Preventive effects of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in the elderly – results from a population-based retrospective cohort study

References

• Janssens JP, Krause KH. Pneumonia in the very old. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(2):112–24. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00931-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World health assembly 70, resolution 70.7.: improving the prevention, diagnosis and clinical management of sepsis. 2017. [Accessed 2020 May 22]. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R7-en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McElhaney JE, Beattie BL, Devine R, Grynoch R, Toth EL, Bleackley RC. Age-related decline in interleukin 2 production in response to influenza vaccine. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38(6):652–58. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb01424.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005;366(9492):1165–74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67339-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, Mullooly JP, Hak E. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(14):1373–81. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberley S, Holden J, Tatham DP, Andrews RM. Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD000422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christenson B, Hedlund J, Lundbergh P, Ortqvist A. Additive preventive effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in elderly persons. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(3):363–68. doi:10.1183/09031936.04.00063504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris DE, Cleary DW, Clarke SC. Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1041. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonten MJ, Huijts SM, Bolkenbaas M, Webber C, Patterson S, Gault S, van Werkhoven CH, van Deursen AMM, Sanders EAM, Verheij TJM, et al. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(12):1114–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1408544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloos F, Thomas-Ruddel D, Ruddel H, Engel C, Schwarzkopf D, Marshall JC, Harbarth S, Simon P, Riessen R, Keh D, et al. Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on outcome in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational multi-center study. Crit Care. 2014;18(2):R42. doi:10.1186/cc13755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christenson B, Lundbergh P, Hedlund J, Ortqvist A. Effects of a large-scale intervention with influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines in adults aged 65 years or older: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;357(9261):1008–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04237-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YC, Chou YJ, Liu JY, Yeh TF, Huang N. Additive benefits of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines among elderly persons aged 75 years or older in Taiwan–a representative population-based comparative study. J Infect. 2012;65(3):231–38. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert Koch Institut. Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut/Stand: August 2014. Epidemiologisches Bull. 2014 Aug 25. Nr. 34:305–40.
   Google Scholar
• Imbens GW. The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions. Biometrika. 2000;87(3):706–10. doi:10.1093/biomet/87.3.706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert Koch Institut. Bericht zur Epidemiologie der Influenza in Deutschland Saison 2014/15. 2015 [accessed 2019 Sep 1]. https://influenza.rki.de/Saisonberichte/2014.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Robert Koch Institut. Bericht zur Epidemiologie der Influenza in Deutschland Saison 2015/16. 2016 [accessed 2019Sep 1]. https://influenza.rki.de/Saisonberichte/2015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey DF, Ridgeway G, Morral AR. Propensity score estimation with boosted regression for evaluating causal effects in observational studies. Psychol Methods. 2004;9(4):403–25. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaffrey DF, Griffin BA, Almirall D, Slaughter ME, Ramchand R, Burgette LF. A tutorial on propensity score estimation for multiple treatments using generalized boosted models. Stat Med. 2013;32(19):3388–414. doi:10.1002/sim.5753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway G, McCaffrey D, Morral A, Griffin BA, Burgette L. twang: toolkit for weighting and analysis of nonequivalent groups (R package version 1.5). 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Rao JNK, Scott AJ. The analysis of categorical-data from complex sample-surveys - chi-squared tests for goodness of fit and independence in 2-way tables. J Am Stat Assoc. 1981;76(374):221–30. doi:10.1080/01621459.1981.10477633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao JNK, Scott AJ. On chi-squared tests for multiway contingency-tables with cell proportions estimated from survey data. Ann Stat. 1984;12(1):46–60. doi:10.1214/aos/1176346391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remschmidt C, Wichmann O, Harder T. Frequency and impact of confounding by indication and healthy vaccinee bias in observational studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:429. doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1154-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECDC. Protocol for cohort database studies to measure influenza vaccine effectiveness in the European Union and European Economic Area Member States. 2009 [accessed 2019 Nov 4]. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/0907_TER_Influenza_AH1N1_Measuring_Influenza_Vaccine_Effectiveness_Protocol_Cohort_Database_Studies.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cowling BJ, Fang VJ, Nishiura H, Chan K-H, Ng S, Ip DKM, Chiu SS, Leung GM, Peiris JSM. Increased risk of noninfluenza respiratory virus infections associated with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine. Clin Infec Dis. 2012;54(12):1778–83. doi:10.1093/cid/cis307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu PJ, Chen CH, Chih YC. Effectiveness of the influenza vaccination program for the elderly in Taiwan. Vaccine. 2013;31(4):632–38. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessmer A, Welte T, Schmidt-Ott R, Eberle S, Barten G, Suttorp N, Schaberg T. Influenza vaccination is associated with reduced severity of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2011;38(1):147–53. doi:10.1183/09031936.00133510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C. Inactivated influenza vaccines in the elderly–are you sure? Lancet. 2007;370(9594):1199–200. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61389-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Ferroni E, Thorning S, Thomas RE. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2:CD004876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Chung J, Jackson ML, Jackson LA, Petrie JG, Monto AS, McLean HQ, Belongia EA, Gaglani M. 2014–2015 influenza vaccine effectiveness in the united states by vaccine type. Clin Infec Dis. 2016;63(12):1564–73. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson ML, Chung JR, Jackson LA, Phillips CH, Benoit J, Monto AS, Martin ET, Belongia EA, McLean HQ, Gaglani M, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the United States during the 2015–2016 season. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):534–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1700153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama T, Taguchi O, Niederman MS, Morser J, Kobayashi H, Kobayashi T, D’Alessandro-Gabazza C, Nakayama S, Nishikubo K, Noguchi T, et al. Efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in preventing pneumonia and improving survival in nursing home residents: double blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c1004. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Hospital I, Ansa X, Vilanova A, Rodriguez T, Llor C. Protective effects of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly population: the EVAN-65 study. Clin Infec Dis. 2006;43(7):860–68. doi:10.1086/507340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann C, Schettler A, Thomas-Rueddel DO, Schwarzkopf D, Stacke A, Haas C, Hartog CS, Dennler U, Reinhart K. Validation of ICD code abstraction strategies for sepsis in administrative data. Infection. 2015 Aug;43 Suppl 1:1–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissoon N, Daniels R, van der Poll T, Finfer S, Reinhart K. Sepsis-the final common pathway to death from multiple organ failure in infection. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(6):e446. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buda S, Tolksdorf K, Schuler E, Kuhlen R, Haas W. Establishing an ICD-10 code based SARI-surveillance in Germany - description of the system and first results from five recent influenza seasons. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):612. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4515-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kopke K, Prahm K, Buda S, Haas W. Evaluation of an ICD-10-based electronic surveillance of acute respiratory infections (SEED(ARI)) in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2016;59:1484–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preen DB, Holman CD, Lawrence DM, Baynham NJ, Semmens JB. Hospital chart review provided more accurate comorbidity information than data from a general practitioner survey or an administrative database. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57(12):1295–304. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.03.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thygesen SK, Christiansen CF, Christensen S, Lash TL, Sorensen HT. The predictive value of ICD-10 diagnostic coding used to assess Charlson comorbidity index conditions in the population-based Danish national registry of patients. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:83. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy AR, Tamblyn RM, Fitchett D, McLeod PJ, Hanley JA. Coding accuracy of hospital discharge data for elderly survivors of myocardial infarction. Can J Cardiol. 1999;15:1277–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson LA, Nelson JC, Benson P, Neuzil KM, Reid RJ, Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Larson EB, Weiss NS. Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(2):345–52. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar