Parental vaccine attitudes, beliefs, and practices: initial evidence in California after a vaccine policy change

References

• Ten great public health achievements–United States, 1900–1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;48:241–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salmon DA, Dudley MZ, Glanz JM, Omer SB. Vaccine hesitancy: causes, consequences, and a call to action. Vaccine. 2015;33(Suppl 4):D66–71. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gust DA, Darling N, Kennedy A, Schwartz B. Parents with doubts about vaccines: which vaccines and reasons why. Pediatrics. 2008;122:718–25. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempe A, Daley MF, McCauley MM, Crane LA, Suh CA, Kennedy AM, Basket MM, Stokley SK, Dong F, Babbel CI, et al. Prevalence of parental concerns about childhood vaccines: the experience of primary care physicians. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40:548–55. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy A, Basket M, Sheedy K. Vaccine attitudes, concerns, and information sources reported by parents of young children: results from the 2009 HealthStyles survey. Pediatrics. 2011;127(Suppl 1):S92–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1722N.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanz JM, McClure DL, Magid DJ, Daley MF, France EK, Hambidge SJ. Parental refusal of varicella vaccination and the associated risk of varicella infection in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164:66–70. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salmon DA, Haber M, Gangarosa EJ, Phillips L, Smith NJ, Chen RT. Health consequences of religious and philosophical exemptions from immunization laws: individual and societal risk of measles. Jama. 1999;282:47–53. doi:10.1001/jama.282.1.47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwell JE, Van Otterloo J, Zipprich J, Winter K, Harriman K, Salmon DA, Halsey NA, Omer SB. Nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis in California, 2010. Pediatrics. 2013;132:624–30. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanz JM, McClure DL, Magid DJ, Daley MF, France EK, Salmon DA, Hambidge SJ. Parental refusal of pertussis vaccination is associated with an increased risk of pertussis infection in children. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1446–51. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm H, May T, Francis LP, Omer SB, Salmon DA, Hood R. Ethics, pandemics, and the duty to treat. Am J Bioethics. 2008;8:4–19. doi:10.1080/15265160802317974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omer SB, Pan WK, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Moulton LH, Navar AM, Pierce M, Salmon DA. Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence. Jama. 2006;296:1757–63. doi:10.1001/jama.296.14.1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy A, Lavail K, Nowak G, Basket M, Landry S. Confidence about vaccines in the United States: understanding parents’ perceptions. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30:1151–59. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State vaccination requirements. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Vaccine Safety. 2016. Vaccine exemptions: school exemption laws by state. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Omer SB, Salmon DA, Orenstein WA, deHart MP, Halsey N. Vaccine refusal, mandatory immunization, and the risks of vaccine-preventable diseases. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1981–88. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0806477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PJ, Humiston SG, Parnell T, Vannice KS, Salmon DA. The association between intentional delay of vaccine administration and timely childhood vaccination coverage. Public Health Rep. 2010;125:534–41. doi:10.1177/003335491012500408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senate Bill 277. 2015–2016 legislative session: the California State Senate, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Senate Bill S1536. 2015–2016 legislative session: the New York State Senate, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Title 20-A, §6355: Enrollment in school. 2000–2001 legislative session: maine legislature, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• House Bill 1638. 2019–2020 legislative session: the Washington State Senate, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kempe A, O’Leary ST, Kennedy A, Crane LA, Allison MA, Beaty BL, Hurley LP, Brtnikova M, Jimenez-Zambrano A, Stokley S. Physician response to parental requests to spread out the recommended vaccine schedule. Pediatrics. 2015;135:666–77. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opel DJ, Robinson JD, Heritage J, Korfiatis C, Taylor JA, Mangione-Smith R. Characterizing providers’ immunization communication practices during health supervision visits with vaccine-hesitant parents: a pilot study. Vaccine. 2012;30:1269–75. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed GL, Clark SJ, Butchart AT, Singer DC, Davis MM. Parental vaccine safety concerns in 2009. Pediatrics. 2010;125:654–59. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak GJ, Cacciatore MA. Parents’ confidence in recommended childhood vaccinations: extending the assessment, expanding the context. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13:687–700. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1236881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon DA, Moulton LH, Omer SB, DeHart MP, Stokley S, Halsey NA. Factors associated with refusal of childhood vaccines among parents of school-aged children: a case-control study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:470–76. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.5.470.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prislin R, Dyer JA, Blakely CH, Johnson CD. Immunization status and sociodemographic characteristics: the mediating role of beliefs, attitudes, and perceived control. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1821–26. doi:10.2105/AJPH.88.12.1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett P, Smith C. Parents attitudinal and social influences on childhood vaccination. Health Educ Res. 1992;7:341–48. doi:10.1093/her/7.3.341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn M, Ogden J. Predicting uptake of MMR vaccination: a prospective questionnaire study. Br J Gen Pract. 2004;54:526–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald P, Limaye RJ, Omer SB, Buttenheim AM, Mohanty S, Klein NP, Salmon DA. Exploring California’s new law eliminating personal belief exemptions to childhood vaccines and vaccine decision-making among homeschooling mothers in California. Vaccine. 2019;37:742–50. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamater PL, Leslie TF, Yang YT. Change in medical exemptions from immunization in California after elimination of personal belief exemptions. Jama. 2017;318:863–64. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.9242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamater PL, Pingali SC, Buttenheim AM, Salmon DA, Klein NP, Omer SB. Elimination of nonmedical immunization exemptions in California and school-entry vaccine status. Pediatrics. 2019;143:e20183301. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delamater PL, Buttenheim AM, Klein NP, Mohanty S, Salmon DA, Omer SB. Assessment of exemptions from vaccination in California, 2015 to 2027. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Mar 3;172(5):362–63. doi:10.7326/M19-1933.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, D. A., Sotir, M. J., Pan, W. K., Berg, J. L., Omer, S. B., Stokley, S., Hopfensperger, D. J., Davis, J. P., Halsey, N. A. Parental vaccine refusal in Wisconsin: a case-control study. Wisconsin Med J (WMJ). 2009;108(1):17–23.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain AT, Seib K, Wells K, Hannan C, Orenstein WA, Whitney EA, Hinman AR, Berkelman RL, Omer SB. Perspectives of immunization program managers on 2009-10 H1N1 vaccination in the United States: a national survey. Biosecur Bioterrorism. 2012;10:142–50. doi:10.1089/bsp.2011.0077.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones AM, Omer SB, Bednarczyk RA, Halsey NA, Moulton LH, Salmon DA. Parents’ source of vaccine information and impact on vaccine attitudes, beliefs, and nonmedical exemptions. Adv Prev Med. 2012;2012:1–8. doi:10.1155/2012/932741.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon DA, Moulton LH, Omer SB, Chace LM, Klassen A, Talebian P, Halsey NA. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of school nurses and personnel and associations with nonmedical immunization exemptions. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e552–e9. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.e552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon DA, Pan WK, Omer SB, Navar AM, Orenstein W, Marcuse EK, Taylor J, deHart MP, Stokley S, Carter T, et al. Vaccine knowledge and practices of primary care providers of exempt vs. vaccinated children. Hum Vaccine. 2008;4:286–91. doi:10.4161/hv.4.4.5752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadaparampil ST, Kahn JA, Salmon D, Lee J-H, Quinn GP, Roetzheim R, Bruder K, Malo TL, Proveaux T, Zhao X, et al. Missed clinical opportunities: provider recommendations for HPV vaccination for 11–12 year old girls are limited. Vaccine. 2011;29:8634–41. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offit PA, Moser CA. The problem with Dr Bob’s alternative vaccine schedule. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e164–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellin BG, Maibach EW, Marcuse EK. Do parents understand immunizations? A national telephone survey. Pediatrics. 2000;106:1097–102. doi:10.1542/peds.106.5.1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stecula DA, Kuru O, Jamieson KH. How trust in experts and media use affect acceptance of common anti-vaccination claims. Cambridge (MA): The Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Haelle T. Pediatrician Bob Sears punished for questionable vaccine exemption. Forbes. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Senate Bill 276. 2019–2020 legislative session: the California State Senate, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Mohanty S, Joyce CM, Delamater PL, Klein NP, Salmon D, Omer SB, Buttenheim AM. Homeschooling parents in California: attitudes, beliefs and behaviors associated with child’s vaccination status. Vaccine. 2020;38:1899–905. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhan B, Reifler J, Richey S, Freed GL. Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e835–42. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar