Methods for ascertaining norovirus disease burdens

References

• Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Chanock RM. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol 1972;10:1075-81. PMID:4117963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk MD, Pires SM, Black RE, Caipo M, Crump JA, Devleesschauwer B, Döpfer D, Fazil A, Fischer-Walker CL, Hald T, et al. World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001921. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001921. PMID:26633831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris JP. Norovirus Surveillance: an epidemiological perspective. J Infect Dis 2016;213 Suppl 1:S8-S11. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv452. PMID:26744431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby A, Iturriza-Gomara M. Norovirus diagnostics: options, applications and interpretations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012;10:423-33. doi:10.1586/eri.12.21. PMID:22512752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DI, Atmar RL, Lyon GM, Treanor JJ, Chen WH, Jiang X, Vinjé J, Gregoricus N, Frenck RW, Jr, Moe CL, et al. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults. J Infect Dis 2015;211:870-8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu497. PMID:25210140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmar RL, Bernstein DI, Harro CD, Al-Ibrahim MS, Chen WH, Ferreira J, Estes MK, Graham DY, Opekun AR, Richardson C, et al. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk Virus illness. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2178-87. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1101245. PMID:22150036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettayebi K, Crawford SE, Murakami K, Broughman JR, Karandikar U, Tenge VR, Neill FH, Blutt SE, Zeng XL, Qu L, et al. Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids. Science 2016;353:1387-93. doi:10.1126/science.aaf5211. PMID:27562956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MK, Watanabe M, Zhu S, Graves CL, Keyes LR, Grau KR, Gonzalez-Hernandez MB, Iovine NM, Wobus CE, Vinjé J, et al. Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells. Science 2014;346:755-9. doi:10.1126/science.1257147. PMID:25378626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Wang M, Wang K, Estes MK. Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus. Virology 1993;195:51-61. doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1345. PMID:8391187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambden PR, Liu B, Clarke IN. A conserved sequence motif at the 5' terminus of the Southampton virus genome is characteristic of the Caliciviridae. Virus Genes 1995;10:149-52. doi:10.1007/BF01702595. PMID:8560774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo MA. Virus taxonomy - Houston 2002. Arch Virol 2002;147:1071-6. PMID:12021875
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zheng DP, Ando T, Fankhauser RL, Beard RS, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology 2006;346:312-23. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.015. PMID:16343580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroneman A, Vega E, Vennema H, Vinje J, White PA, Hansman G, Green K, Martella V, Katayama K, Koopmans M. Proposal for a unified norovirus nomenclature and genotyping. Arch Virol 2013;158:2059-68. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1708-5. PMID:23615870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green K. Caliciviridae: the noroviruses. In: Knipe DM HP, Cohen JI, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Racaniello VR, Roizman B, ed. Fields virology, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2013. p. 583-609
   Google Scholar
• Tse H, Lau SK, Chan WM, Choi GK, Woo PC, Yuen KY. Complete genome sequences of novel canine noroviruses in Hong Kong. J Virol 2012;86:9531-2. doi:10.1128/JVI.01312-12. PMID:22879606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinje J. Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of norovirus. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:373-81. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01535-14. PMID:24989606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm B, Waddell L, Greig J, Rajic A, Houde A, McEwen SA. A scoping review of the evidence for public health risks of three emerging potentially zoonotic viruses: hepatitis E virus, norovirus, and rotavirus. Prev Vet Med 2015;119:61-79. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.015. PMID:25681862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Williams K, Lee D, Vinje J. Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1389-95. PMID:21801614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beek J, Ambert-Balay K, Botteldoorn N, Eden JS, Fonager J, Hewitt J, Iritani N, Kroneman A, Vennema H, Vinjé J, et al. Indications for worldwide increased norovirus activity associated with emergence of a new variant of genotype II.4, late 2012. Euro Surveill 2013;18:8-9. PMID:23305715
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke IN, Lambden PR. Organization and expression of calicivirus genes. J Infect Dis 2000;181 Suppl 2:S309-16. doi:10.1086/315575. PMID:10804143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad BV, Hardy ME, Dokland T, Bella J, Rossmann MG, Estes MK. X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid. Science 1999;286:287-90. doi:10.1126/science.286.5438.287. PMID:10514371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang P, Farkas T, Marionneau S, Zhong W, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Morrow AL, Altaye M, Pickering LK, Newburg DS, LePendu J, et al. Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: identification of 4 distinct strain-specific patterns. J Infect Dis 2003;188:19-31. doi:10.1086/375742. PMID:12825167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan M, Jiang X. Norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: an answer to a historical puzzle. Trends Microbiol 2005;13:285-93. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.004. PMID:15936661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanker S, Choi JM, Sankaran B, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Prasad BV. Structural analysis of histo-blood group antigen binding specificity in a norovirus GII.4 epidemic variant: implications for epochal evolution. J Virol 2011;85:8635-45. doi:10.1128/JVI.00848-11. PMID:21715503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bu W, Mamedova A, Tan M, Xia M, Jiang X, Hegde RS. Structural basis for the receptor binding specificity of Norwalk virus. J Virol 2008;82:5340-7. doi:10.1128/JVI.00135-08. PMID:18385236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Tan M, Xia M, Hao N, Zhang XC, Huang P, Jiang X, Li X, Rao Z. Crystallography of a Lewis-binding norovirus, elucidation of strain-specificity to the polymorphic human histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog 2011;7:e1002152. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002152. PMID:21811409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JM, Hutson AM, Estes MK, Prasad BV. Atomic resolution structural characterization of recognition of histo-blood group antigens by Norwalk virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:9175-80. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803275105. PMID:18599458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansman GS, Biertumpfel C, Georgiev I, McLellan JS, Chen L, Zhou T, Katayama K, Kwong PD. Crystal structures of GII.10 and GII.12 norovirus protruding domains in complex with histo-blood group antigens reveal details for a potential site of vulnerability. J Virol 2011;85:6687-701. doi:10.1128/JVI.00246-11. PMID:21525337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao S, Lou Z, Tan M, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang XC, Jiang X, Li X, Rao Z. Structural basis for the recognition of blood group trisaccharides by norovirus. J Virol 2007;81:5949-57. doi:10.1128/JVI.00219-07. PMID:17392366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier RL, Payne DC, Staat MA, Selvarangan R, Shirley SH, Halasa N, Boom JA, Englund JA, Szilagyi PG, Harrison CJ, et al. Innate Susceptibility to Norovirus Infections Influenced by FUT2 Genotype in a United States Pediatric Population. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:1631-8. doi:10.1093/cid/civ165. PMID:25744498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindesmith L, Moe C, Marionneau S, Ruvoen N, Jiang X, Lindblad L, Stewart P, LePendu J, Baric R. Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection. Nat Med 2003;9:548-53. doi:10.1038/nm860. PMID:12692541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustamante M, Standl M, Bassat Q, Vilor-Tejedor N, Medina-Gomez C, Bonilla C, Ahluwalia TS, Bacelis J, Bradfield JP, Tiesler CM, et al. A genome-wide association meta-analysis of diarrhoeal disease in young children identifies FUT2 locus and provides plausible biological pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2016;25:4127-42. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddw264. PMID:27559109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakikhany K, Allen DJ, Brown D, Iturriza-Gomara M. Molecular evolution of GII-4 Norovirus strains. PLoS One 2012;7:e41625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041625. PMID:22844506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroneman A, Harris J, Vennema H, Duizer E, van Duynhoven Y, Gray J, Iturriza M, Böttiger B, Falkenhorst G, Johnsen C, et al. Data quality of 5 years of central norovirus outbreak reporting in the European Network for food-borne viruses. J Public Health (Oxf) 2008;30:82-90. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdm080. PMID:18089585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Shirley SH, Lee D, Vinje J. Genotypic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States, 2009 to 2013. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:147-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mans J, Murray TY, Nadan S, Netshikweta R, Page NA, Taylor MB. Norovirus diversity in children with gastroenteritis in South Africa from 2009 to 2013: GII.4 variants and recombinant strains predominate. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144:907-16. doi:10.1017/S0950268815002150. PMID:26374265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DJ, Adams NL, Aladin F, Harris JP, Brown DW. Emergence of the GII-4 Norovirus Sydney2012 strain in England, winter 2012-2013. PLoS One 2014;9:e88978. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088978. PMID:24551201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebenga JJ, Vennema H, Zheng DP, Vinje J, Lee BE, Pang XL, Ho EC, Lim W, Choudekar A, Broor S, et al. Norovirus illness is a global problem: emergence and spread of norovirus GII.4 variants, 2001-2007. J Infect Dis 2009;200:802-12. doi:10.1086/605127. PMID:19627248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopman B, Vennema H, Kohli E, Pothier P, Sanchez A, Negredo A, Buesa J, Schreier E, Reacher M, Brown D, et al. Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant. Lancet 2004;363:682-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15641-9. PMID:15001325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu ET, Bull RA, Greening GE, Hewitt J, Lyon MJ, Marshall JA, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, White PA. Epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006 were associated with the spread of norovirus GII.4 variants 2006a and 2006b. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:413-20. doi:10.1086/525259. PMID:18177226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victoria M, Miagostovich MP, Ferreira MS, Vieira CB, Fioretti JM, Leite JP, Colina R, Cristina J. Bayesian coalescent inference reveals high evolutionary rates and expansion of Norovirus populations. Infect Genet Evol 2009;9:927-32. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.014. PMID:19559104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull RA, Eden JS, Rawlinson WD, White PA. Rapid evolution of pandemic noroviruses of the GII.4 lineage. PLoS Pathog 2010;6:e1000831. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000831. PMID:20360972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DJ, Gray JJ, Gallimore CI, Xerry J, Iturriza-Gomara M. Analysis of amino acid variation in the P2 domain of the GII-4 norovirus VP1 protein reveals putative variant-specific epitopes. PLoS One 2008;3:e1485. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001485. PMID:18213393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DJ, Noad R, Samuel D, Gray JJ, Roy P, Iturriza-Gomara M. Characterisation of a GII-4 norovirus variant-specific surface-exposed site involved in antibody binding. Virol J 2009;6:150. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-150. PMID:19781066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Lobue AD, Cannon JL, Zheng DP, Vinje J, Baric RS. Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus persistence in human populations. PLoS Med 2008;5:e31. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050031. PMID:18271619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Baric RS. Norovirus GII.4 strain antigenic variation. J Virol 2011;85:231-42. doi:10.1128/JVI.01364-10. PMID:20980508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebenga JJ, Vennema H, Renckens B, de Bruin E, van der Veer B, Siezen RJ, Koopmans M. Epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus capsid proteins from 1995 to 2006. J Virol 2007;81:9932-41. doi:10.1128/JVI.00674-07. PMID:17609280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debbink K, Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Costantini V, Beltramello M, Corti D, Swanstrom J, Lanzavecchia A, Vinjé J, Baric RS. Emergence of new pandemic GII.4 Sydney norovirus strain correlates with escape from herd immunity. J Infect Dis 2013;208:1877-87. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit370. PMID:23908476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debbink K, Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Baric RS. Norovirus immunity and the great escape. PLoS Pathog 2012;8:e1002921. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002921. PMID:23093932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindesmith LC, Debbink K, Swanstrom J, Vinje J, Costantini V, Baric RS, Donaldson EF. Monoclonal antibody-based antigenic mapping of norovirus GII.4-2002. J Virol 2012;86:873-83. doi:10.1128/JVI.06200-11. PMID:22090098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, Viviani L, Dodds JP, Evans MR, Hunter PR, Gray JJ, Letley LH, Rait G, Tompkins DS, et al. Longitudinal study of infectious intestinal disease in the UK (IID2 study): incidence in the community and presenting to general practice. Gut 2012;61:69-77. doi:10.1136/gut.2011.238386. PMID:21708822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass RI, Noel J, Ando T, Fankhauser R, Belliot G, Mounts A, Parashar UD, Bresee JS, Monroe SS. The epidemiology of enteric caliciviruses from humans: a reassessment using new diagnostics. J Infect Dis 2000;181 Suppl 2:S254-61. doi:10.1086/315588. PMID:10804134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunis PF, Moe CL, Liu P, Miller SE, Lindesmith L, Baric RS, Le Pendu J, Calderon RL. Norwalk virus: how infectious is it? J Med Virol 2008;80:1468-76. doi:10.1002/jmv.21237. PMID:18551613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes MK, Prasad BV, Atmar RL. Noroviruses everywhere: has something changed? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006;19:467-74. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000244053.69253.3d. PMID:16940871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belliot G, Lopman BA, Ambert-Balay K, Pothier P. The burden of norovirus gastroenteritis: an important foodborne and healthcare-related infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20:724-30. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12722. PMID:24943671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris JP, Iturriza-Gomara M, O'Brien SJ. Re-assessing the total burden of norovirus circulating in the United Kingdom population. Vaccine 2017;35:853-5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.009. PMID:28094075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States–major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7-15. doi:10.3201/eid1701.P11101. PMID:21192848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien SJ, Donaldson AL, Iturriza-Gomara M, Tam CC. Age-specific incidence rates for Norovirus in the community and presenting to primary healthcare facilities in the United Kingdom. J Infect Dis 2016;213 Suppl 1:S15-8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv411. PMID:26744427
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haustein T, Harris JP, Pebody R, Lopman BA. Hospital admissions due to norovirus in adult and elderly patients in England. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1890-2. doi:10.1086/648440. PMID:19911997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopman BA, Andrews N, Sarangi J, Vipond IB, Brown DW, Reacher MH. Institutional risk factors for outbreaks of nosocomial gastroenteritis: survival analysis of a cohort of hospital units in South-west England, 2002-2003. J Hosp Infect 2005;60:135-43. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.10.021. PMID:15866012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris JP, Edmunds WJ, Pebody R, Brown DW, Lopman BA. Deaths from norovirus among the elderly, England and Wales. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1546-52. doi:10.3201/eid1410.080188. PMID:18826817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall PG, de Louvois J, Gilbert RJ, Rowe B. Food poisoning: notifications, laboratory reports, and outbreaks–where do the statistics come from and what do they mean? Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1996;6:R93-100. PMID:8680502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris JP, Adams NL, Lopman BA, Allen DJ, Adak GK. The development of Web-based surveillance provides new insights into the burden of norovirus outbreaks in hospitals in England. Epidemiol Infect 2014;142:1590-8. doi:10.1017/S0950268813002896. PMID:24230984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopman B, Armstrong B, Atchison C, Gray JJ. Host, weather and virological factors drive norovirus epidemiology: time-series analysis of laboratory surveillance data in England and Wales. PLoS One 2009;4:e6671. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006671. PMID:19701458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi J, Cho Y, Shim E, Woo H. Web-based infectious disease surveillance systems and public health perspectives: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2016;16:1238. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3893-0. PMID:27931204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris JK, Wong R, Matthew MG, Mansour R. Availability of Foodborne Illness reporting mechanisms for the public on local health department web sites. J Public Health Manag Pract 2017. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000000564
   Google Scholar
• Harris JK, Hawkins JB, Nguyen L, Nsoesie EO, Tuli G, Mansour R, Brownstein JS. Using twitter to identify and respond to food poisoning: the food safety STL project. J Public Health Manag Pract 2017. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000000516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveridge P, Cooper D, Elliot AJ, Harris J, Gray J, Large S, Regan M, Smith GE, Lopman B. Vomiting calls to NHS Direct provide an early warning of norovirus outbreaks in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2010;74:385-93. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.10.007. PMID:20172625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duizer E, Schwab KJ, Neill FH, Atmar RL, Koopmans MP, Estes MK. Laboratory efforts to cultivate noroviruses. J Gen Virol 2004;85:79-87. doi:10.1099/vir.0.19478-0. PMID:14718622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama K, Murakami K, Sharp TM, Guix S, Oka T, Takai-Todaka R, Nakanishi A, Crawford SE, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Plasmid-based human norovirus reverse genetics system produces reporter-tagged progeny virus containing infectious genomic RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014;111:E4043-52. doi:10.1073/pnas.1415096111. PMID:25192933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang KO, Sosnovtsev SV, Belliot G, King AD, Green KY. Stable expression of a Norwalk virus RNA replicon in a human hepatoma cell line. Virology 2006;353:463-73. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.006. PMID:16843517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karst SM. Identification of a novel cellular target and a co-factor for norovirus infection - B cells & commensal bacteria. Gut Microbes 2015;6:266-71. doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1052211. PMID:25997033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldridge MT, Nice TJ, McCune BT, Yokoyama CC, Kambal A, Wheadon M, Diamond MS, Ivanova Y, Artyomov M, Virgin HW. Commensal microbes and interferon-lambda determine persistence of enteric murine norovirus infection. Science 2015;347:266-9. doi:10.1126/science.1258025. PMID:25431490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch SM, Lopman BA, Hall AJ, Parashar UD, Lee BY. The potential economic value of a human norovirus vaccine for the United States. Vaccine 2012;30:7097-104. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.040. PMID:23026689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morter S, Bennet G, Fish J, Richards J, Allen DJ, Nawaz S, Iturriza-Gómara M, Brolly S, Gray J. Norovirus in the hospital setting: virus introduction and spread within the hospital environment. J Hosp Infect 2011;77:106-12. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2010.09.035. PMID:21167622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy M, Estes MK, Hyams KC. Norwalk-like virus infection in military forces: epidemic potential, sporadic disease, and the future direction of prevention and control efforts. J Infect Dis 2000;181 Suppl 2:S387-91. doi:10.1086/315582. PMID:10804153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses among British military personnel–Afghanistan, May 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:477-9. PMID:12064451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang X, Wang M, Graham DY, Estes MK. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. J Virol 1992;66:6527-32. PMID:1328679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball JM, Graham DY, Opekun AR, Gilger MA, Guerrero RA, Estes MK. Recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles given orally to volunteers: phase I study. Gastroenterology 1999;117:40-8. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70548-2. PMID:10381908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacket CO, Sztein MB, Losonsky GA, Wasserman SS, Estes MK. Humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses to oral Norwalk virus-like particles in volunteers. Clin Immunol 2003;108:241-7. doi:10.1016/S1521-6616(03)00120-7. PMID:14499247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Kamary SS, Pasetti MF, Mendelman PM, Frey SE, Bernstein DI, Treanor JJ, Ferreira J, Chen WH, Sublett R, Richardson C, et al. Adjuvanted intranasal Norwalk virus-like particle vaccine elicits antibodies and antibody-secreting cells that express homing receptors for mucosal and peripheral lymphoid tissues. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1649-58. doi:10.1086/657087. PMID:20979455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra GI, Bok K, Taylor R, Haynes JR, Sosnovtsev SV, Richardson C, Green KY. Immunogenicity and specificity of norovirus Consensus GII.4 virus-like particles in monovalent and bivalent vaccine formulations. Vaccine 2012;30:3580-6. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.050. PMID:22469864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debbink K, Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Swanstrom J, Baric RS. Chimeric GII.4 norovirus virus-like-particle-based vaccines induce broadly blocking immune responses. J Virol 2014;88:7256-66. doi:10.1128/JVI.00785-14. PMID:24741081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DJ, Trainor E, Callaghan A, O'Brien SJ, Cunliffe NA, Iturriza-Gomara M. Early detection of epidemic GII-4 Norovirus Strains in UK and Malawi: role of surveillance of sporadic acute gastroenteritis in anticipating global epidemics. PLoS One 2016;11:e0146972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146972. PMID:27115152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bok K, Green KY. Norovirus gastroenteritis in immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2126-32. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1207742. PMID:23190223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumble C, Addiman S, Balasegaram S, Chima K, Ready D, Heard J, Alexander E. Role of food handlers in Norovirus outbreaks in London and South East England, 2013 to 2015. J Food Prot 2017;80:257-64. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-083. PMID:28221985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabria A, Pinto RM, Bosch A, Bartolome R, Cornejo T, Torner N, Martínez A, Simón Md, Domínguez A, Guix S. Norovirus shedding among food and healthcare workers exposed to the virus in outbreak settings. J Clin Virol 2016;82:119-25. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2016.07.012. PMID:27479175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MK, Grau KR, Costantini V, Kolawole AO, de Graaf M, Freiden P, Graves CL, Koopmans M, Wallet SM, Tibbetts SA, et al. Human norovirus culture in B cells. Nat Protoc 2015;10:1939-47. doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.121. PMID:26513671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JR, Roy S, Ruis C, Yara Romero E, Shah D, Williams R, Breuer J. Norovirus whole-genome sequencing by sureselect target enrichment: a robust and sensitive method. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:2530-7:doi:10.1128/JCM.01052-16. PMID:27487952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debbink K, Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS. Genetic mapping of a highly variable norovirus GII.4 blockade epitope: potential role in escape from human herd immunity. J Virol 2012;86:1214-26. doi:10.1128/JVI.06189-11. PMID:22090110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar