References
- Nnadi C, Etsano A, Uba B, Ohuabunwo C, Melton M, Wa Nganda G, Esapa L, Bolu O, Mahoney F, Vertefeuille J, et al. Approaches to vaccination among populations in areas of conflict. J Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 1;216(1):S368–72. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix175.
- Immunization programme [Internet]. Unicef.org; 2019 [accessed 2019 September 2]. https://www.unicef.org/immunization.
- Obradovic Z, Balta S, Obradovic A, Mesic S. The impact of war on vaccine preventable diseases. Mater Socio-medica. 2014 Dec;26(6):382. doi:10.5455/msm.
- Barnett-Vanes A. Armed conflict, medical training and health systems. Med Conflict Survival. 2016 Jan 2;32(1):30–39.
- Sadr-Azodi N, DeRoeck D, Senouci K. Breaking the inertia in coverage: mainstreaming under-utilized immunization strategies in the Middle East and North Africa region. Vaccine. 2018 Jul 16;36(30):4425–32. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.088.
- UNICEF. Immunization: current status and progress. 2016. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/immunization/#.
- Arie S. Polio virus spreads from Syria to Iraq. BMJ. 2014;348:g2481. https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2481.short.
- Ozaras R, Leblebicioglu H, Sunbul M, Tabak F, Balkan II, Yemisen M, Sencan I, Ozturk R. The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016 Jun 2;14(6):547–55. doi:10.1080/14787210.2016.1177457.
- United Nations (UN) News. Two thirds of unimmunized children live in conflict-affected countries-UNICEP. 2016 April 22 [accessed 2019 November 11]. https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/04/527422-two-thirds-unimmunized-children-live-conflict-affected-countries-unicef.
- Keja K, Chan C, Hayden G, Henderson RH. Expanded programme on immunization. World health statistics quarterly. Rapport Trimestriel De Statistiques Sanitaires Mondiales. 1988;41:59–63.
- Muraskin W. The global alliance for vaccines and immunization: is it a new model for effective public–private cooperation in international public health? Am J Public Health. 2004 Nov;94(11):1922–25. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.11.1922.
- Roush RW, Murphy TV, Are V, TV, Vaccine-Preventable Disease Table Working Group. Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. JAMA. 2007.
- Enserink M. What’s next for disease eradication? Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1736–39. doi:10.1126/science.330.6012.1736.
- Zhou F, Shefer A, Wenger J, Messonnier M, Wang LY, Lopez A, Moore M, Murphy TV, Cortese M, Rodewald L. Economic evaluation of the routine childhood immunization program in the United States, 2009. Pediatrics. 2014 Apr 1;133(4):577–85. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0698.
- The power of vaccines: still not fully utilized. World Health Organisation (WHO); 2017 [accessed 2019 Sep 2]. https://www.who.int/publications/10-year-review/chapter-vaccines.pdf?ua=1
- Gavi annual progress report. Global Alliance for Vaccinatination and Imunisation (GAVI). 2017 [accessed 2019 Aug 30]. https://www.gavi.org/progress-report/
- Balding B Mandatory vaccination: why we still got to get folks to take their shots. https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/8852146.
- Walkinshaw E. Mandatory vaccinations: the international landscape. CMAJ. 2011 November 08;183(16):E1167–E1168. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-3993.
- Lob-Levyt J. Contribution of the GAVI Alliance to improving health and reducing poverty. Philos Tran Royal Soc B. 2011 Oct 12;366(1579):2743–47. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0040.
- Global Immunization Factsheet. World Health Organisation. 2018 [ accessed 2019 Sep 2]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en.
- Mathew G, Johnson AR, Thimmaiah S, Kumari R, Varghese A. Barriers to childhood immunization among women in an urban underprivileged area of Bangalore city, Karnataka, India: a qualitative study. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017 Jan 5;3(6):1525–30.
- Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA—a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integrity Peer Rev. 2019 Dec;4(1):5. doi:10.1186/s41073-019-0064-8.
- Malone KM, Hinman AR. Vaccination mandates: the public health imperative and individual rights. Law Public Health Pract. 2003;262–84. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/guides-pubs/downloads/vacc_mandates_chptr13.pdf
- Morabia A. Edward Jenner’s 1798 report of challenge experiments demonstrating the protective effects of cowpox against smallpox. J R Soc Med. 2018 Jul;111(7):255–57. doi:10.1177/0141076818783658.
- Eldred BE, Dean AJ, McGuire TM, Nash AL. Vaccine components and constituents: responding to consumer concerns. Med J Australia. 2006 Feb;184(4):170–75. doi:10.5694/mja2.2006.184.issue-4.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine excipient & media summary-excipients included in US vaccines. Vaccine. [ Acesso em. 2013 Jun;25]. Disponível em: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/b/excipienttable-2.pdf.
- Global Immunization Factsheet. World Health Organisation. 2016. [ accessed 2019 Aug 22]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs378/en/.
- Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, O’Brien JC. Economic evaluation of vaccination: capturing the full benefits, with an application to human papillomavirus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Oct;18:70–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03977.x.
- Greenlee CJ, Newton SS. A review of traditional vaccine-preventable diseases and the potential impact on the otolaryngologist. Int Archiv Otorhinolaryngology. 2018 Jul;22(03):317–29. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1604055.
- Akil L, Ahmad HA. The recent outbreaks and reemergence of poliovirus in war and conflict-affected areas. Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 1;49:40–46. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.025.
- Miguel E, Kremer M. Worms: identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment externalities. Econometrica. 2004 Jan;72(1):159–217. doi:10.1111/ecta.2004.72.issue-1.
- Global Alliance For Vaccine (GAVI). Economic benefits of vaccines. 2014 Aug 25 [ accessed 2019 Aug 27]. https://www.gavi.org/library/audio-visual/presentations/economic-benefits-of-vaccines/.
- Mashal T, Nakamura K, Kizuki M, Seino K, Takano T. Impact of conflict on infant immunisation coverage in Afghanistan: a countrywide study 2000–2003. Int J Health Geogr. 2007 Dec;6(1):23. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-6-23.
- Kelso JM, Li JT, Nicklas RA, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Lang DM, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph C, Schuller DE, et al. Adverse reactions to vaccines. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol2009 Oct 1;103(4):S1–4. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60350-X.
- Vines T, Faunce TA Civil liberties and the critics of safe vaccination: australian vaccination network inc v. Health care complaints commission (2012) NSWSC 110. Health Care Complaints Commission. 2012.
- UNICEF. Convention on the rights of the child: adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by general assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989: entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49. Accordance with Article. 1989;49. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx
- McKee C, Bohannon K. Exploring the reasons behind parental refusal of vaccines. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Apr;21(2):104–09. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.2.104.
- Serpell L, Green J. Parental decision-making in childhood vaccination. Vaccine. 2006 May 8;24(19):4041–46. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.037.
- Ozawa S, Stack ML. Public trust and vaccine acceptance-international perspectives. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013 Aug 8;9(8):1774–78. doi:10.4161/hv.24961.
- The Guadian. CIA organised fake vaccination drive to get Osama bin Laden’s family DNA. [ accessed 2019 Aug 27]. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/11/cia-fake-vaccinations-osama-bin-ladens-dna.
- UNICEF. Two-thirds of unimmunized children live in conflict-affected countries—UNICEF. 2016 [ accessed 2019 Aug 22]. https://www.unicef.org/media/media_90987.html.
- Vité S. Typology of armed conflicts in international humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations. Int Rev Red Cross. 2009 Mar;91(873):69–94. doi:10.1017/S181638310999021X.
- Warbrick C, Rowe P. The international criminal tribunal for yugoslavia: the decision of the appeals chamber on the interlocutory appeal on jurisdiction in the tadic case. Int Comp Law Q. 1996 Jul;45(3):691–701. doi:10.1017/S0020589300059431.
- List of countries with ongoing armed conflicts. Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. [accessed 2019 Sep 2]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts.
- Uppsala universitet. Department of peace and conflict research. 2000. [accessed 2019 Aug 27]. https://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/definitions/.
- Bull A, Mayhew E, Reavley P, Tai N, Taylor S. Paediatric blast injury: challenges and priorities. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018 May 1;2(5):310–11. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30073-7.
- Save the Children. The war on children: time to end grave violations against children in conflict. 2018. www.savethechildren.net/waronchildren.
- Lee M. More than 350 million children living in conflict zones, says charity. Reuters. 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-war-children/more-than-350-million-children-living-in-conflict-zones-says-charity-idUSKCN1FZ00M.
- Wise PH. The epidemiologic challenge to the conduct of just war: confronting indirect civilian casualties of war. Daedalus. 2017;146(1):139–54. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00428.
- Wagner Z, Heft-Neal S, Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Burke M, Bendavid E. Armed conflict and child mortality in Africa: a geospatial analysis. The Lancet. 2018 Sep 8;392(10150):857–65. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31437-5.
- WHO/UNICEF. Coverage estimates 2017 revision, for 195 countries, and “the world population prospects: revision” from the UN population division. 2018. https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/infograms/10054/index.html.
- UNICEF. Two-thirds of unimmunized children live in conflict-affected countries—UNICEF. 2016. [ accessed 2016 Dec 1]. https://www.unicef.org/media/media_90987.html.
- Grundy J, Biggs B-A. The impact of conflict on immunisation coverage in 16 countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2019 Apr;8(4):211. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2018.127.
- World Health Organisation (WHO). Country Profile Yemen. 2018. [accessed 2018 Sep 8]. http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/yem.pdf.
- Bhutta ZA. Conflict and polio: winning the polio wars. JAMA. 2013 Sep 4;310(9):905–06. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.276583.
- World Health Organisation (WHO). Country profile Ukraine. 2018. [accessed 2018 8 Sep]. http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/ukr.pdf.
- WHO. (2019). WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2019 global summary. https://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary
- Briody C, Rubenstein L, Roberts L, Penney E, Keenan W, Horbar J. Review of attacks on health care facilities in six conflicts of the past three decades. Confl Health. 2018 Dec;12(1):19. doi:10.1186/s13031-018-0152-2.
- Heudtlass P, Speybroeck N, Guha-Sapir D. Excess mortality in refugees, internally displaced persons and resident populations in complex humanitarian emergencies (1998–2012)–insights from operational data. Confl Health. 2016 Dec;10(1):15. doi:10.1186/s13031-016-0082-9.
- Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition. Impunity Remains: attacks on health care in 23 countries in conflict in 2018. 2019. https://www.safeguardinghealth.org
- Physicians for Human Rights. Anatomy of a crisis, A map of attacks on health care in Syria, methodology. 2017. https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_syria_map/methodology.pdf
- Devi S. Syria’s health crisis: 5 years on. Lancet (London, England). 2016 Mar 12;387(10023):1042. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00690-5.
- Five things to know about the violence in North-West and South-West Cameroon. Medecins San Frontieres. 2019 May 23. https://www.msf.org/five-things-know-about-violence-cameroon
- The National Times. http://natimesnews.com/muyukanational-times-the-health-sector-in-the-two-english-speaking-regions-of-cameroon-in-the-early-hours-of-sunday-march-31-2019-was-dealt-another-devastating-blow-when-the-muyuka-district-hosp.
- The 2014 conflict left Gaza’s healthcare shattered. When will justice be done? https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/29/2014-conflict-gaza-healthcare-hospitals-war-crime-israel-hamas
- Lam E, Diaz M, Maina AG, Brennan M. Displaced populations due to humanitarian emergencies and its impact on global eradication and elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases. Confl Health. 2016 Dec;10(1):27. doi:10.1186/s13031-016-0094-5.
- Baldwin-Edwards M. Migration in the middle east and mediterranean: a paper prepared for the policy analysis and research programme of the global commission on international migration. University Research Institute for Urban Environment and Human Resources, Mediterranean Migration Observatory; 2005.
- UNICEF. 27 million children out of school in conflict zones. 2017. https://www.unicef.org/media/media_100857.html.
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). International migrant stock. The 2017 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates17.asp.
- Internal Displacement monitoring centre (IDMC). The global displacement landscape. 2019. http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/
- UNHCR. South Sudan situation. Supplementary Apeal. 2017. https://www.unhcr.org/593e9e9b7.pdf.
- Global Pearls. https://globalpearls.org/2018/04/19/cameroon-april-2018-sleeping-in-the-bushes-and-streets/.
- National Institutes of Health. Biological sciences curriculum study NIH curriculum supplement series.understanding emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Bethesda (MD, USA): National Institutes of Health (US); 2007.
- Connolly MA, Gayer M, Ryan MJ, Salama P, Spiegel P, Heymann DL. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges. The Lancet. 2004 Nov 27;364(9449):1974–83. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17481-3.
- Foot T. Foreign jihadists ‘responsible’for polio outbreak in Syria. The Independent. 2013.
- Sharara SL, Kanj SS, Heitman J. War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war. PLoS Pathog. 2014 Nov 13;10(11):e1004438. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004438.
- World Health Organization. Combined use of inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines in a large-scale campaign in refugee camps and host communities—Kenya, December 2013. Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 2014;89(12):127–32.
- Kebede A, Ahmed H, Masresha BG, Perry RT, Burton A, Spiegel P, Blanton C, Husain F, Goodson JL, Alexander JP. Measles-Horn of Africa, 2010–2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Rep. 2012 Aug 31;61(34):678–84.
- Navarro-Colorado C, Mahamud A, Burton A, Haskew C, Maina GK, Wagacha JB, Ahmed JA, Shetty S, Cookson S, Goodson JL, et al. Measles outbreak response among adolescent and adult Somali refugees displaced by famine in Kenya and Ethiopia, 2011. J Infect Dis. 2014 Aug 12;210(12):1863–70. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu395.
- Polonsky JA, Ronsse A, Ciglenecki I, Rull M, Porten K. High levels of mortality, malnutrition, and measles, among recently-displaced Somali refugees in Dagahaley camp, Dadaab refugee camp complex, Kenya, 2011. Confl Health. 2013 Dec;7(1):1. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-7-1.
- World Health Organisation. Humanitarian health action. Ukraine Humanitarian Response Plan 2016. 2016. https://www.who.int/hac/crises/ukr/appeals/en/.
- Federspiel F, Ali M. The cholera outbreak in Yemen: lessons learned and way forward. BMC Public Health. 2018 Dec;18(1):1338.
- Mipatrini D, Stefanelli P, Severoni S, Rezza G. Vaccinations in migrants and refugees: a challenge for European health systems. A systematic review of current scientific evidence. Pathog Glob Health. 2017 Feb 17;111(2):59–68. doi:10.1080/20477724.2017.1281374.