7,738
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Licensed Vaccines – Review

Vaccination in preterm and low birth weight infants in India

, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1-12 | Received 17 Sep 2020, Accepted 15 Dec 2020, Published online: 18 Feb 2021

References

  • World Health Organization. WHA global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief. [accessed 2020 May 10]. https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/globaltargets_lowbirthweight_policybrief.pdf.
  • Blencowe H, Krasevec J, de Onis M, Black RE, An X, Stevens GA, Borghi E, Hayashi C, Estevez D, Cegolon L, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(7):e849–e60. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30565-5.
  • World Health Organization. Preterm birth. 2018 [accessed 2020 May 09]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth.
  • World Health Organization. Newborns with low birth weight (%). [accessed 2020 May 09]. https://www.who.int/whosis/whostat2006NewbornsLowBirthWeight.pdf.
  • Goldenberg RL, Gravett MG, Iams J, Papageorghiou AT, Waller SA, Kramer M, Culhane J, Barros F, Conde-Agudelo A, Bhutta ZA, et al. The preterm birth syndrome: issues to consider in creating a classification system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(2):113–18. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.10.865.
  • Blencowe H, Cousens S, Chou D, Oestergaard M, Say L, Moller A-B, Kinney M, Lawn J. Born Too Soon: the global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births. Reprod Health. 2013;10(Suppl 1):S2. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-S1-S2.
  • Cutland CL, Lackritz EM, Mallett-Moore T, Bardaji A, Chandrasekaran R, Lahariya C, Nisar MI, Tapia MD, Pathirana J, Kochhar S, et al. Low birth weight: case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2017;35(48):6492–500. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.049.
  • Rogers LK, Velten M. Maternal inflammation, growth retardation, and preterm birth: insights into adult cardiovascular disease. Life Sci. 2011;89(13–14):417–21. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2011.07.017.
  • Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J. 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why? Lancet. 2005;365(9462):891–900. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71048-5.
  • Collins A, Weitkamp JH, Wynn JL. Why are preterm newborns at increased risk of infection? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103:F391–4. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-313595.
  • Miller JE, Hammond GC, Strunk T, Moore HC, Leonard H, Carter KW, Bhutta Z, Stanley F, de Klerk N, Burgner DP, et al. Association of gestational age and growth measures at birth with infection-related admissions to hospital throughout childhood: a population-based, data-linkage study from Western Australia. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(8):952–61. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00150-X.
  • Ray KN, Lorch SA. Hospitalization of early preterm, late preterm, and term infants during the first year of life by gestational age. Hosp Pediatr. 2013;3(3):194–203. doi:10.1542/hpeds.2012-0063.
  • UNICEF/WHO. Low birthweight (LBW) estimates. 2019. [accessed 2020 May 18]. https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/low-birthweight/.
  • Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP, Moller A-B, Lumbiganon P, Petzold M, Hogan D, Landoulsi S, Jampathong N, Kongwattanakul K, Laopaiboon M, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(1):e37–46. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30451-0.
  • Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L, Betran AP, Merialdi M, Requejo JH, Rubens C, Menon R, Van Look P. The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(1):31–38. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.062554.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization. Low Birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. New York (USA): UNICEF; 2004 [accessed 2020 April 30]. https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/low_birthweight_from_EY.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. Children: reducing mortality. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2019 accessed 2020 April 30. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality.
  • Dandona R, Kumar GA, Henry NJ, Joshua V, Ramji S, Gupta SS, Agrawal D, Kumar R, Lodha R, Mathai M, et al. Subnational mapping of under-5 and neonatal mortality trends in India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2000–2017. Lancet. 2020;395(10237):1640–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30471-2.
  • The World Bank. World Development Indicators. Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) - India. [accessed 2020 May 10. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN?locations=IN.
  • Ministry of Women and Child Development GoI. Rapid survey on children. New Delhi: India fact sheet (2013–14). [accessed 2020 July 21\]. https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/State%20RSOC.pdf.
  • Balasubramanian S, Shah A, Pemde HK, Chatterjee P, Shivananda S, Guduru VK, Soans S, Shastri D, Kumar R. Indian academy of pediatrics (IAP) advisory committee on vaccines and immunization practices (ACVIP) recommended immunization schedule (2018–19) and update on immunization for children aged 0 through 18 years. Indian Pediatr. 2018;55(12):1066–74. doi:10.1007/s13312-018-1444-8.
  • Universal Immunisation Programme. National Health Portal of India. [accessed 2020 10 May. https://www.nhp.gov.in/universal-immunisation-programme_pg.
  • World Health Organization. Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017 - Recommendations. Vaccine. 2019;37(2):223–25. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.046.
  • World Health Organization. Summary of WHO position papers - recommendations for routine immunization. 2019 [accessed 2020 10 May]. https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/Immunization_routine_table1.pdf?ua.
  • ECDC. United Kingdom and Germany: comparison of recommended vaccinations. 2020 [accessed 2020 August 03]. https://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByCountries?SelectedCountry1Id=171&SelectedCountry2Id=6&IncludeChildAgeGroup=true&IncludeChildAgeGroup=false&IncludeAdultAgeGroup=false.
  • CDC. Recommended child and adolescent immunization schedule for ages 18 years or younger. 2020 [accessed 2020 August 03]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/0-18yrs-child-combined-schedule.pdf.
  • CDC Special Situations: general Best Practice Guidelines for Immunization: best Practices Guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). [accessed 2020 August 03]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/special-situations.html#ref-11.
  • Government of Canada. Recommended immunization schedules: Canadian immunization guide. 2020 [accessed 2020 August 03]. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-1-key-immunization-information/page-13-recommended-immunization-schedules.html#p1c12a5.
  • Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. Australian immunisation handbook. 2018 [accessed 2020 August 03]. https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccination-for-special-risk-groups/vaccination-for-preterm-infants.
  • World Health Organization. BCG vaccine: WHO position paper, February 2018 – recommendations. Vaccine. 2018;36(24):3408–10. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.009.
  • Lau Y-L, Tam AY, Ng KW, Tsoi NS, Lam B, Lam P, Yeung CY. Response of preterm infants to hepatitis B vaccine. J Pediatr. 1992;121(6):962–65. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)80352-X.
  • Belloni C, Chirico G, Pistorio A, Orsolini P, Tinelli C, Rondini G. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2007;87(3):336–38. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01448.x.
  • Thayyil-Sudhan S, Singh M, Broor S, Xess I, Paul VK, Deorari AK. Is zero dose oral polio vaccine effective in preterm babies? Ann Trop Paediatr. 1998;18(4):321–24. doi:10.1080/02724936.1998.11747967.
  • D’Angio CT, Maniscalco WM, Pichichero ME. Immunologic response of extremely premature infants to tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae, and polio immunizations. Pediatrics. 1995;96:18–22.
  • Slack MH, Cade S, Schapira D, Thwaites RJ, Crowley-Luke A, Southern J, Borrow R, Miller E. DT5aP-Hib-IPV and MCC vaccines: preterm infants‘ response to accelerated immunisation. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(4):338–41. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.052720.
  • Klein NP, Gans HA, Sung P, Yasukawa LL, Johnson J, Sarafanov A, Chumakov K, Hansen J, Black S, Dekker C, et al. Preterm infants‘ T cell responses to inactivated poliovirus vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(2):214–22. doi:10.1086/649590.
  • Omenaca F, Vazquez L, Garcia-Corbeira P, Mesaros N, Hanssens L, Dolhain J, Gómez IP, Liese J, Knuf M. Immunization of preterm infants with GSK’s hexavalent combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine: A review of safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine. 2018;36(7):986–96. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.005.
  • Vazquez L, Garcia F, Ruttimann R, Coconier G, Jacquet J-M, Schuerman L. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine as primary and booster vaccination in low-birth-weight premature infants. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97(9):1243–49. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00884.x.
  • Shinefield H, Black S, Ray P, Fireman B, Schwalbe J, Lewis E. Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in low birth weight and preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(3):182–86. doi:10.1097/00006454-200203000-00003.
  • Nieminen H, Rinta-Kokko H, Jokinen J, Puumalainen T, Moreira M, Borys D, Schuerman L, Palmu AA. Effectiveness of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among girls, boys, preterm and low-birth-weight infants – results from a randomized, double-blind vaccine trial. Vaccine. 2019;37(28):3715–21. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.033.
  • Martinón-Torres F, Czajka H, Center KJ, Wysocki J, Majda-Stanislawska E, Omeñaca F, Bernaola Iturbe E, Blazquez Gamero D, Concheiro-Guisan A, Gimenez-Sanchez F, et al. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in preterm versus term infants. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):e876–86. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2941.
  • Esposito S, Pugni L, Mosca F, Principi N. Rotarix® and RotaTeq® administration to preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: review of available evidence. Vaccine. 2018;36(36):5430–34. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.013.
  • Van der Wielen M, Van Damme P. Pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine in special populations: a review of data from the Rotavirus Efficacy and Safety Trial. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(7):495–501. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0479-5.
  • Omenaca F, Sarlangue J, Szenborn L, Nogueira M, Suryakiran PV, Smolenov IV, Han HH. Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the human rotavirus vaccine in preterm European Infants: a randomized phase IIIb study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(5):487–93. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182490a2c.
  • Roue J-M, Nowak E, Le Gal G, Lemaitre T, Oger E, Poulhazan E, Giroux J-D, Garenne A, Gagneur A, et al. Impact of rotavirus vaccine on premature infants. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014;21(10):1404–09. doi:10.1128/CVI.00265-14.
  • DʼAngio CT, Heyne RJ, Duara S, Holmes LC, OʼShea TM, Wang H, Wang D, Sánchez PJ, Welliver RC, Ryan RM, et al. Immunogenicity of trivalent influenza vaccine in extremely low-birth-weight, premature versus term infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(7):570–74. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31820c1fdf.
  • Batra JS, Eriksen EM, Zangwill KM, Lee M, Marcy SM, Ward JI. Evaluation of vaccine coverage for low birth weight infants during the first year of life in a large managed care population. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):951–58. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0231.
  • Woestenberg PJ, van Lier A, van der Maas NA, Drijfhout IH, Oomen PJ, de Melker HE. Delayed start of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated polio vaccination in preterm and low birth weight infants in the Netherlands. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(2):190–98. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000106.
  • Hofstetter AM, Jacobson EN, deHart MP, Englund JA. Early Childhood Vaccination Status of Preterm Infants. Pediatrics. 2019;144(3):e20183520. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3520.
  • Sisson H, Gardiner E, Watson R. Vaccination timeliness in preterm infants: an integrative review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(23–24):4094–104. doi:10.1111/jocn.13916.
  • Sankar MJ, Neogi SB, Sharma J, Chauhan M, Srivastava R, Prabhakar PK, Khera A, Kumar R, Zodpey S, Paul VK, et al. State of newborn health in India. J Perinatol. 2016;36(S3):S3–8. doi:10.1038/jp.2016.183.
  • Agrawal A, Kolhapure S, Di Pasquale A, Rai J, Mathur A. Vaccine Hesitancy as a Challenge or Vaccine Confidence as an Opportunity for Childhood Immunisation in India. Infectious Diseases and Therapy. 2020;9(3):421–32. doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00302-9.
  • Sahoo T, Gulla K, Verma S. Vaccination in preterm infants: an Indian prospective. Indian J Child Health. 2020:1–7. doi:10.32677/IJCH.2020.v07.i01.001.
  • Durandy A. Ontogeny of the Immune System. Transfus Med Hemother. 2003;30(5):222–27. doi:10.1159/000074287.
  • Mussi-Pinhata MM, Rego MA. Immunological peculiarities of extremely preterm infants: a challenge for the prevention of nosocomial sepsis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81:S59–68. doi:10.1590/S0021-75572005000200008.
  • Melville JM, Moss TJ. The immune consequences of preterm birth. Front Neurosci. 2013;7:79. doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00079.
  • Sampah MES, Hackam DJ. Dysregulated Mucosal Immunity and Associated Pathogeneses in Preterm Neonates. Front Immunol. 2020;11:899. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00899.
  • Carr R, Huizinga TW. Low soluble FcRIII receptor demonstrates reduced neutrophil reserves in preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;83(2):F160–F. doi:10.1136/fn.83.2.F160.
  • van den Berg JP, Westerbeek EAM, van der Klis FRM, Berbers GAM, van Elburg RM. Transplacental transport of IgG antibodies to preterm infants: a review of the literature. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(2):67–72. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.11.003.
  • Malek A, Sager R, Kuhn P, Nicolaides KH, Schneider H. Evolution of maternofetal transport of immunoglobulins during human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1996;36(5):248–55. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00172.x.
  • Heininger U, Riffelmann M, Leineweber B, Wirsing von Koenig CH. Maternally derived antibodies against Bordetella pertussis antigens pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin in preterm and full term newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(5):443–45. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e318193ead7.
  • Clarke KEN, MacNeil A, Hadler S, Scott C, Tiwari TSP, Cherian T. Global Epidemiology of Diphtheria, 2000–20171. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(10):1834–42. doi:10.3201/eid2510.190271.
  • Lambo JA, Anokye EA. Prognostic factors for mortality in neonatal tetanus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(12):e1100–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.05.016.
  • Riise ØR, Laake I, Vestrheim D, Flem E, Moster D, Riise Bergsaker MA, Storsæter J. Risk of pertussis in relation to degree of prematurity in children less than 2 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(5):e151–6. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001545.
  • Marshall H, Clarke M, Rasiah K, Richmond P, Buttery J, Reynolds G, Andrews R, Nissen M, Wood N, McIntyre P, et al. Predictors of disease severity in children hospitalized for pertussis during an epidemic. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(4):339–45. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000577.
  • Hviid A, Melbye M. The impact of birth weight on infectious disease hospitalization in childhood. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(7):756–61. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk064.
  • Newman RD, Grupp-Phelan J, Shay DK, Davis RL. Perinatal risk factors for infant hospitalization with viral gastroenteritis. Pediatrics. 1999;103(1):E3. doi:10.1542/peds.103.1.e3.
  • Garcia MN, Philpott DC, Murray KO, Ontiveros A, Revell PA, Chandramohan L, MUNOZ FM. Clinical predictors of disease severity during the 2009–2010 A(HIN1) influenza virus pandemic in a paediatric population. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(14):2939–49. doi:10.1017/S0950268815000114.
  • Langkamp DL, Davis JP. Increased risk of reported pertussis and hospitalization associated with pertussis in low birth weight children. J Pediatr. 1996;128(5):654–59. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(96)80131-4.
  • Plano LRW. The changing spectrum of neonatal infectious disease. J Perinatol. 2010;30(S1):S16–20. doi:10.1038/jp.2010.92.
  • Choudhary TS, Reddy NS, Apte A, Sinha B, Roy S, Nair NP, Sindhu KN, Patil R, Upadhyay RP, Chowdhury R, et al. Delayed vaccination and its predictors among children under 2 years in India: insights from the national family health survey–4. Vaccine. 2019;37(17):2331–39. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.039.
  • Gandhi P, Dande V. A study to assess the knowledge and practice of initiation of immunisation in mothers of low birth weight Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) graduates in a tertiary care centre. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2018;5(2):278. doi:10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20175929.
  • Upadhyay RP, Chowdhury R, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Sinha B, Martines J, Bahl R, Bhandari N, Bhan MK. Immunization practices in low birth weight infants from rural Haryana, India: findings from secondary data analysis. J Glob Health. 2017;7(2):020415. doi:10.7189/jogh.07.020415.
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare WHOI. Immunization handbook for medical officers reprint 2017. New Delhi: World Health Organization; 2017.
  • Gurnani V, Haldar P, Aggarwal MK, Das MK, Chauhan A, Murray J, Arora NK, Jhalani M, Sudan P. Improving vaccination coverage in India: lessons from Intensified Mission Indradhanush, a cross-sectoral systems strengthening strategy. BMJ. 2018;363:k4782. doi:10.1136/bmj.k4782.
  • Vikram K, Vanneman R, Desai S. Linkages between maternal education and childhood immunization in India. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(2):331–39. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.043.
  • Yaqub O, Castle-Clarke S, Sevdalis N, Chataway J. Attitudes to vaccination: A critical review. Soc Sci Med. 2014;112:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.018.
  • Vashishtha V, Bansal C, Gupta S. Pertussis vaccines: position paper of Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP). Indian Pediatr. 2013;50(11):1001–09. doi:10.1007/s13312-013-0274-y.
  • Rasmussen SA, Watson AK, Kennedy ED, Broder KR, Jamieson DJ. Vaccines and pregnancy: past, present, and future. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19(3):161–69. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2013.11.014.
  • Cousins S. India is declared free of maternal and neonatal tetanus. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2015;350:h2975. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2975.
  • Singh M, Tanvir T, Nagoji D, Madan A, Gattem S, Singh H. Influenza vaccine: a viable option to protect pregnant women and infants from seasonal flu: a retrospective hospital-based study in India. Int J Clin Pract. 2019;73(7):e13361. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13361.
  • Wilson RJ, Paterson P, Jarrett C, Larson HJ. Understanding factors influencing vaccination acceptance during pregnancy globally: A literature review. Vaccine. 2015;33(47):6420–29. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.046.
  • Sobanjo-ter Meulen A, Duclos P, McIntyre P, Lewis KDC, Van Damme P, O’Brien KL, Klugman KP. Assessing the evidence for maternal pertussis immunization: a report from the bill & melinda gates foundation symposium on pertussis infant disease burden in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(suppl 4):S123–33. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw530.
  • Bergin N, Murtagh J, Philip RK. Maternal vaccination as an essential component of life-course immunization and its contribution to preventive neonatology. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(5):847. doi:10.3390/ijerph15050847.
  • Eberhardt CS, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lemaître B, Boukrid M, Combescure C, Othenin-Girard V, Chilin A, Petre J, de Tejada BM, Siegrist C-A, et al. Maternal immunization earlier in pregnancy maximizes antibody transfer and expected infant seropositivity against pertussis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(7):829–36. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw027.
  • Eberhardt CS, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lemaître B, Combescure C, Othenin-Girard V, Chilin A, Petre J, Martinez de Tejada B, Siegrist C-A. Pertussis antibody transfer to preterm neonates after second- versus third-trimester maternal immunization. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(8):1129–32. doi:10.1093/cid/cix046.
  • Blanchard-Rohner G, Meier S, Bel M, Combescure C, Othenin-Girard V, Swali RA, Martinez de Tejada B, Siegrist C-A. Influenza vaccination given at least 2 weeks before delivery to pregnant women facilitates transmission of seroprotective influenza-specific antibodies to the newborn. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(12):1374–80. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000437066.40840.c4.
  • Zhong Z, Haltalli M, Holder B, Rice T, Donaldson B, O’Driscoll M, Le-Doare K, Kampmann B, Tregoning JS. The impact of timing of maternal influenza immunization on infant antibody levels at birth. Clin Exp Immunol. 2019;195(2):139–52. doi:10.1111/cei.13234.
  • World Health Organization. Maternal and neonatal immunization field guide for Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington (D.C): PAHO; 2017 [accessed 2020 July 20]. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34150/9789275119501-eng.pdf?sequence=1%26isAllowed=y.
  • Melbourne Vaccine Education Centre. Maternal vaccination during pregnancy. 2020 [accessed 2020 July 20]. https://mvec.mcri.edu.au/immunisation-references/maternal-vaccination-during-pregnancy/.
  • Agrawal A, Singh S, Kolhapure S, Kandeil W, Pai R, Singhal T. Neonatal pertussis, an under-recognized health burden and rationale for maternal immunization: a systematic review of South and South-East Asian Countries. Infectious Diseases and Therapy. 2019;8(2):139–53. doi:10.1007/s40121-019-0245-2.
  • Libster R, Edwards KM. How can we best prevent pertussis in infants? Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(1):85–87. doi:10.1093/cid/cir780.
  • Bhave S, Bhise S, Chavan SC, Naik SS, Pusapati RV, Bavdekar A, Pandit A. Hepatitis B vaccination in premature and low birth weight (LBW) babies. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39:625–31.
  • Baxter D. Vaccine responsiveness in premature infants. Hum Vaccin. 2010;6(6):506–11. doi:10.4161/hv.6.6.12083.
  • Saari TN. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases Pediatrics. 2003;112:193–98.
  • Bonhoeffer J, Siegrist C-A, Heath PT. Immunisation of premature infants. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(11):929–35. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.086306.
  • Chiappini E, Petrolini C, Caffarelli C, Calvani M, Cardinale F, Duse M, Licari A, Manti S, Martelli A, Minasi D, et al. Hexavalent vaccines in preterm infants: an update by Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology jointly with the Italian Society of Neonatology. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 2019;45(1):145. doi:10.1186/s13052-019-0742-7.
  • Omeñaca F, Garcia-Sicilia J, García-Corbeira P, Boceta R, Romero A, Lopez G, Dal-Ré R. Response of preterm newborns to immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B Virus-inactivated polio and haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine: first experiences and solutions to a serious and sensitive issue. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1292–98. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2336.
  • Waitz M, Hopfner R, Hummler HD, Heininger U. Hepatitis B postexposure prophylaxis in preterm and low-birth-weight infants. AJP Rep. 2015;5(1):e67–72. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1547329.
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare GoI. National health policy 2017. New Delhi; 2017 [accessed 2020 May 10]. https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/9147562941489753121.pdf.
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare GoI. INAP: India newborn action plan. New Delhi; 2014 [accessed 2020 May 10]. https://www.newbornwhocc.org/INAP_Final.pdf.
  • Healy C. Immunization strategies to protect preterm infants. Neoreviews. 2010;11(8):e409–e418. doi:10.1542/neo.11-8-e409.
  • Giles ML, Krishnaswamy S, Wallace EM. Maternal immunisation: What have been the gains? Where are the gaps? What does the future hold? F1000Research. 2018;7:1733. doi:10.12688/f1000research.15475.1.