The appropriateness of the use of influenza vaccines: Recommendations from the latest seasons in Italy

References

• Vestergaard LS, Nielsen J, Krause TG, Espenhain L, Tersago K, Bustos Sierra N, Denissov G, Innos K, Virtanen MJ, Fouillet A, et al. Excess all-cause and influenza-attributable mortality in Europe, December 2016 to February 2017. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(14):pii=30506.
   Google Scholar
• Rolfes MA, Foppa IM, Garg S, Flannery B, Brammer L, Singleton JA, et al. Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Averted by Vaccination in the United States. 2016 Dec 9 [Date Cited]; https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/2015-16.htm
   Google Scholar
• Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonnier ML, Thompson WW, Wortley PM, Weintraub E, Bridges CB. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine. 2007;25(27):5086-96. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siriwardena AN. Increasing evidence that influenza is a trigger for cardiovascular disease. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(11):1636–8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Italian Network for Surveillance of Influenza - InfluNet. [Italian] Available at: http://www.iss.it/iflu/
   Google Scholar
• Italian Ministry of Health. Circular 19 November 2009. [Italian] Available at: http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=0&codLeg=50960&parte=1%20&serie=. Last accessed 18.07.2017]
   Google Scholar
• Italian Network for Surveillance of Influenza – InfluNet. Epidemiologic surveillance of Flu season 2015/2016. [Italian] Available at: http://www.iss.it/binary/iflu/cont/Influnet_stagione_2015_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Italian Ministry of Health. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations for the influenza season 2016–2017. [Italian] Available at: http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=2016&codLeg=55586&parte=1%20&serie=null
   Google Scholar
• Italian National Health Institute (ISS). Epidemiologic surveillance of influenza - INFLUNET. Report n. 27. 3 May 2017. [Italian] Available at: (http://www.iss.it/binary/iflu/cont/Influnet_2017_17.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/en/
   Google Scholar
• Italian Ministry of Health. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations for the influenza season 2015–2016. [Italian] Available at: http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=0&codLeg=52703&parte=1%20&serie=
   Google Scholar
• Italian National Health Institute (ISS). Virologic surveillance of influenza - INFLUNET. Report n. 24. 3 May 2017. [Italian] Available at: (http://www.iss.it/binary/fluv/cont/Agg.Vir_03_05_17.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017–2018 northern hemisphere influenza season. March 2017. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/201703_recommendation.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Italian Ministry of Health. Influenza vaccination coverage in Italy. Seasons 2000-2001/2016-2017. Available at: http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_tavole_19_allegati_iitemAllegati_0_fileAllegati_itemFile_3_file.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Italian Ministry of Health. National Plan for Vaccination Prevention 2017-2019. [Italian] Available at: http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_2571_allegato.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Auewarakul P, Kositanont U, Sornsathapornkul P, Tothong P, Kanyok R, Thongcharoen P. Antibody responses after dose-sparing intradermal influenza vaccination. Vaccine. 2007;25(4):659–63. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trucchi C, Alicino C, Orsi A, Paganino C, Barberis I, Grammatico F, Canepa P, Rappazzo E, Bruzzone B, Sticchi L, et al. Fifteen years of epidemiologic, virologic and syndromic influenza surveillance: A focus on type B virus and the effects of vaccine mismatch in Liguria region, Italy. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(2):456–463. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1264779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieninger D, Sheldon E, Lin WY, Yu CJ, Bayas JM, Gabor JJ, Esen M, Fernandez Roure JL, Narejos Perez S, Alvarez Sanchez C, Feng Y, Claeys C, Peeters M, Innis BL, Jain V. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate versus inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine: a phase III, randomized trial in adults aged ≥18 years. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:343. doi:10.1186/1471–2334-13-343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fluarix-Tetra® Summary of Product Characteristics. [Italian] Available at: https://farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/aifa/servlet/PdfDownloadServlet?pdfFileName=footer_000231_043132_RCP.pdf&retry=0&sys=m0b1l3.
   Google Scholar
• Crépey P, de Boer PT, Postma MJ, Pitman R. Retrospective public health impact of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine in the United States. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2015;9 Suppl 1:39–46. doi:10.1111/irv.12318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittikraisak W, Chittaganpitch M, Gregory CJ, Laosiritaworn Y, Thantithaveewat T, Dawood FS, Lindblade KA. Assessment of potential public health impact of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in Thailand. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2016;10(3):211–9. doi:10.1111/irv.12361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbieri M, Silvestri R, Boccalini s, De Waure C. Analisi di costo-efficacia della vaccinazione anti-influenzale in Italia. QIJPH. 2015, Volume 4, Number 5:70–84. [Italian]
   Google Scholar
• Gianchecchi E, Trombetta C, Piccirella S, Montomoli E. Evaluating influenza vaccines: progress and perspectives. Future Virology. 2016, 11(5):379–393. doi:10.2217/fvl-2016-0012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soema PC, Kompier R, Amorij JP, Kersten GF. Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;94:251–63. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banzhoff A, Pellegrini M, Del Giudice G, Fragapane E, Groth N, Podda A. MF59®‐adjuvanted vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza prophylaxis. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2008;2(6):243–249. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2008.00059.x. PMID:19453401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruf BR, Colberg K, Frick M, Preusche A. Open, randomized study to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of an influenza split vaccine with an MF59- adjuvanted subunit vaccine and a virosome-based subunit vaccine in elderly. Infection. 2004;32(4):191–8. doi:10.1007/s15010-004-3204-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey S, Poland G, Percell S, Podda A. Comparison of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine and a non-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in non-elderly adults. Vaccine. 2003;21(27-30):4234–7. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00456-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banzhoff A, Nacci P, Podda A. A new MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine enhances the immune response in the elderly with chronic diseases: results from an immunogenicity meta-analysis. Gerontology. 2003;49(3):177–84. doi:10.1159/000069172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podda A, Del Giudice G. MF59-adjuvanted vaccines: increased immunogenicity with an optimal safety profile. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003;2(2):197–203. doi:10.1586/14760584.2.2.197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Giudice G, Hilbert AK, Bugarini R, Minutello A, Popova O, Toneatto D, Schoendorf I, Borkowski A, Rappuoli R, Podda A. An MF59-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine containing A/Panama/1999 (H3N2) induced broader serological protection against heterovariant influenza virus strain A/Fujian/2002 than a subunit and a split influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 2006;24(16):3063–5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino S, Villa M, Apolone G, Weiss NS, Groth N, Aquino I, Boldori L, Caramaschi F, Gattinoni A, Malchiodi G, et al. Effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in elderly subjects in northern Italy. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(6):527–33. doi:10.1093/aje/kws313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan T, Bravo L, Ceballos A, Mitha E, Gray G, Quiambao B, Patel S, Bizjajeva S, Bock H, Nazaire-Bermal N, et al. Enhanced and persistent immune response against homologous and heterologous strains elicited by an MF59®-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in infants and young children. 2013. V70_29 poster. 7th Vaccine and ISV Congress 2013. 27–29 October 2013 - Sitges Barcelona, Spain. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273945702_Enhanced_and_persistent_immune_response_against_homologous_and_heterologous_strains_elicited_by_an_MF59R-adjuvanted_influenza_vaccine_in_infants_and_young_children.
   Google Scholar
• Herzog C, Hartmann K, Künzi V, Kürsteiner O, Mischler R, Lazar H, Glück R. Eleven years of Inflexal V-a virosomal adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 2009 16;27(33):4381–7. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilschut J. Influenza vaccines: the virosome concept. Immunol Lett. 2009;122(2):118–21. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2008.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansaldi F, de Florentiis D, Durando P, Icardi G. Fluzone(®) Intradermal vaccine: a promising new chance to increase the acceptability of influenza vaccination in adults. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(1):17–25. doi:10.1586/erv.11.154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter NJ, Curran MP. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (FluMist®; Fluenz™): a review of its use in the prevention of seasonal influenza in children and adults. Drugs. 2011;71(12):1591–622. doi:10.2165/11206860-000000000-00000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2016-17 Influenza Season, MMWR 2016;65(5);1–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross PA, Russo C, Dran S, Cataruozolo P, Munk G, Lancey SC. Time to earliest peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997;4:491–2. PMID:9220171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brokstad KA, Cox RJ, Olofsson J, Jonsson R, Haaheim LR. Parenteral influenza vaccination induces a rapid systemic and local immune response. J Infect Dis 1995;171:198–203. doi:10.1093/infdis/171.1.198. PMID:7798664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochiai H, Shibata M, Kamimura K, Niwayama S. Evaluation of the efficacy of split-product trivalent A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B influenza vaccines: reactogenicity, immunogenicity and persistence of antibodies following two doses of vaccines. Microbiol Immunol 1986;30:1141–9. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb03043.x. PMID:3807793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song JY, Cheong HJ, Hwang IS, Choi WS, Jo YM, Park DW, Cho GJ, Hwang TG, Kim WJ. Long-term immunogenicity of influenza vaccine among the elderly: Risk factors for poor immune response and persistence. Vaccine. 2010;28(23):3929–35. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Seasonal influenza vaccination and antiviral use in Europe – Overview of vaccination recommendations and coverage rates in the EU Member States for the 2013–14 and 2014–15 influenza seasons. Stockholm: ECDC. 2016
   Google Scholar
• Bonaccorsi G, Santomauro F, Porchia BR, Niccolai G, Pellegrino E, Bonanni P, Lorini C. Beliefs and Opinions of Health Care Workers and Students Regarding Influenza and Influenza Vaccination in Tuscany, Central Italy. Vaccines 2015, 3(1), 137–147. doi:10.3390/vaccines3010137. PMID:26344950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaccorsi G, Lorini C, Porchia BR, Niccolai G, Martino G, Giannarelli L, Santomauro F. [Influenza vaccination: coverage and risk perception among students of the health professions at Florence University, Italy]. Ann Ig. 2013;25(3):181–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Des Roches A, Paradis L, Gagnon R, Lemire C, Bégin P, Carr S, Chan ES, Paradis J, Frenette L, Ouakki M, et al; PCIRN (Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network). Egg-allergic patients can be safely vaccinated against influenza. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(5):1213–1216.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SItI, SIP, FIMP, FIMG. Vaccine Calendar for life, 2016. III Edition. [Italian] Calendario Vaccinale per la vita. Available at: https://www.sip.it/il-calendario-per-la-vita-iii-edizione-2016.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper - November 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87(47):461–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trippoli S. Comparison between MF59-adjuvanted vaccine and non -adjuvanted vaccines: data are still lacking about clinical outcomes (Comment). PubMed Commons, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26022564#cm26022564_11401 accessed 17 August 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Potter CW, Oxford JS. Determinants of immunity to influenza infection in man. Br Med Bull. 1979;35(1):69–75. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black S, Nicolay U, Vesikari T, Knuf M, Del Giudice G, Della Cioppa G, Tsai T, Clemens R, Rappuoli R. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers as a correlate of protection for inactivated influenza vaccines in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(12):1081–5. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182367662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black S. Safety and effectiveness of MF-59 adjuvanted influenza vaccines in children and adults. Vaccine. 2015;33 Suppl 2:B3–5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R. Inactivated and adjuvanted influenza vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;386:151–80. PMID:25038938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey SE, Reyes MR, Reynales H, Bermal NN, Nicolay U, Narasimhan V, Forleo-Neto E, Arora AK. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of an MF59®-adjuvanted with a non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in elderly subjects. Vaccine. 2014;32(39):5027–34. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo V, Baldovin T, Floreani A, Fragapane E, Trivello R; Family Medicine Group. Response of influenza vaccines against heterovariant influenza virus strains in adults with chronic diseases. J Clin Immunol. 2007;27(5):542–7. doi:10.1007/s10875-007-9100-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squarcione S, Sgricia S, Biasio LR, Perinetti E. Comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a split and a subunit-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in elderly subjects. Vaccine. 2003;21(11-12):1268–74. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00401-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparini R, Pozzi T, Montomoli E, Fragapane E, Senatore F, Minutello M, Podda A. Increased immunogenicity of the MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine compared to a conventional subunit vaccine in elderly subjects. Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;17(2):135–40. doi:10.1023/A:1017919305501. PMID:11599686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo V, Menegon T, Bonello C, Floreani A, Trivello R; Collaborative Group. Comparison of three different influenza vaccines in institutionalised elderly. Vaccine. 2001;19(25-26):3472–5. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00060-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menegon T, Baldo V, Bonello C, Dalla Costa D, Di Tommaso A, Trivello R. Influenza vaccines: antibody responses to split virus and MF59-adjuvanted subunit virus in an adult population. Eur J Epidemiol. 1999;15(6):573–6. doi:10.1023/A:1007594911541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Donato S, Granoff D, Minutello M, Lecchi G, Faccini M, Agnello M, Senatore F, Verweij P, Fritzell B, Podda A. Safety and immunogenicity of MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the elderly. Vaccine. 1999;17(23-24):3094–101. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00138-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minutello M, Senatore F, Cecchinelli G, Bianchi M, Andreani T, Podda A, Crovari P. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subunit influenza virus vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant emulsion in elderly subjects, immunized for three consecutive influenza seasons. Vaccine. 1999 ;17(2):99–104. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00185-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa M, Black S, Groth N, Rothman KJ, Apolone G, Weiss NS, Aquino I, Boldori L, Caramaschi F, Gattinoni A, et al. Safety of MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccination in the elderly: results of a comparative study of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine versus nonadjuvanted influenza vaccine in northern Italy. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(7):1139–45. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMA Press Office. No evidence that Fluad vaccine caused deaths in Italy. EMA Committee review reassures Member States over safety of flu vaccine. EMA/749142/2014. 3 December 2014. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2014/12/WC500177992.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Signorelli C, Odone A, Conversano M, Bonanni P. Deaths after Fluad flu vaccine and the epidemic of panic in Italy. BMJ. 2015;350:h116. doi:10.1136/bmj.h116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi M, Sinisgalli E, Lorini C, Santomauro F, Chellini M, Bonanni P. The "Fluad Case" in Italy: Could it have been dealt differently? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(2):379–384. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1264738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar