741
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Paper

Non-specific effects of childhood vaccines on acute childhood morbidity among HIV-exposed children in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 2382-2390 | Received 11 Apr 2018, Accepted 22 Aug 2018, Published online: 27 Sep 2018

References

  • United Nations Children’s Fund. The state of world’s children. Children in a digital world; 2017 [accessed 2018 Feb 22]. https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/SOWC_2017_ENG_WEB.pdf.
  • Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. GAVI annual report 2016; 2017 [accessed 2017 Dec 22]. http://www.gavi.org/progress-report/.
  • Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Aboyans V, Adetokunboh O, Afshin A, Agrawal A, Ahmadi A, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1151–1210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9. PMID: 28919116.
  • Thea DM, St. Louis ME, Atido U, Kanjinga K, Kembo B, Matondo TT, et al. A prospective study of diarrhea and HIV-1 infection among 429 Zairian infants. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(23):1696–1702. doi:10.1056/NEJM199312023292304. PMID: 8232458.
  • Miller MA, Hinman A. Economic analyses of vaccine policies. In: Plotkin SA, editor. Vaccines. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Inc.; 2004.
  • Hadler SC, Cochi SL, Bilous J, Cutts F. Vaccination programs in developing countries. In: Plotkin SA, editor. Vaccines. Philadelphia (PA.): Elsevier Inc.; 2004.
  • Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, Clemens J, Datta SK, John TJ, Lee BW, Lolekha S, Peltola H, Ruff TA., et al., Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(2):140–146. PMID: 18297169.
  • World Health Organization. Estimates of disease burden and cost effectiveness; 2017. http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/estimates/en/.
  • Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abraha HN, Abu-Raddad LJ, Nme A-R, Adedeji IA, et al. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1084–1150. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31833-0. PMID: 28919115.
  • Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. GAVI annual report 2016; 2017 [accessed 2017 Dec 27]. http://www.gavi.org/progress-report/.
  • Machingaidze S, Wiysonge CS, Hussey GD. Strengthening the expanded programme on immunization in Africa: looking beyond 2015. PLoS Medicine. 2013;10:1–5. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001405.
  • World Health Organization. Table 1 : summary of WHO position papers - recommendations for routine immunization; 2018 [accessed 2018 Jul 7]. http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/Immunization_routine_table1.pdf?ua=1.
  • Wilson WJ. When work dissapears. 1st ed. New York: Alfred A. Knoff, Inc.; 1996
  • Cohen S. Social status and susceptibility to respiratory infections. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 1999;896(1):246–253. PMID: 10681901.
  • Ogunmola OJ, Oladosu YO, Olamoyegun MA. Relationship between socioeconomic status and HIV infection in a rural tertiary health center. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2014;6:61–67. doi:10.2147/HIV.S59061. PMID: 24790469.
  • Van Lenthe FJ, Borrell LN, Costa G, Diez Roux AV, C Tm K, Marinacci C, Martikainen P, Regidor E, Stafford M, Valkonen T. Neighbourhood unemployment and all cause mortality: A comparison of six countries. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(3):231–237. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.022574. PMID: 15709084.
  • Mörk E, Sjögreny A, Svalerydz H. Parental unemployment and child health. CESifo Economic Studies. 2014;60:366–401. doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifu016.
  • Ám P-R, Aguilera-Otalvaro P, Zárate-Ardila C, Hoyos-Martínez A. Acute respiratory infection in children from developing nations: a multi-level study. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2016;36(2):84–90. doi:10.1179/2046905515Y.0000000021. PMID: 25936959.
  • Finlay JE, Özaltin E, Canning D. The association of maternal age with infant mortality, child anthropometric failure, diarrhoea and anaemia for first births: evidence from 55 low- and middle-income countries. BMJ Open. 2011;1(2):e000226. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000226. PMID: 22021886.
  • Ám P-R, Zárate-Ardila C, Hoyos-Martínez A, Ám R-S, Vélez-Van-Meerbeke A. Country characteristics and acute diarrhea in children from developing nations: a multilevel study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:811. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2120-8. PMID: 26293136.
  • World Health Organization, The United Nations Children’s Fund. Ending preventable child deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: the integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Geneva (Switzerland): WHO/UNICEF; 2013 [accessed 2018 Jan 20]. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79200/1/9789241505239_eng.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. Immunization coverage for selected vaccine preventable diseases; 2018.[accessed 2018 Jul 7]. http://www.who.int/gho/immunization/en/.
  • Measure DHS. Publications by country; 2017 [accessed 2017 Dec 21]. http://dhsprogram.com/Publications/Publications-by-Country.cfm.
  • World Bank. The world bank data; 2017. [accessed 2017 Dec 22]. http://data.worldbank.org/.
  • Snijders TAB, Bosker RJ. Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. 2nd ed. London (UK): Sage Publishers; 2012.
  • Larsen K, Petersen JH, Budtz-Jrgensen E, Endahl L. Interpreting parameters in the logistic regression model with random effects. Biometrics. 2000;56(3):909–914. PMID: 10985236.
  • Larsen K, Merlo J. Appropriate assessment of neighborhood effects on individual health: integrating random and fixed effects in multilevel logistic regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(1):81–88. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi017. PMID: 15615918.
  • Rasbash J, Steele F, Browne W, Prosser B. A user’s guide to MLwiN. Centre for Multilevel Modelling, United Kingdom: University of Bristol; 2015.
  • StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: release 14. College Station (TX): StataCorp LP; 2015.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.