeism attributable to seasonal and pandemic influenza from the Canadian Labour Force Survey. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:90; PMID:21486453; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisman DN, Tuite AR. Estimation of the health impact and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination with enhanced effectiveness in Canada. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27420; PMID:22110645; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarride JE, Burke N, Von Keyserlingk C, O'Reilly D, Xie F, Goeree R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of intranasal live attenuated vaccine (LAIV) versus injectable inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) for Canadian children and adolescents. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2012; 4:287-98; PMID:23055756; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S33444
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sander B, Bauch C, Fisman DN, Fowler R, Kwong JC, McGeer A, Zivkovic Gojovic M, Krahn M. Is a mass immunization program for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 good value for money? Early evidence from the Canadian experience. PLoS Curr 2009; 1:RRN1137; PMID:20043032; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/currents.RRN1137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sander B, Kwong JC, Bauch CT, Maetzel A, McGeer A, Raboud JM, Krahn M. Economic appraisal of Ontario's Universal Influenza Immunization Program: a cost-utility analysis. PLoS Med 2010; 7:e1000256; PMID:20386727; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowronski DM, Woolcott JC, Tweed SA, Brunham RC, Marra F. Potential cost-effectiveness of annual influenza immunization for infants and toddlers: experience from Canada. Vaccine 2006; 24:4222-32; PMID:16423432; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgary A. Assessing households' willingness to pay for an immediate pandemic influenza vaccination programme. Scand J Public Health 2012; 40:412-7; PMID:22798286; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494812453884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer NJ. Cost analysis of public health influenza vaccine clinics in Ontario. Can J Public Health 2009; 100:340-3; PMID:19994733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiros-Bouza JM, Perez-Rubio A. [Burden of influenza virus type B and mismatch with the flu vaccine in Spain]. Rev Esp Quimioter 2015; 28:39-46; PMID:25690144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkinen T, Ikonen N, Ziegler T. Impact of influenza B lineage-level mismatch between trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines and circulating viruses, 1999–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1519-24; PMID:25139969; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karve S, Meier G, Davis KL, Misurski DA, Wang CC. Influenza-related health care utilization and productivity losses during seasons with and without a match between the seasonal and vaccine virus B lineage. Vaccine 2013; 31:3370-88; PMID:23707697; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA 2004; 292:1333-40; PMID:15367555; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.11.1333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, Fukuda K. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA 2003; 289:179-86; PMID:12517228; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambon MC, Stockton JD, Clewley JP, Fleming DM. Contribution of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus to community cases of influenza-like illness: an observational study. Lancet 2001; 358:1410-6; PMID:11705487; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06528-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell SL, Moore C, Dexter L, Thomas DR, Salmon RL. Unusually high impact of influenza B during the early 2012–2013 influenza season in Wales–epidemiology and clinical analysis of the first 100 cases. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1013-6; PMID:24034594; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Immunization, vaccines and biologicals. Influenza. 2008; Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/influenza/en/ [Accessed 18 February 2016]
   Google Scholar
• Dao CN, Kamimoto L, Nowell M, Reingold A, Gershman K, Meek J, Arnold KE, Farley M, Ryan P, Lynfield R, et al. Adult hospitalizations for laboratory-positive influenza during the 2005–2006 through 2007–2008 seasons in the United States. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:881-8; PMID:20677944; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil SA, Andrew MK, Ye L, Haguinet F, Hatchette TF, ElSherif M, LeBlanc J, Ambrose A, McGeer A, McElhaney JE, et al. Interim estimates of 2014/15 influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalisation from the Serious Outcomes Surveillance Network of the Canadian Immunization Research Network, January 2015. Euro Surveill 2015; 20(5):21024; PMID:25677052; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.5.21024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chit A, Lee JK, Shim M, Nguyen VH, Grootendorst P, Wu J, Van Exan R, Langley JM. Economic evaluation of vaccines in Canada: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12(5):1257-64; PMID:26890128; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1137405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chit A, Roiz J, Aballea S. An assessment of the expected cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in Ontario, Canada using a static model. PLoS One 2015; 10(7):e0133606; PMID:26222538; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thommes EW, Ismaila A, Chit A, Meier G, Bauch CT. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of quadrivalent influenza vaccines for seasonal influenza prevention: a dynamic modeling study of Canada and the United Kingdom. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:465; PMID:26503131; https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1193-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr P, An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on influenza vaccination for the 2004–2005 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2004; 30:1-32; PMID:15239483
   PubMedGoogle Scholar