Interventions to increase pediatric vaccine uptake: An overview of recent findings

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccination coverage among children in kindergarten – United States, 2015–16 school year. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1057-64. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6539a3. PMID:27711037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healthy People 2020: Immunization and Infectious Diseases. Washington (DC): United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; c2014. [accessed on 2017 June 4]. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases/objectives
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months – United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1065-71. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6539a4. PMID:27711036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months – United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:741-8. PMID:25166924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months – United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:889-96. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6433a1. PMID:26313470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Salmon DA, Omer SB. Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States: A review of measles and pertussis. JAMA. 2016;315:1149-58. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1353. PMID:26978210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PJ, Kennedy AM, Wooten K, Gust DA, Pickering LK. Association between health care providers' influence on parents who have concerns about vaccine safety and vaccination coverage. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e1287-92. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0923. PMID:17079529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frew PM, Fisher AK, Basket MM, Chung Y, Schamel J, Weiner JL, Mullen J, Omer SB, Orenstein WA. Changes in childhood immunization decisions in the United States: Results from 2012 & 2014 National Parental Surveys. Vaccine. 2016;34:5689-96. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.001. PMID:27720447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orenstein WA, Gellin, BG, Beigi, RH. Assessing the state of vaccine confidence in the United States: recommendations from the National vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Rep. 2015;130:573-95. doi:10.1177/003335491513000606. PMID:26556929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemmons NS, Gastanaduy PA, Fiebelkorn AP, Redd SB, Wallace GS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Measles – United States, January 4-April 2, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:373-6. PMID:25879894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon DA, Dudley MZ, Glanz JM, Omer SB. Vaccine hesitancy: Causes, consequences, and a call to action. Vaccine. 2015;33(Suppl 4):D66-71. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.035. PMID:26615171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal J, Rodewald L, McCauley M, Berman S, Irigoyen M, Sawyer M, Yusuf H, Davis R, Kalton G. Immunization coverage levels among 19- to 35-month-old children in 4 diverse, medically underserved areas of the United States. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e296-302. doi:10.1542/peds.113.4.e296. PMID:15060256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safi H, Wheeler JG, Reeve GR, Ochoa E, Romero JR, Hopkins R, Ryan KW, Jacobs RF. Vaccine policy and Arkansas childhood immunization exemptions: a multi-year review. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42:602-5. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.022. PMID:22608376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omer SB, Richards JL, Ward M, Bednarczyk RA. Vaccination policies and rates of exemption from immunization, 2005–2011. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1170-1. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1209037. PMID:22992099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Law Program: State School and Childcare Vaccination Laws. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 April 28. [accessed on 2017 July 1]. https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/vaccinations.html/
   Google Scholar
• California Department of Public Health. Immunization Branch: Immunization Update July 2015. Richmond (CA): California Department of Public Health; 2015 July. [accessed on 2017 July 1]. http://eziz.org/assets/docs/IZUpdate_2015_07.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Omer SB, Enger KS, Moulton LH, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Salmon DA. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1389-96. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn263. PMID:18922998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui M, Salmon DA, Omer SB. Epidemiology of vaccine hesitancy in the United States. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9:2643-8. doi:10.4161/hv.27243. PMID:24247148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst KC, Jacobs ET. Implications of philosophical and personal belief exemptions on re-emergence of vaccine-preventable disease: the role of spatial clustering in under-vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8:838-41. doi:10.4161/hv.19743. PMID:22508414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnesota Department of Health. Measles (Rubeola). MN: Minnesota Department of Health; 2017 June 12. [accessed 2017 June 14]. http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/measles/–1
   Google Scholar
• Wood DL, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Community Health S, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on P, Ambulatory M. Increasing immunization coverage. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Community Health Services. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine. Pediatrics 2003;112:993-6. PMID:14523201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccination coverage by race/ethnicity and poverty level among children aged 19–35 months—United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;47:956-9
   Google Scholar
• Klevens RM, Luman ET. U.S. children living in and near poverty: risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:41-6. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00281-1. PMID:11331131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederhauser VP, Stark M. Narrowing the gap in childhood immunization disparities. Pediatr Nurs. 2005;31:380-6. PMID:16295153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh B, Doherty E, O'Neill C. Since the start of the vaccines for children program, uptake has increased, and most disparities have decreased. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35:356-64. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1019. PMID:26858392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szilagyi PG, Schaffer S, Shone L, Barth R, Humiston SG, Sandler M, Rodewald LE. Reducing geographic, racial, and ethnic disparities in childhood immunization rates by using reminder/recall interventions in urban primary care practices. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e58. doi:10.1542/peds.110.5.e58. PMID:12415064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childhood Immunization Support Program. AAP Immunization Resources: Immunization Reminder & Recall Systems. Elk Grove Village (IL): The American Academy of Pediatrics; 2014 May. [accessed on 2017 June 4]. https://www.aap.org/en-us/Documents/immunization_reminderrecall.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Community Preventive Services Task Force. The Community Guide: Vaccination Programs - Client Reminder and Recall Systems. Washington (DC): United States. Department of Health and Human Services; 2015 May. [accessed on 2017 June 13]. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/vaccination-programs-client-reminder-and-recall-systems
   Google Scholar
• Alemi F, Alemagno SA, Goldhagen J, Ash L, Finkelstein B, Lavin A, Butts J, Ghadiri A. Computer reminders improve on-time immunization rates. Med Care. 1996;34:OS45-51. doi:10.1097/00005650-199610003-00005. PMID:8843936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alto WA, Fury D, Condo A, Doran M, Aduddell M. Improving the immunization coverage of children less than 7 years old in a family practice residency. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1994;7:472-7. PMID:7847110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bordley WC, Margolis PA, Stuart J, Lannon C, Keyes L. Improving preventive service delivery through office systems. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E41. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.e41. PMID:11533359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britto MT, Schoettker PJ, Pandzik GM, Weiland J, Mandel KE. Improving influenza immunisation for high-risk children and adolescents. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007;16:363-8. doi:10.1136/qshc.2006.019380. PMID:17913778
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daley MF, Barrow J, Pearson K, Crane LA, Gao D, Stevenson JM, Berman S, Kempe A. Identification and recall of children with chronic medical conditions for influenza vaccination. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e26-33. doi:10.1542/peds.113.1.e26. PMID:14702491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley MF, Steiner JF, Kempe A, Beaty BL, Pearson KA, Jones JS, Lowery NE, Berman S. Quality improvement in immunization delivery following an unsuccessful immunization recall. Ambul Pediatr. 2004;4:217-23. doi:10.1367/A03-176R.1. PMID:15153053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deuson RR, Brodovicz KG, Barker L, Zhou F, Euler GL. Economic analysis of a child vaccination project among Asian Americans in Philadelphia, Pa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:909-14. doi:10.1001/archpedi.155.8.909. PMID:11483118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dini EF, Linkins RW, Sigafoos J. The impact of computer-generated messages on childhood immunization coverage. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:132-9. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00086-0. PMID:10698243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mohandes AA, Katz KS, El-Khorazaty MN, McNeely-Johnson D, Sharps PW, Jarrett MH, Rose A, White DM, Young M, Grylack L, et al. The effect of a parenting education program on the use of preventive pediatric health care services among low-income, minority mothers: a randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1324-32. doi:10.1542/peds.111.6.1324. PMID:12777548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findley SE, Irigoyen M, Sanchez M, Stockwell MS, Mejia M, Guzman L, Ferreira R, Pena O, Chen S, Andres-Martinez R. Effectiveness of a community coalition for improving child vaccination rates in New York City. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:1959-62. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121046. PMID:18799778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzini L, Rosenthal J, Spears W, Martin HS, Balderas L, Brown M, Milne G, Drutz J, Evans D, Kozinetz C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of childhood immunization reminder/recall systems in urban private practices. Pediatrics. 2000;106:177-83. PMID:10888689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaglani M, Riggs M, Kamenicky C, Glezen WP. A computerized reminder strategy is effective for annual influenza immunization of children with asthma or reactive airway disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:1155-60. doi:10.1097/00006454-200112000-00012. PMID:11740323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambidge SJ, Phibbs SL, Chandramouli V, Fairclough D, Steiner JF. A stepped intervention increases well-child care and immunization rates in a disadvantaged population. Pediatrics. 2009;124:455-64. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0446. PMID:19651574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawe P, McKenzie N, Scurry R. Randomised controlled trial of the use of a modified postal reminder card on the uptake of measles vaccination. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:136-40. doi:10.1136/adc.79.2.136. PMID:9797594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks P, Tarr GA, Hicks XP. Reminder cards and immunization rates among Latinos and the rural poor in Northeast Colorado. J Am Board Fam Med. 2007;20:581-6. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2007.06.060071. PMID:17954866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irigoyen MM, Findley S, Earle B, Stambaugh K, Vaughan R. Impact of appointment reminders on vaccination coverage at an urban clinic. Pediatrics. 2000;106:919-23. PMID:11044144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempe A, Saville AW, Dickinson LM, Beaty B, Eisert S, Gurfinkel D, Brewer S, Shull H, Herrero D, Herlihy R. Collaborative centralized reminder/recall notification to increase immunization rates among young children: a comparative effectiveness trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:365-73. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3670. PMID:25706340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemstra M, Rajakumar D, Thompson A, Moraros J. The effectiveness of telephone reminders and home visits to improve measles, mumps and rubella immunization coverage rates in children. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16:e1-5. doi:10.1093/pch/16.1.e1. PMID:22211079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieu TA, Capra AM, Makol J, Black SB, Shinefield HR. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of letters, automated telephone messages, or both for underimmunized children in a health maintenance organization. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E3. doi:10.1542/peds.101.4.e3. PMID:9521970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodewald LE, Szilagyi PG, Humiston SG, Barth R, Kraus R, Raubertas RF. A randomized study of tracking with outreach and provider prompting to improve immunization coverage and primary care. Pediatrics. 1999;103:31-8. doi:10.1542/peds.103.1.31. PMID:9917436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stehr-Green PA, Dini EF, Lindegren ML, Patriarca PA. Evaluation of telephoned computer-generated reminders to improve immunization coverage at inner-city clinics. Public Health Rep. 1993;108:426-30. PMID:8341774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivier PM, Alario AJ, O'Haire C, Dansereau LM, Jakum EB, Peter G. The impact of outreach efforts in reaching underimmunized children in a Medicaid managed care practice. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:1243-7. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.12.1243. PMID:11115310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vora S, Verber L, Potts S, Dozier T, Daum RS. Effect of a novel birth intervention and reminder-recall on on-time immunization compliance in high-risk children. Hum Vaccin. 2009;5:395-402. doi:10.4161/hv.5.6.7282. PMID:19029825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman RK, Hoberman A, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Greenberg DP, Weinberg ST, Bemm CW, Block B. Feasibility of influenza immunization for inner-city children aged 6 to 23 months. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:397-403. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.07.016. PMID:15556740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Hannibal K, Moehling KK, Huang HH, Matambanadzo A, Troy J, Allred NJ, Gallik G, et al. Cluster randomized trial of a toolkit and early vaccine delivery to improve childhood influenza vaccination rates in primary care. Vaccine. 2014;32:3656-63. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.057. PMID:24793941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstetter AM, Vargas CY, Camargo S, Holleran S, Vawdrey DK, Kharbanda EO, Stockwell MS. Impacting delayed pediatric influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. Am J Prev Med. 2015;48:392-401. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.023. PMID:25812465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley MF, Steiner JF, Brayden RM, Xu S, Morrison S, Kempe A. Immunization registry-based recall for a new vaccine. Ambul Pediatr. 2002;2:438-43. doi:10.1367/1539-4409(2002)002<0438:IRBRFA>2.0.CO;2. PMID:12437389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hambidge SJ, Davidson AJ, Phibbs SL, Chandramouli V, Zerbe G, LeBaron CW, Steiner JF. Strategies to improve immunization rates and well-child care in a disadvantaged population: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:162-9. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.2.162. PMID:14757608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempe A, Lowery NE, Pearson KA, Renfrew BL, Jones JS, Steiner JF, Berman S. Immunization recall: effectiveness and barriers to success in an urban teaching clinic. J Pediatr. 2001;139:630-5. doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.117069. PMID:11713438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeffinger KC, Roaten SP, Hitchcock MA, Oeffinger PK. The effect of patient education on pediatric immunization rates. J Fam Pract. 1992;35:288-93. PMID:1517726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox SA, Koepke CP, Levenson R, Thalheimer JC. Registry-driven, community-based immunization outreach: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1507-11. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1507. PMID:11527789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBaron CW, Starnes DM, Rask KJ. The impact of reminder-recall interventions on low vaccination coverage in an inner-city population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:255-61. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.3.255. PMID:14993085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irigoyen MM, Findley S, Wang D, Chen S, Chimkin F, Pena O, Mendonca E. Challenges and successes of immunization registry reminders at inner-city practices. Ambul Pediatr. 2006;6:100-4. doi:10.1016/j.ambp.2005.10.006. PMID:16530147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreuter MW, Caburnay CA, Chen JJ, Donlin MJ. Effectiveness of individually tailored calendars in promoting childhood immunization in urban public health centers. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:122-7. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.1.122. PMID:14713709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston BD, Huebner CE, Anderson ML, Tyll LT, Thompson RS. Healthy steps in an integrated delivery system: child and parent outcomes at 30 months. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:793-800. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.793. PMID:16894077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood D, Halfon N, Donald-Sherbourne C, Mazel RM, Schuster M, Hamlin JS, Pereyra M, Camp P, Grabowsky M, Duan N. Increasing immunization rates among inner-city, African American children. A randomized trial of case management. JAMA. 1998;279:29-34. doi:10.1001/jama.279.1.29. PMID:9424040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logue E, Dudley P, Imhoff T, Smucker W, Stapin J, DiSabato J, Schueller C. An opt-out influenza vaccination policy improves immunization rates in primary care. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2011;22:232-42. PMID:21317518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowda C, Schaffer SE, Kopec K, Markel A, Dempsey AF. A pilot study on the effects of individually tailored education for MMR vaccine-hesitant parents on MMR vaccination intention. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9:437-45. doi:10.4161/hv.22821. PMID:23291937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frew PM, Chung Y, Fisher AK, Schamel J, Basket MM. Parental experiences with vaccine information statements: Implications for timing, delivery, and parent-provider immunization communication. Vaccine. 2016;34:5840-4. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.026. PMID:27789148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opel DJ, Mangione-Smith R, Taylor JA, Korfiatis C, Wiese C, Catz S, Martin DP. Development of a survey to identify vaccine-hesitant parents: the parent attitudes about childhood vaccines survey. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7:419-25. doi:10.4161/hv.7.4.14120. PMID:21389777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SE, Rothman RL, Offit PA, Schaffner W, Sullivan M, Edwards KM. A randomized trial to increase acceptance of childhood vaccines by vaccine-hesitant parents: a pilot study. Acad Pediatr. 2013;13:475-80. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2013.03.011. PMID:24011750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AAP.org. AAP Mobile Apps. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; c2017. [accessed on 2017 June 8]. https://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Get-the-AAP-Mobile-App.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Vaccine Education Center. Free mobile app for parents – vaccines on the go: What you should know. Philadelphia (PA): Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; 2016 January 11. [accessed on 2017 June 8]. http://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/parents-pack/vaccines-go-what-you-should-know
   Google Scholar
• Stille CJ, Christison-Lagay J, Bernstein BA, Dworkin PH. A simple provider-based educational intervention to boost infant immunization rates: a controlled trial. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2001;40:365-73. doi:10.1177/000992280104000701. PMID:11491130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh A, Saitoh A, Sato I, Shinozaki T, Kamiya H, Nagata S. Effect of stepwise perinatal immunization education: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2017;35:1645-51. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.069. PMID:28222999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Song Q, Li Q. Prenatal vaccination education intervention improves both the mothers' knowledge and children's vaccination coverage: Evidence from randomized controlled trial from eastern China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13:1-8. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1285476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappano D, Humiston S, Goepp J. Efficacy of a pediatric emergency department-based influenza vaccination program. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:1077-83. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.11.1077. PMID:15520346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brousseau N, Sauvageau C, Ouakki M, Audet D, Kiely M, Couture C, Paré A, Deceuninck G. Feasibility and impact of providing feedback to vaccinating medical clinics: evaluating a public health intervention. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:750. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-750. PMID:21129216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis PA, Lannon CM, Stuart JM, Fried BJ, Keyes-Elstein L, Moore DE, Jr. Practice based education to improve delivery systems for prevention in primary care: randomised trial. BMJ. 2004;328:388. doi:10.1136/bmj.38009.706319.47. PMID:14766718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rust CT, Sisk FA, Kuo AR, Smith J, Miller R, Sullivan KM. Impact of resident feedback on immunization outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:1165-9. doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.11.1165. PMID:10555719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor JA, Rietberg K, Greenfield L, Bibus D, Yasuda K, Marcuse EK, Duchin JS. Effectiveness of a physician peer educator in improving the quality of immunization services for young children in primary care practices. Vaccine. 2008;26:4256-61. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.047. PMID:18583000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Community Preventive Services Task Force. The Community Guide: Increasing Appropriate Vaccination - Provider Assessment and Feedback (2008 Archived Review). Washington (DC): United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2008. [accessed on 2017 June 13]. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/Vaccination-Provider-Assessment-Feedback-Archive.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kairys SW, Gubernick RS, Millican A, Adams WG. Using a registry to improve immunization delivery. Pediatr Ann. 2006;35:500-6. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-20060701-06. PMID:16895150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr JJ, Randolph GD, Laughon MM, Schaff E. Integrating improvement competencies into residency education: a pilot project from a pediatric continuity clinic. Ambul Pediatr. 2003;3:131-6. doi:10.1367/1539-4409(2003)003<0131:IICIRE>2.0.CO;2. >PMID:12708889
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ly E, Peddecord KM, Wang W, Ralston K, Sawyer MH. Student column: Using academic detailing to improve childhood influenza vaccination rates in San Diego. Public Health Rep. 2015;130:179-87. doi:10.1177/003335491513000213. PMID:25729111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBaron CW, Mercer JT, Massoudi MS, Dini E, Stevenson J, Fischer WM, Loy H, Quick LS, Warming JC, Tormey P, et al. Changes in clinic vaccination coverage after institution of measurement and feedback in 4 states and 2 cities. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:879-86. doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.8.879. PMID:10437765
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AFIX (Assessment, Feedback, Incentives, eXchange). The Four Components of AFIX. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 June 22. [accessed on 2017 October 12]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/afix/about/overview.html
   Google Scholar
• Community Preventive Services Task Force. The Community Guide: Increasing appropriate vaccination - Provider assessment and feedback. Washington (DC): United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2015. [accessed on 2017 June 13]. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/assets/Vaccination-Provider-Assessment-and-Feedback.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sabnis SS, Pomeranz AJ, Amateau MM. The effect of education, feedback, and provider prompts on the rate of missed vaccine opportunities in a community health center. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003;42:147-51. doi:10.1177/000992280304200208. PMID:12659388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns IT, Zimmerman RK, Santibanez TA. Effectiveness of chart prompt about immunizations in an urban health center. J Fam Pract. 2002;51:1018. PMID:12540325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw JS, Samuels RC, Larusso EM, Bernstein HH. Impact of an encounter-based prompting system on resident vaccine administration performance and immunization knowledge. Pediatrics. 2000;105:978-83. PMID:10742359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiks AG, Grundmeier RW, Biggs LM, Localio AR, Alessandrini EA. Impact of clinical alerts within an electronic health record on routine childhood immunization in an urban pediatric population. Pediatrics. 2007;120:707-14. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0257. PMID:17908756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demmler RW, Bakht FR, DeSilva P. Improving measles vaccination rates in previously vaccinated adults. J Fam Pract. 1992;35:180-4. PMID:1645111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkin Z, Cohen EJ, Goldberg JD, Gillespie C, Li X, Jung J, Cohen M, Park L, Perskin MH. Studying physician knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the herpes zoster vaccine to address perceived barriers to vaccination. Cornea. 2013;32:976-81. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e318283453a. PMID:23449488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowalk MP, Nutini J, Raymund M, Ahmed F, Albert SM, Zimmerman RK. Evaluation of a toolkit to introduce standing orders for influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a multimodal pilot project. Vaccine. 2012;30:5978-82. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.023. PMID:22835736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkar SH, Dales LG, Averhoff F, Shefer A, Higa J, Thompson L, Gomez J, Gee DC, Hurwitz EL. The effectiveness of assessment and referral on immunization coverage in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:456-62. doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.5.456. PMID:12742881
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fairbrother G, Hanson KL, Friedman S, Butts GC. The impact of physician bonuses, enhanced fees, and feedback on childhood immunization coverage rates. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:171-5. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.2.171. PMID:9949744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbrother G, Siegel MJ, Friedman S, Kory PD, Butts GC. Impact of financial incentives on documented immunization rates in the inner city: results of a randomized controlled trial. Ambul Pediatr. 2001;1:206-12. doi:10.1367/1539-4409(2001)001<0206:IOFIOD>2.0.CO;2. PMID:11888402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AAP.org. Immunizations: Office Strategies for Improving Immunization Rates. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; c2017. [accessed on 2017 June 13]. https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/immunizations/Practice-Management/Pages/office-strategies.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Melinkovich P, Hammer A, Staudenmaier A, Berg M. Improving pediatric immunization rates in a safety-net delivery system. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2007;33:205-10. doi:10.1016/S1553-7250(07)33024-9. PMID:17441558
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margolis PA, Stevens R, Bordley WC, Stuart J, Harlan C, Keyes-Elstein L, Wisseh S. From concept to application: the impact of a community-wide intervention to improve the delivery of preventive services to children. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E42. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.e42. PMID:11533360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Community Health and Development. Community Toolbox. Lawrence (KS): University of Kansas; c2017. [accessed on 2017 June 13]. http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter LR, Lott J, Lawson BM, Hall S, Craig AS, Schaffner W, Jones TF. Mass distribution of free, intranasally administered influenza vaccine in a public school system. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e172-8. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2603. PMID:17591766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE, Humiston SG, Fierman AH, Cunningham S, Gracia D, Birkhead GS. Effect of 2 urban emergency department immunization programs on childhood immunization rates. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:999-1006. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170470033007. PMID:9343010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Findley SE, Irigoyen M, Sanchez M, Guzman L, Mejia M, Sajous M, Levine DA, Chen S, Chimkin F. Community-based strategies to reduce childhood immunization disparities. Health Promot Pract. 2006;7:191S-200S. doi:10.1177/1524839906288692. PMID:16760249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Community Preventive Services Task Force. The Community Guide: Vaccination. Washington (DC): United States Department of Health and Human Services; 2016. [accessed on 2017 June 13]. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/topic/vaccination
   Google Scholar
• Mills E, Jadad AR, Ross C, Wilson K. Systematic review of qualitative studies exploring parental beliefs and attitudes toward childhood vaccination identifies common barriers to vaccination. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58:1081-8. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.09.002. PMID:16223649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick LK, Bartholomew LK, Lewis MJ, Brown MW, Hanson IC. Parental perceptions of barriers to childhood immunization: results of focus groups conducted in an urban population. Health Educ Res. 1997;12:355-62. doi:10.1093/her/12.3.355. PMID:10174218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SE. What are the factors that contribute to parental vaccine-hesitancy and what can we do about it? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10:2584-96. doi:10.4161/hv.28596. PMID:25483505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstetter AM, Robinson JD, Lepere K, Cunningham M, Etsekson N, Opel DJ. Clinician-parent discussions about influenza vaccination of children and their association with vaccine acceptance. Vaccine. 2017;35:2709-15. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.077. PMID:28392141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frew PM, Zhang S, Saint-Victor DS, Schade AC, Benedict S, Banan M, Ren X, Omer SB. Influenza vaccination acceptance among diverse pregnant women and its impact on infant immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9:2591-602. doi:10.4161/hv.26993. PMID:24172064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frew PM, Owens LE, Saint-Victor DS, Benedict S, Zhang S, Omer SB. Factors associated with maternal influenza immunization decision-making. Evidence of immunization history and message framing effects. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10:2576-83. doi:10.4161/hv.32248. PMID:25483468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain AT, Seib K, Ault KA, Orenstein WA, Frew PM, Malik F, Cortés M, Cota P, Whitney EA, Flowers LC, et al. Factors associated with intention to receive influenza and Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) vaccines during pregnancy: A focus on vaccine hesitancy and perceptions of disease severity and vaccine safety. PLoS Curr. 2015;7. PMID:25789203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women: 2011–12 influenza season, United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:758-63. PMID:23013721
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsh HA, Malik F, Shapiro E, Omer SB, Frew PM. Message framing strategies to increase influenza immunization uptake among pregnant African American women. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18:1639-47. doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1404-9. PMID:24337776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meharry PM, Colson ER, Grizas AP, Stiller R, Vazquez M. Reasons why women accept or reject the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) during pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17:156-64. doi:10.1007/s10995-012-0957-3. PMID:22367067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain AT, Berkelman RL, Ault KA, Rosenberg ES, Orenstein WA, Omer SB. Trends in reasons for non-receipt of influenza vaccination during pregnancy in Georgia, 2004–2011. Vaccine. 2016;34:1597-603. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.058. PMID:26854909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frew PM, Kriss JL, Chamberlain AT, Malik F, Chung Y, Cortes M, Omer SB. A randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization decision-making: A test of persuasive messaging models. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:1989-96. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1199309. PMID:27322154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuniga de Nuncio ML, Nader PR, Sawyer MH, De Guire M, Prislin R, Elder JP. A prenatal intervention study to improve timeliness of immunization initiation in Latino infants. J Community Health. 2003;28:151-65. doi:10.1023/A:1022651631448. PMID:12705316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngdahi K. Predictions for 2027 at the Annual Conference for Vaccine Research. Philadelphia (PA): College of Physicians of Philadelphia; 2017 [accessed 2017 Aug 31]. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/vaccinology-predictions-2027ource=National+Foundation+for+Infectious+Diseases+%28NFID%29+Updates&utm_campaign=f137a089a1-DH+Summer+2017&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b9cf059476-f137a089a1-336373905.
   Google Scholar
• Opel DJ, Taylor JA, Zhou C, Catz S, Myaing M, Mangione-Smith R. The relationship between parent attitudes about childhood vaccines survey scores and future child immunization status: a validation study. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:1065-71. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2483. PMID:24061681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavail KH, Kennedy AM. The role of attitudes about vaccine safety, efficacy, and value in explaining parents' reported vaccination behavior. Health Educ Behav. 2013;40:544-51. doi:10.1177/1090198112463022. PMID:23104978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omer SB, Pan WK, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Moulton LH, Navar AM, Pierce M, Salmon DA. Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence. JAMA. 2006;296:1757-63. doi:10.1001/jama.296.14.1757. PMID:17032989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar