6,807
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Commentary

A possible European origin of the Spanish influenza and the first attempts to reduce mortality to combat superinfecting bacteria: an opinion from a virologist and a military historian

&
Pages 2009-2012 | Received 21 Jan 2019, Accepted 09 Apr 2019, Published online: 23 May 2019

References

  • Macpherson WG. History of the great war, medical services, general history. London, England: His Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1923.
  • Macpherson WG, Leishman WB, Cummins CB. History of the great war, medical services, pathology. London, England: His Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1923.
  • Hammond JAR, Rolland W, Shore THG. Purulent bronchitis a study of cases occurring amongst the British troops at a base in France. Lancet. 1917;2:41–45. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)56229-7.
  • Abrahams A, Hallow NF, Eyre JWH, French H. Purulent bronchitis, its influenza and pneumococcal bacteriology. Lancet. 1917;2:377–80. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)52169-8.
  • Gill D, Putkowski J. The British base camp at Etaples 1914–1918. Etaples (France): Musée Quentovic; 1997.
  • Abrahams A, Hallows N, French H. A further investigation into influenzo-pneumococcal and influenzo-streptococcal septicaemia: epidemic influenzal ‘pneumonia’ of highly fatal type and its relation to ‘purulent bronchitis’. Lancet. 1919;193:1–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)22115-1.
  • Herfst S, Schrauwen EJ, Linster M, Chutinimitkul S, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Sorrell EM, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Smith DJ, et al. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science. 2012;336:1534–41. doi:10.1126/science.1213362.
  • Imai M, Watanabe T, Hatta M, Das SC, Ozawa M, Shinya K, Zhong G, Hanson A, Katsura H, Watanabe S, et al. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortantH5HA/H1N1virusinferrets. Nature. 2012;486:420–28. doi:10.1038/nature10831.
  • Worobey M, Han GZ, Rambout A Genesis and pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic (H1N1) influenza A virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science; 2014; 111: 8107–12.
  • Crosby AW. America’s forgotten pandemic: the influenza of 1918. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1989.
  • Olson DR, Simonsen L, Edelson PJ, Morse SS. Epidemiological evidence of an early wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 2005;102:11059–63. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408290102.
  • Eyre JWH, Cronin E, Lower E. Report upon the autumn influenza pandemic (1918) as it affected the NZEF in the UK. Lancet. 1920;i:366–68.
  • Leishman WB. The results of protective vaccinations against influenza: the army at home. Lancet. 1920;i:380–90.
  • Park WH. Bacteriology of recent pandemic of influenza and other complicating infections. J Am Med Assoc. 1919;73:318–20. doi:10.1001/jama.1919.02610310012004.
  • Sajous L. Recent gleanings relative to the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. N Y Medl J. 1919 July 26;163–66.
  • Stuart-Harris H, Schild GC, Oxford JS. Influenza, the viruses and the disease. London, England: Edward Arnold; 1985.
  • Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:962–70. doi:10.1086/593027.
  • Impagliazzo A, Milder F, Kuipers H,  Wagner MV, Zhu X, Hoffman RM, van Meersbergen R, Huizingh J, Wanningen P, Verspuij J, et al. A stable trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem as a broadly protective immunogen. ScienceExpress. 2015; 349: 1301–06.
  • Fiers W, De Filette M, Birkett A, Neirynck S, Min Jou W. A ‘universal’ human influenza A vaccine. Virus Res. 2004;103:173–76. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030.
  • Yassine HM, Boyington JC, McTamney PM,  Wei CJ, Kanekiyo M, Kong WP, Gallagher JR, Wang L, Zhang Y, Joyce MG, et al. Hemagglutinin-stem nanoparticles generate heterosubtypic influenza protection. Nat Med. 2015 August;1–6.
  • Krammer F, Palese P, Steel J. Advances in universal virus vaccine design and antibody mediated therapies based on conserved regions of the hemagglutinin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;386:301–21. doi:10.1007/82_2014_408.
  • Ortiz JR, Hickling J, Jones R, Donabedian A, Engelhardt OG, Katz JM, Madhi SA, Neuzil KM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Southern J, et al. Report on eighth WHO meeting on developments of influenza vaccines that induce broadly protective and long-lasting immune responses: chicago, 23-24 August 2016. Vaccine. 2018;36:932–38. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.061.
  • Oxford J, Gill D. Unanswered questions about the 1918 influenza pandemic: origin, pathology, and the virus itself. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 June 20;18:e348–e354. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30359-1.