Key considerations for successful implementation of maternal immunization programs in low and middle income countries

References

• World Health Organization. Influenza vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012;47:461–76.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2006;81:197–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85(40):385–400.
   Google Scholar
• Heath PT, Culley FJ, Jones CE, Kampmann B, Le Doare K, Nunes MC, Sadarangani M, Chaudhry Z, Baker CJ, Openshaw PM. Group B Streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus immunisation during pregnancy: a landscape analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e223–34. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30232-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Principles and considerations for adding a new vaccine to a national immunization programme: from decision to implementation and monitoring. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. How to implement influenza vaccination of pregnant women. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Maternal and neonatal immunization field Guide for Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington (DC): World Health Organization; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global health observatory data- neonatal mortality [ accessed 2018 Jun 18]. http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/neonatal/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Chu Y, Perin J, Zhu J, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000–15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet. 2016;388:3027–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31593-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. Sustainable development goals [ accessed 2018 Jun 21]. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/.
   Google Scholar
• Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A, Duclos P, McIntyre P, Lewis KD, Van Damme P, O’Brien KL, Klugman KP. Assessing the evidence for maternal pertussis immunization: a report from the bill & melinda gates foundation symposium on pertussis infant disease burden in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:S123–S33. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth K, Plotkin S, Tan T, Wirsing von Konig CH. Strategies to decrease pertussis transmission to infants. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e1475–82. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masseria C, Martin C, Krishnarajah G, Becker L, Buikema A, Tan T. Incidence and burden of pertussis among infants less than 1 year of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36:e54–e61. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochhar S, Bauwens J, Bonhoeffer J. Safety assessment of immunization in pregnancy. Vaccine. 2017;35:6469–71. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu Raya B, Srugo I, Kessel A, Peterman M, Bader D, Peri R, Ashtamker N, Gonen R, Bamberger E. The induction of breast milk pertussis specific antibodies following gestational tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccination. Vaccine. 2014;32:5632–37. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin BA, Morris A, Mackinnon-Cameron D, Mutch J, Langley JM, McNeil SA, Macdougall D, Halperin SA. Kinetics of the antibody response to tetanus- diphtheria- acellular pertussis vaccine in women of childbearing age and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:885–92. doi:10.1093/cid/cir538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlaudecker E, Steinhoff M, Omer S, McNeal MM, Roy E, Arifeen SE, Dodd CN, Raqib R, Breiman RF, Zaman K. IgA and neutralizing antibodies to influenza A virus in human milk: a randomized trial of antenatal influenza immunization. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70867. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Gavi’s mission [ accessed 2018 Jul 15]. https://www.gavi.org/about/mission/.
   Google Scholar
• Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Vaccine investment strategy 2018 [ accessed 2018 Jul 15]. https://www.gavi.org/about/strategy/vaccine-investment-strategy/.
   Google Scholar
• Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Minutes of gavi board meeting, 6–7 June 2018, vaccine investment strategy: short list; 2018 [ accessed 2018 Jun 30]. https://www.gavi.org/about/governance/gavi-board/minutes/2018/6-june/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination; 2018 [ accessed 2018 Jan 9]. http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/MNTE_initiative/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess C, Gasse F, Steinglass R, Yakubu A, Raza AA, Johansen K. Eliminating maternal and neonatal tetanus and closing the immunity gap. Lancet. 2017;389:1380–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30635-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Tetanus vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2017;92:53–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burney LE. Influenza immunization. Public Health Rep. 1960;75:944. doi:10.2307/4590965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omer SB, Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE, Raqib R, Noory L, Seib K, Breiman RF, Steinhoff MC. Combined effects of antenatal receipt of influenza vaccine by mothers and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine receipt by infants: results from a randomized, blinded, controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1144–47. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creanga AA, Johnson TF, Graitcer SB, Hartman LK, Al-Samarrai T, Schwarz AG, Chu SY, Sackoff JE, Jamieson DJ, Fine AD, et al. Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:717–26. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d57947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewagama S, Walker SP, Stuart RL, Gordon C, Johnson PD, Friedman ND, O’Reilly M, Cheng AC, Giles ML. 2009 H1N1 influenza A and pregnancy outcomes in Victoria, Australia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:686–90. doi:10.1086/650460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosby LG, Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205:10–18. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz D, Geraci J, Winkup J, Gessner BD, Ortiz JR, Loeb M. Pregnancy as a risk factor for severe outcomes from influenza virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Vaccine. 2017;35:521–28. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fell D, Savitz D, Kramer M, Gessner BD, Katz MA, Knight M, Luteijn JM, Marshall H, Bhat N, Gravett MG, et al. Maternal influenza and birth outcomes: systematic review of comparative studies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;124:48–59. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14143.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women — Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR. 2013;62(7):131–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health England. Pertussis vaccination programme for pregnant women update: vaccine coverage in England, July to September 2017. London (UK): Public Health England publications; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis in Argentina; 2017 [ accessed 2018 May 7]. https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/countries/lapp-argentina.html
   Google Scholar
• Fleming JA, Baltrons R, Rowley E, Quintanilla I, Crespin E, Ropero AM, Ortiz JR, Lambach P, Neuzil KM, Stepanchak M, et al. Implementation of maternal influenza immunization in El Salvador: experiences and lessons learned from a mixed- methods study. Vaccine. 2018;36(28):4054–61. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens K, Braeckman T, Top G, Van Damme P, Leuridan E. Maternal pertussis and influenza immunization coverage and attitude of health care workers towards these recommendations in Flanders, Belgium. Vaccine. 2016;34:5785–91. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. Update on immunization in pregnancy with tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and reduced acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. Ontario (Canada): Public Health Agency of Canada; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Pérez D, Álvarez García F, Álvarez Aldeán J, Cilleruelo Ortega MJ, Garcés Sánchez M, García Sánchez N, Hernández Merino A, Méndez Hernández M, Merino Moína M, Montesdeoca Melián A, et al. Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2018 recommendations. Analesdepediatria. 2017;88:e1–53.e9.
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Ministry of Health. Immunisation for Pregnant Women; 2018 [ accessed 2018 May 7]. https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/healthy-living/immunisation/immunisation-pregnant-women.
   Google Scholar
• Eberhardt CS, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lemaitre B, Boukrid M, Combescure C, Othenin-Girard V, Chilin A, Petre J, de Tejada BM, Siegrist CA. Maternal immunization earlier in pregnancy maximizes antibody transfer and expected infant seropositivity against pertussis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:829–36. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. The Australian immunisation handbook. 10th ed. Canberra (Australia): Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Amirthalingam G, Campbell H, Ribeiro S, Fry NK, Ramsay M, Miller E, Andrews N. Sustained effectiveness of the maternal pertussis immunization program in England 3 years following introduction. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:S236–S43. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabrera G, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Campbell H, Ribeiro S, Kara E, Fry NK, Ramsay M. A case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in protecting newborn infants in England and Wales, 2012–2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:333–37. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter R, Bartlett J, Fireman B, Lewis E, Klein NP. Effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis. Pediatrics. 2017;139(5):e20164091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellido-Blasco J, Guiral-Rodrigo S, Miguez-Santiyan A, Salazar-Cifre A, Gonzalez- Moran F. A case-control study to assess the effectiveness of pertussis vaccination during pregnancy on newborns, Valencian community, Spain, 1 March 2015 to 29 February 2016. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(22):pii=30545. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.22.30545.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winter K, Cherry JD, Harriman K. Effectiveness of prenatal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination on pertussis severity in infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:9–14. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne L, Campbell H, Andrews N, Ribeiro S, Amirthalingam G. Hospitalisation of preterm infants with pertussis in the context of a maternal vaccination programme in England. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103:224–29. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoff TH, Blain AE, Watt J, Scherzinger K, McMahon M, Zansky SM, Kudish K, Cieslak PR, Lewis M, Shang N, et al. Impact of the US maternal tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination program on preventing pertussis in infants <;2 months of age: a case-control evaluation. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:1977–83. doi:10.1093/cid/cix724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RSV Global Epidemiology Network. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet. 2017;390:946–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30938-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karron RA, Balck RE. Determining the burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease: the known and the unknown. Lancet. 2017;390:917–18. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31476-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi-Jassir F, Ponce Hardy V, Seale A, Lawn JE. The Worldwide Burden of Group B Streptococcus for pregnant women, stillbirths, and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(Supp):2. doi:10.1093/cid/cix474.
   Google Scholar
• Seale AC, Bianchi-Jassir F, Russell NJ, Kohli-Lynch M, Tann CJ, Hall J, Madrid L, Blencowe H, Cousens S, Baker CJ, et al. Estimates of the Burden of Group B streptococcal disease worldwide for pregnant women, stillbirths, and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:S200–S19. doi:10.1093/cid/cix474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall J, Adams NH, Bartlett L, Seale AC, Lamagni T, Bianchi-Jassir F, Lawn JE, Baker CJ, Cutland C, Heath PT, et al. Maternal Disease With Group B Streptococcus and serotype distribution worldwide: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:S112–S24. doi:10.1093/cid/cix474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard-Rohner G, Meier S, Ryser J, Schaller D, Combescure C, Yudin MH, Burton-Jeangros C, de Tejada BM, Siegrist CA. Acceptability of maternal immunization against influenza: the critical role of obstetricians. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:1800–09. doi:10.3109/14767058.2012.663835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman LP, Bhat N, Fleming JA, Neuzil KM. Global influenza seasonality to inform country-level vaccine programs: an analysis of WHO FluNet influenza surveillance data between 2011 and 2016. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0193263. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond Hutubessy R, Henao AM, Namgyal R, Moorthy V, Hombach J. Results from evaluations of models and cost-effectiveness tools to support introduction decisions for new vaccines need critical appraisal. BMC Med. 2011;9:55. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutels P, Van Doorslaer E, Van Damme P, Hall J. Methodological issues and new developments in the economic evaluation of vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003 Oct;2(5):649–60. doi:10.1586/14760584.2.5.649.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drolet M, Bénard É, Jit M, Hutubessy R, Brisson M. Model comparisons of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of vaccination: a systematic review of the literature. Value Health. 2018 Oct;21(10):1250–58. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2018.03.014. Epub 2018 May 24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths C, Drews SJ, Marchant DJ. Respiratory syncytial virus: infection, detection, and new options for prevention and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017 Jan;30(1):277–319. doi:10.1128/CMR.00010-16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee VJ, Ho ZJM, Goh EH, Campbell H, Cohen C, Cozza V, Fitzner J, Jara J, Krishnan A, Bresee J. Advances in measuring influenza burden of disease. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2018;12:3–9. doi:10.1111/irv.12533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresee J, Fitzner J, Campbell H, Cohen C, Cozza V, Jara J, Krishnan A, Lee V. Progress and remaining gaps in estimating the global disease burden of influenza. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:1173–77. doi:10.3201/eid2407.171270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S-Y, Russell LB, Park J, Verani JR, Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Schrag SJ, Sinha A. Cost-effectiveness of a potential group B streptococcal vaccine program for pregnant women in South Africa. Vaccine. 2014;32:1954–63. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens K, Braeckman T, Blaizot S, Theeten H, Roelants M, Hoppenbrouwers K, Leuridan E, Van Damme P, Vandermeulen C. Coverage of recommended vaccines during pregnancy in Flanders, Belgium. Fairly good but can we do better? Vaccine. 2018;36:2687–93. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu AB, Halim AA, Dendle C, Kotsanas D, Giles ML, Wallace EM, Buttery JP, Stuart RL. Influenza vaccination uptake amongst pregnant women and maternal care providers is suboptimal. Vaccine. 2012;30:4055–59. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley KE, Massey PD, Cooper SC, Wood NJ, Ho J, Quinn HE, Leask J. Uptake of influenza vaccine by pregnant women: a cross-sectional survey. Med J Aust. 2013;198:373–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins J, Alona I, Tooher R, Marshall H. Increased awareness and health care provider endorsement is required to encourage pregnant women to be vaccinated. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10:2922–29. doi:10.4161/21645515.2014.971606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frew PM, Painter JE, Hixson B, Kulb C, Moore K, Del Rio C, Esteves-Jaramillo A, Omer SB. Factors mediating seasonal and influenza A (H1N1) vaccine acceptance among ethnically diverse populations in the urban south. Vaccine. 2012;30:4200–08. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher L, Hope K, Torvaldsen S, Lawrence G, Dawson A, Wiley K, Thomson D, Hayen A, Conaty S. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: coverage rates and influencing factors in two urban districts in Sydney. Vaccine. 2013;31:5557–64. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taksdal SE, Mak DB, Joyce S, Tomlin S, Carcione D, Armstrong PK, Effler PV. Predictors of uptake of influenza vaccination–a survey of pregnant women in Western Australia. Aust Fam Physician. 2013;42:582–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain AT, Seib K, Ault KA, Orenstein WA, Frew PM, Malik F, Cortes M, Cota P, Whitney EA, Flowers LC, et al. Factors associated with intention to receive influenza and tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines during pregnancy: a focus on vaccine hesitancy and perceptions of disease severity and vaccine safety. PLoS Curr. 2015 Feb 25. Edition 1. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.d37b61bceebae5a7a06d40a301cfa819.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ditsungnoen D, Greenbaum A, Praphasiri P, Dawood FS, Thompson MG, Yoocharoen P, Lindblade KA, Olsen SJ, Muangchana C. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to seasonal influenza vaccine among pregnant women in Thailand. Vaccine. 2016;34:2141–46. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Natan M, El Kravchenko B, Sakashidlo K, Mor S. What drives pregnant women’s decisions to accept the pertussis vaccine? Appl Nurs Res. 2017;38:60–63. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2017.09.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidu MA, Krishnaswamy S, Wallace EM, Giles ML. Pregnant women’s attitudes toward antenatal pertussis vaccination. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;57:235. doi:10.1111/ajo.2017.57.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnaswamy S, Cheng AC, Wallace EM, Buttery J, Giles ML. Understanding the barriers to uptake of antenatal vaccination by women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: a cross-sectional study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018Jul 3;14(7):1591–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui M, Khan AA, Varan AK, Esteves-Jaramillo A, Sultana S, Ali AS, Zaidi AK, Omer SB. Intention to accept pertussis vaccine among pregnant women in Karachi, Pakistan. Vaccine. 2017;35:5352–59. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall DM, Halperin SA. Improving rates of maternal immunization: challenges and opportunities. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:857–65. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1101524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RJ, Paterson P, Jarrett C, Larson HJ. Understanding factors influencing vaccination acceptance during pregnancy globally: a literature review. Vaccine. 2015;33:6420–29. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirthalingam G, Letley L, Campbell H, Green D, Yarwood J, Ramsay M. Lessons learnt from the implementation of maternal immunization programs in England. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:2934–39. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1210730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes MC, Aqil AR, Omer SB, Madhi SA. The effects of influenza vaccination during pregnancy on birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33:1104–14. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan M, Porritt K, Kralik D, Costi L, Marshall H. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review of fetal death, spontaneous abortion, and congenital malformation safety outcomes. Vaccine. 2015;33:2108–17. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton KN, Wardle MT, Orenstein WA, Omer SB. Maternal influenza immunization and birth outcomes of stillbirth and spontaneous abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(5):e11–19. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fell DB, Platt RW, Lanes A, Wilson K, Kaufman JS, Basso O, Buckeridge D. Fetal death and preterm birth associated with maternal influenza vaccination: systematic review. BJOG. 2015;122:17–26. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyzos KA, Konstantelias AA, Pitsa CE, Falagas ME. Maternal influenza vaccination and risk for congenital malformations a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126:1075–1084. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001068.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan M, Clarke M, Parrella A, Fell DB, Amirthalingam G, Marshall HS. Safety of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:560–73. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid F, Jones C, Stevens Z, Plumb J, Hughes R, Bedford H, Voysey M, Heath PT, Snape MD. Factors influencing women’s attitudes towards antenatal vaccines, group B Streptococcus and clinical trial participation in pregnancy: an online survey. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010790. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten S, Vollman AR, Manning SD, Mucenski M, Vidakovich J, Davies HD. Vaccination for Group B Streptococcus during pregnancy: attitudes and concerns of women and health care providers. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:347–58. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingson M, Chamberlain AT. Beyond the verbal: pregnant women’s preferences for receiving influenza and Tdap vaccine information from their obstetric care providers. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14:767–71. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1425114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon DA, Dudley MZ, Glanz JM, Omer SB. Vaccine hesitancy: causes, consequences, and a call to action. Vaccine. 2015 Nov 27;33(Suppl 4):D66–71. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hallissey R, O’Connell A, Warren M. Factors that influence uptake of vaccination in pregnancy. Ir Med J. 2018;111(3).
   Google Scholar
• Mak DB, Regan AK, Joyce S, Gibbs R, Effler PV. Antenatal care provider’s advice is the key determinant of influenza vaccination uptake in pregnant women. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;55:131–37. doi:10.1111/ajo.2015.55.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shea A, Cleary B, McEntee E, Barrett T, O’Carroll A, Drew R, O’Reilly F. To vaccinate or not to vaccinate? Women’s perception of vaccination in pregnancy: a qualitative study. BJGP Open. 2018. doi:10.3399/bjgopen18X101457.
   Google Scholar
• Gauld NJ, Braganza CS, Babalola OO, Huynh TT, Hook SM. Reasons for use and non-use of the pertussis vaccine during pregnancy: an interview study. J Prim Health Care. 2016;8:344–50. doi:10.1071/HC15049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriss JL, Frew PM, Cortes M, Malik FA, Chamberlain AT, Seib K, Flowers L, Ault KA, Howards PP, Orenstein WA, et al. Evaluation of two vaccine education interventions to improve pertussis vaccination among pregnant African American women: a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2017;35:1551–58. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell A, Tummon A, Coleman K, Jordan A, McCormack J, Kelly ME. Antenatal pertussis vaccination: why are general practitioners reluctant? A mixed methods study. Ir Med J. 2017;110(9).
   Google Scholar
• Webb H, Street J, Marshall H. Incorporating immunizations into routine obstetric care to facilitate Health Care Practitioners in implementing maternal immunization recommendations. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10:1114–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisset KA, Paterson P. Strategies for increasing uptake of vaccination in pregnancy in high-income countries: a systematic review. Vaccine. 2018;36:2751–59. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debellut F, Hendrix N, Ortiz JR, Lambach P, Neuzil KM, Bhat N, Pecenka C. Forecasting demand for maternal influenza immunization in low- and lower- middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0199470. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATH. The advancing maternal immunization collaboration; 2017. https://www.path.org/resources/the-advancing-maternal-immunization-collaboration/.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. Only half of women worldwide receive the recommended amount of care during pregnancy; 2016 [ accessed 2018 Jul 15]. https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternalhealth/antenatal-care/.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan L, Stanton ME, Higgs ES, Balster RL, Bellows BW, Brandes N, Comfort AB, Eichler R, Glassman A, Hatt LE, et al. Financial incentives and maternal health: where do we go from here? J Health Popul Nutr. 2013;31:S8–S22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogburn T, Espey EL, Contreras V, Arroyo P. Impact of clinic interventions on the rate of influenza vaccination in pregnant women. J Reprod Med. 2017;52:753–56.
   Google Scholar
• Krishnaswamy S, Wallace EM, Buttery J, Giles ML. Strategies to implement maternal vaccination: A comparison between standing orders for midwife delivery, a hospital based maternal immunisation service and primary care. Vaccine. 2018;36:1796–800. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yudin MH, Salaripour M, Sgro MD. Acceptability and feasibility of seasonal influenza vaccine administration in an antenatal clinic setting. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010;32:745–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baxter D. Approaches to the vaccination of pregnant women: experience from Stockport, UK, with prenatal influenza. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9:1360–63. doi:10.4161/hv.25525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton TR, Narayanan D, Bonhoeffer J, Ortiz JR, Lambach P, Omer SB. A systematic review of adverse events following immunization during pregnancy and the newborn period. Vaccine. 2015;33:6453–65. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz FM, Eckert LO, Katz MA, Lambach P, Ortiz JR, Bauwens J, Bonhoeffer J. Key terms for the assessment of the safety of vaccines in pregnancy: results of a global consultative process to initiate harmonization of adverse event definitions. Vaccine. 2015;33:6441–52. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Alignment of Immunization safety Assessment in pregnancy. Harmonising immunisation safety assessment in pregnancy. Vaccine. 2016;34:5991–6110. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Global Alignment of Immunization safety Assessment in pregnancy. Harmonising immunisation safety assessment in pregnancy – Part II. Vaccine. 2017;35:6469–582. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy C, MacDonald NE, Steenbeek A, Ortiz JR, Zuber PL, Top KA. A global survey of adverse event following immunization surveillance systems for pregnant women and their infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:2010–16. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1175697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackritz E, Stergachis A, Stepanchak M, Englund J, Tavares Da Silva F, Sevene E, Nyambayo P, Kochhar S, Cannon M, Cutland C, et al. Maternal immunization safety monitoring in low- and middle-income countries: a roadmap for program development. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2017
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situation Analysis (MIACSA) [ accessed 2018 Jul 15]. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/miacsa-maternal-immunization/en/.
   Google Scholar