1,072
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Protection of children against influenza: Emerging problems

&
Pages 750-757 | Received 28 Nov 2016, Accepted 03 Jan 2017, Published online: 16 Mar 2017

References

  • Antonova EN, Rycroft CE, Ambrose CS, Heikkinen T, Principi N. Burden of paediatric influenza in Western Europe: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:968; PMID:23146107; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-968
  • Principi N, Esposito S. Severe influenza in children: incidence and risk factors. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:961-8; PMID:27560100; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2016.1227701
  • Lafond KE, Nair H, Rasooly MH, Valente F, Booy R, Rahman M, Kitsutani P, Yu H, Guzman G, Coulibaly D, et al. Global role and burden of influenza in pediatric respiratory hospitalizations, 1982-2012: a systematic analysis. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1001977; PMID:27011229; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001977
  • Heikkinen T, Silvennoinen H, Heinonen S, Vuorinen T. Clinical and socioeconomic impact of moderate-to-severe versus mild influenza in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1107-13; PMID:27086364; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2641-9
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm Accessed on: September 30, 2016.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Estimating seasonal influenza-associated deaths in the United States: CDC study confirms variability of flu. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm Accessed on September 30, 2016).
  • Principi N, Esposito S. Are we ready for universal influenza vaccination in paediatrics? Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4:75-83; PMID:14871631; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00926-0
  • Wong KK, Jain S, Blanton L, Dhara R, Brammer L, Fry AM. Influenza-associated pediatric deaths in the United States, 2004-2012. Pediatrics 2013; 132:796-804; PMID:24167165; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1493
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Recommended immunization for influenza. Available at: http://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Pages/Scheduler.aspx Accessed on September 30, 2016.
  • Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Olsen SJ, Karron RA, Jernigan DB, Bresee JS. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016; 65:1-54; PMID:27560619; http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6505a1
  • Esposito S, Principi N. Different influenza vaccine formulations and adjuvants for childhood influenza vaccination. Vaccine 2011; 29:7535-41; PMID:21820478; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.012
  • Esposito S, Montinaro V, Groppali E, Tenconi R, Semino M, Principi N. Live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:76-80; PMID:22251995; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.8.1.18809
  • Ambrose CS, Levin MJ. The rationale for quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:81-8; PMID:22252006; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.8.1.17623
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pregnant women and flu vaccination, Internet Panel Survey, United States, November 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/pregnant-women-nov2015.htm Accessed on: September 27, 2016.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Technical Report. Seasonal influenza vaccination in Europe: overview of vaccination recommendations and coverage rates in the EU Member States for the 2012–13 influenza season. Available at: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Seasonal-influenza-vaccination-Europe-2012-13.pdf Accessed on: September 27, 2016.
  • Englund JA, Walter E, Black S, Blatter M, Nyberg J, Ruben FL, Decker MD, GRC28 Study Team. Safety and immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in infants: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:105-10; PMID:19934787; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181b84c34
  • Principi N, Senatore L, Esposito S. Protection of young children from influenza through universal vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2350-8; PMID:26090704; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1055428
  • Mbawuike IN, Six HR, Cate TR, Couch RB. Vaccination with inactivated influenza A virus during pregnancy protects neonatal mice against lethal challenge by influenza A viruses representing three subtypes. J Virol 1990; 64:1370-4; PMID:2304146
  • Sweet C, Jakeman KJ, Smith H. Role of milk-derived IgG in passive maternal protection of neonatal ferrets against influenza. J Gen Virol 1987; 68:2681-6; PMID:3668509; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-68-10-2681
  • Englund JA, Mbawuike IN, Hammill H, Holleman MC, Baxter BD, Glezen WP. Maternal immunization with influenza or tetanus toxoid vaccine for passive antibody protection in young infants. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:647-56; PMID:8354906; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/168.3.647
  • Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, Shapiro ED, Vazquez M. Influenza vaccine given to pregnant women reduces hospitalization due to influenza in their infants. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:1355-61; PMID:21058908; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657309
  • Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, Snively BM, Payne DC, Bridges CB, Chu SY, Light LS, Prill MM, Finelli L, et al. Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204(6 Suppl. One): S141-8; PMID:21492825; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.042
  • Eick AA, Uyeki TM, Klimov A. Maternal influenza vaccination and effect on influenza virus infection in young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011; 165:104-11; PMID:20921345; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.192
  • Regan AK, Klerk Nd, Moore HC, Omer SB, Shellam G, Effler PV. Effectiveness of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccination against hospital-attended acute respiratory infections in pregnant women: a retrospective cohort study. Vaccine 2016; 34:3649-56; PMID:27216758; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.032
  • Dabrera G, Zhao H, Andrews N, Begum F, Green H, Ellis J, Elias K, Donati M, Zambon M, Pebody R. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy in preventing influenza infection in infants, England, 2013/14. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:20959; PMID:25411687; http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.45.20959
  • Omer SB, Goodman D, Steinhoff MC, Rochat R, Klugman KP, Stoll BJ. Maternal influenza immunization and reduced likehood of prematurity and small gestational age births: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1000441; PMID:21655318; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000441
  • Sheffield J, Roberts S, Lorimer M, Casey B, Mcintire D, Wendel G. The efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination in pregnancy. In Obstetrics Ajog, editor. Society for maternal-fetal medicine: 31st Annual Meeting: the pregnancy meeting, 2011.
  • Ludvigsson JF, Ström P, Lundholm C, Cnattingius S, Ekbom A, Örtqvist Å, Feltelius N, Granath F, Stephansson O. Maternal vaccination against H1N1 influenza and offspring mortality: population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ; 351: h5585; PMID:26572546; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h5585
  • Mbawuike IN, Six HR, Cate TR, Couch RB. Vaccination with inactivated influenza A virus during pregnancy protects neonatal mice against lethal challenge by influenza A viruses representing three subtypes. J Virol 1990; 64:1370-4; PMID:2304146
  • World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. WHO recommends seasonal influenza vaccination to pregnant women as the highest priority. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/newsstory_seasonal_influenza_vaccination_pregnancy/en/ Accessed on. September 28, 2016.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2013–2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2013; 62(RR-07):1-43.
  • Public Health Agency of Canada. An advisory committee statement on seasonal influenza vaccine for 2015–2016. Modified 2016-03-08. Available at: <http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/naci-ccni/assets/pdf/flu-2015-grippe-eng.pdf>; Accessed on September 28, 2016
  • Public Health England. Annual flu programme. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/annual-flu-programme. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE. Effectiveness of maternal in fluenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1555-64; PMID:18799552; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708630
  • Thompson MG, Li DK, Shifflett P, Sokolow LZ, Ferber JR, Kurosky S, Bozeman S, Reynolds SB, Odouli R, Henninger ML, et al. Effective ness of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine for preventing influenza virus illness among pregnant women: a population-based case-control study during the 2010–2011 and 2011-2012 influenza seasons. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:449-57; PMID:24280090; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit750
  • Puleston RL, Bugg G, Hoschler K, Konje J, Thornton J, Stephenson I, Myles P, Enstone J, Augustine G, Davis Y, et al. Observational study to investigate vertically acquired passive immunity in babies of mothers vaccinated against H1N1v during pregnancy. Health Technol Assess 2010; 14:1-82; PMID:21208547; http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta14550-01
  • Zuccotti G, Pogliani L, Pariani E, Amendola A, Zanetti A. Transplacental antibody transfer following maternal immunization with a pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. JAMA 2010; 304:2360-1; PMID:21119083; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1729
  • Manske JM. Efficacy and effectiveness of maternal influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a review of the evidence. Matern Child Health J 2014; 18:1599-609; PMID:24272875; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1399-2
  • Wilson RJ, Paterson P, Jarrett C, Larson HJ. Understanding factors influencing vaccination acceptance during pregnancy globally: a literature review. Vaccine 2015; 33:6420-9; PMID:26320417; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.046
  • McCarthy EA, Pollock WE, Nolan T, Hay S, McDonald S. Improving influenza vaccination coverage in pregnancy in Melbourne 2010-2011. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 52:334-41; PMID:22486173; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828X.2012.01428.x
  • Esposito S, Bosis S, Pelucchi C, Tremolati E, Sabatini C, Semino M, Marchisio P, della Croce F, Principi N. Influenza vaccination among healthcare workers in a multidisciplinary University hospital in Italy. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:422; PMID:19105838; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-422
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: practices among obstetrician-gynecologists - United States, 2003-04 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:1050-2; PMID:16237376
  • Green Book. Chapter 19. Influenza. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/456568/2904394_Green_Book_Chapter_19_v10_0.pdf Accessed on: September 27, 2016.
  • Nunes MC, Cutland CL, Jones S, Hugo A, Madimabe R, Simões EA, Weinberg A, Madhi SA, Maternal Flu Trial Team. Duration of infant protection against influenza illness conferred by maternal immunization: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170:840-7; PMID:27380464; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0921
  • Munoz FM. Infant protection against influenza through maternal immunization: a call for more immunogenic vaccines. JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170:832-3; PMID:27380323; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1322
  • Proveaux T, Lambach P, Ortiz JR, Hombach J, Halsey NA. Review of prescribing information for influenza vaccines for pregnant and lactating women. Vaccine 2016; 34:5406-09.
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Immunization resources for obstetrician–gynecologists. A comprehensive tool kit. Available at: https://www.acog.org/-/media/Departments/Immunization/ImmunizationToolkit.pdf Accessed on: September 30, 2016.
  • Wong VW, Lok KY, Tarrant M. Interventions to increase the uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination among pregnant women: a systematic review. Vaccine 2016; 34:20-32; PMID:26602267; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.020
  • Fleming DM, Crovari P, Wahn U, Klemola T, Schlesinger Y, Langussis A, Øymar K, Garcia ML, Krygier A, Costa H, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine in children and adolescents with asthma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:860-9; PMID:17006278; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000237797.14283.cf
  • Ashkenazi S, Vertruyen A, Aristegui J, Esposito S, McKeith DD, Klemola T, Biolek J, Kühr J, Bujnowski T, Desgrandchamps D, et al. Superior relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine compared with inactivated influenza vaccine in young children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:870-9; PMID:17006279; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000237829.66310.85
  • Belshe RB, Coelingh K, Ambrose CS, Woo JC, Wu X. Efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine in children against influenza B viruses by lineage and antigenic similarity. Vaccine 2010; 28:2149-56; PMID:20003926; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.068
  • Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Sokolow LZ, Bresee JS, Cox NJ, Broder KR, Karron RA, Walter EB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)—United States, 2014–15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:691-97; PMID:25121712
  • Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian immunization guide chapter on influenza and statement on seasonal influenza vaccine for 2016-2017. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/naci-ccni/flu-2016-grippe-addendum-children-enfants-eng.php#footnote28. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • European Medicines Agency. Fluenz Tetra. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002617/human_med_001713.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). JCVI statement on the annual influenza vaccination programme – extension of the programme to children. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/jcvi-statement-on-the-routine-annual-influenza-vaccination-programme. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Chung JR, Flannery B, Thompson MG, Gaglani M, Jackson ML, Monto AS, Nowalk MP, Talbot HK, Treanor JJ, Belongia EA, et al. Seasonal effectiveness of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccine. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20153279.9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3279
  • Flannery B. LAIV vs IIV effectiveness: Summary of evidence since 2009. Presented to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Atlanta. 2016. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2016-06/influenza-07-flannery.pdf. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Caspard H, Gaglani M, Clipper L, Belongia EA, McLean HQ, Griffin MR, Talbot HK, Poehling KA, Peters TR, Veney N, et al. Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine in children 2-17 years of age in 2013-2014 in the United States. Vaccine 2016; 34:77-82; PMID:26589519; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.010
  • Kwong JC, Pereira J, Quach S, Pellizzari R, Dusome E, Russell M, Hamid JS, Feinberg Y, Winter AL, Gubbay JB, et al. Randomized evaluation of live attenuated vs. trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in schools (RELATIVES) pilot study: preliminary results from the household surveillance sub-study. Vaccine 2015; 33:4910-5; PMID:26232348; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.044
  • Skowronski DM, Chambers C, Sabaiduc S, De Serres G, Winter AL, Dickinson JA, Gubbay J, Fonseca K, Charest H, Krajden M, et al. Integrated sentinel surveillance linking genetic, antigenic, and epidemiologic monitoring of influenza vaccine-virus relatedness and effectiveness during the 2013–2014 influenza season. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:726-39; PMID:25784728; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv177
  • Pebody RG, Green HK, Andrews N, Zhao H, Boddington N, Bawa Z, Durnall H, Singh N, Sunderland A, Letley L, et al. Uptake and impact of a new live attenuated influenza vaccine programme in England: early results of a pilot in primary school-age children, 2013/14 influenza season. Euro Surveill 2014; 19: pii 20823
  • Pebody R, Warburton F, Andrews N, Ellis J, von Wissmann B, Robertson C, Yonova I, Cottrell S, Gallagher N, Green H, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2014/15 end of season results. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:36; PMID:26535911; http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.36.30013
  • Flannery B, Chung J. Influenza vaccine effectiveness, including LAIV vs IIV in children and adolescents, US Flu VE Network, 2015-16. Presented to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Atlanta, 2016. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2016-06/influenza-05-flannery.pdf Accessed on September 30, 2016.
  • Ambrose C. 2015-16 US influenza vaccine effectiveness: Influenza clinical investigation for children (ICICLE) study. Presented to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Atlanta, 2016.
  • Public Health England. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in adults and children in primary care in the UK: provisional end-of-season results 2015-16. 2016. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/530756/Influenza_vaccine_effectiveness_in_primary_care_in_children.pdf Accessed on October 3, 2016.
  • Skowronski DM. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) vs. inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV): summary of effectiveness evidence since 2009. Presented to NACI IWG, Ottawa. 2016.
  • Nohynek H. Seasonal childhood influenza vaccinations: experiences from Finland. Presented at the Nordic Vaccine Meeting, Iceland, 2016.
  • Flannery B, Chung J. Influenza vaccine effectiveness, including LAIV vs IIV in children and adolescents, US Flu VE Network, 2015-16. Presented to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Atlanta, 2016. Accessed: July 21, 2016. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2016-06/influenza-05-flannery.pdf. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP votes down use of LAIV for 2016-2017 flu season. 2016. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0622-laiv-flu.html Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. FDA information regarding FluMist quadrivalent vaccine. 2016. Accessed: June 30, 2016. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm508761.htm. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Public Health England. Use of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) FluMist quadrivalent: frequently asked questions for healthcare workers. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/469992/Q_A_for_FluMist_Quadrivalent.pdf. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Department of Health Protection. Seasonal childhood influenza vaccinations experiences from Finland. Available at: http://www.nvm2016.is/sites/default/files/Nohynek_NorVac_influenzaLessonsNohynek_short.pdf. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Ohmit SE, Thompson MG, Petrie JG, Thaker SN, Jackson ML, Belongia EA, Zimmerman RK, Gaglani M, Lamerato L, Spencer SM, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the 2011-2012 season: protection against each circulating virus and the effect of prior vaccination on estimates. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:319-27; PMID:24235265; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit736
  • MedImmune LLC. A Study to evaluate the immunogenicity of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in children. 2011. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01091246?sect=X5. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Cotter CR, Jin H, Chen Z. A single amino acid in the stalk region of the H1N1pdm influenza virus HA protein affects viral fusion, stability and infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003831; PMID:24391498; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003831
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vaccine temperature best practices for refrigerated vaccines-Fahrenheit (F). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/admin/storage/downloads/temp-fridge.pdf. Accessed on: October 3, 2016.
  • Caspard H, Coelingh KL, Mallory RM, Ambrose CS. Association of vaccine handling conditions with effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine against H1N1pdm09 viruses in the United States. Vaccine 2016; 34:5066-5072; PMID:27613072; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.079
  • Ambrose CS, Bright H, Mallory R. Potential causes of the decreased effectiveness of the influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 strain in live attenuated influenza vaccines. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:piii 30394; PMID:27918259

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.