Immunotherapies and immunomodulatory approaches in clinical trials - a mini review

References

• Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dadar M, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020a:1–7. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1735227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019-COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020b;33(4):e00028–20. doi:10.1128/CMR.00028-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Sah R, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Patel SK, Pathak M, Malik YS, Dhama K, Singh KP, et al. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and advances in developing potential therapeutics and vaccines to counter this emerging pandemic. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020;19(1):40. doi:10.1186/s12941-020-00384-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellingiri B, Jayaramayya K, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Govindasamy V, Giridharan B, Ganesan S, Venugopal A, Venkatesan D, Ganesan H, et al. COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic. Sci Total Environ. 2020;725:138277. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Zhou Y, Zong Z, Liang Z, Cao Y, Tang H, Song B, Huang Z, Kang Y, Feng P, et al. A precision medicine approach to managing 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Precis Clin Med. 2020a;3(1):14–21. doi:10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, Zhou L, Yang Y, Peng W, Wang W, Chen X. Therapeutic and triage strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus disease in fever clinics. Lancet. 2020a;8(3):11–12. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30071-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couzin-Frankel J. Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer Immunotherapy. Science. 2013;342:1432–33.
   Google Scholar
• Bloch EM, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Sachais BS, Shaz B, Winters JL, van Buskirk C, Grossman BJ, Joyner M, Henderson JP, et al. Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;7:138745. doi:10.1172/JCI138745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet. 2020a;20(4):398–400. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar GV, Jeyanthi V, Ramakrishnan S. A short review on antibody therapy for COVID-19. New Microbes New Infec. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Market M, Angka L, Martel AB, Bastin D, Olanubi O, Tennakoon G, Boucher DM, Ng J, Ardolino M, Auer RC. Flattening the COVID-19 curve with natural killer cell based immunotherapies. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1512. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachanova V, Bishop MR, Dahi P, Dholaria B, Grupp SA, Hayes-Lattin B, Janakiram M, Maziarz RT, McGuirk JP, Nastoupil LJ, et al. CAR T-cell consortium. chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020a;26(7):1239–46. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.04.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelopoulou A, Alexandris N, Konstantinou E, Mesiakaris K, Zanidis C, Farsalinos K, Poulas K. Imiquimod - A toll like receptor 7 agonist - Is an ideal option for management of COVID 19. Environ Res. 2020;188:109858. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulas K, Farsalinos K, Zanidis C. Activation of TLR7 and innate immunity as an efficient method against COVID-19 pandemic: imiquimod as a potential therapy. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1373. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nile SH, Nile A, Qiu J, Li L, Jia X, Kai GCOVID-19. COVID-19: pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020 Jun;53:66–70. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmati M, Moosavi MA. Cytokine-targeted therapy in severely ill COVID-19 patients: options and cautions. EJMO. 2020;4(2):179–81. doi:10.14744/ejmo.2020.72142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alijotas-Reig J, Esteve-Valverde E, Belizna C, Selva-O’Callaghan A, Pardos-Gea J, Quintana A, Mekinian A, Anunciacion-Llunell A, Miró-Mur F. Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-19. Beyond the anti-viral therapy: A comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102569. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Karki R, Dandu HR, Dhama K, Bhatt ML, Saxena SK. COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020a:1–10. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1808410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keam S, Megawati D, Patel SK, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Harapan H. Immunopathology, and immunotherapeutic strategies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections. Rev Med Virol. 2020:30. doi:10.1002/rmv.2123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury M, Cuenca J, Cruz FF, Figueroa FE, Rocco PRM, Weiss DJ. Current status of cell-based therapies for respiratory virus infections: applicability to COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:2000858. doi:10.1183/13993003.00858-2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharun K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Patel SK, Natesan S, Dhama J, Malik YS, Harapan H, Singh RK, Dhama K. Antibody-based immunotherapeutics and use of convalescent plasma to counter COVID-19: advances and prospects. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2020:1–14. doi:10.1080/14712598.2020.1796963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse RL. Therapeutic strategies in an outbreak scenario to treat the novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China. F1000Res. 2020;9:72. doi:10.12688/f1000research.22211.2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO 2020a. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected. Accessed January 31, 2020. www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severeacute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected
   Google Scholar
• Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(4):545–1548. doi:10.1172/JCI138003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou G, Zhao Q. Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1718–23. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Med Res. 2020;7(4). doi:10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, Chen Q, Zhang L, Zhong Q, Zhang X, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chest. 2020b;S0012–3692(20):30571–77. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Y, Garner LV, Watkins SP, Carter LJ, Smoot J, Gregg AC, Daniels AD, Jervey S, et al. Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases. ACS Cent Sci. 2020b;6(3):315–31. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanmugaraj B, Siriwattananon K, Wangkanont K, Phoolcharoen W. Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38(1):10–18. doi:10.12932/AP-200220-0773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020a;395:1054–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatoo MI, Hamid Z, Parray OR, Wani AH, Haq AU, Saxena A, Patel SK, Pathak M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, et al. COVID-19. Recent advancements in identifying novel vaccine candidates and current status of upcoming SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;1–14. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1788310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahanshahlu L, Rezaei N. Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;129:110337. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Carballido E, Fishman M. Sipuleucel-T for therapy of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, castrate-refractory prostate cancer: an update and perspective among other treatments. Onco Targets Ther. 2011;4:79–96. doi:10.2147/OTT.S14107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballido E, Fishman M. Sipuleucel-T: prototype for development of anti-tumor vaccines. Curr Oncol Rep. 2011;13(2):112–19. doi:10.1007/s11912-011-0152-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Jin R, Zheng Y, Xu B, Xie Z, Lin L, et al. China National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China; Group of Respirology, Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Medical Doctor Association Committee on RespirologyPediatrics; China Medicine Education Association Committee on Pediatrics; Chinese Research Hospital Association Committee on Pediatrics; Chinese Non-government Medical Institutions Association Committee on Pediatrics; China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Committee on Children’s Health and Medicine Research; China News of Drug Information Association, Committee on Children’s Safety Medication; Global Pediatric Pulmonology Alliance. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World J Pediatr. 2020a. doi:10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, Wang F, Li D, Yang M, Xing L, et al. Treatment of 5 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent Plasma. JAMA. 2020b;323:1582. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, Zhou M, Chen L, Meng S, Hu Y, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. ProcNatlAcadSci U S A. 2020;117(17):9490–96. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004168117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, Jeong SJ, Kim JH, Ku NS, Yeom JS, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35:(14)e149. doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Erp EA, Luytjes W, Ferwerda G, van Kasteren PB. Fc-Mediated antibody effector functions during respiratory syncytial virus infection and disease. Front Immunol. 2019;10:548. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva JAT. Convalescent plasma: A possible treatment of COVID-19 in India. Med J Armed Forces India. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.04.006.
   Google Scholar
• Lu CL, Murakowski DK, Bournazos S, Schoofs T, Sarkar D, Halper-Stromberg A, Horwitz JA, Nogueira L, Golijanin J, Gazumyan A, et al. Enhanced clearance of HIV-1-infected cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 in vivo. Science. 2016 20;352(6288):1001–04. doi:10.1126/science.aaf1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Li R, Wu Z, Yang X, Zhao M, Liu J, Chen D. Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Ann. Intensive Care. 2020a;10(1):45. doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00661-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YO, Wong WS, Lee CK, Ng MHL, Chan P, Wong KC, Leung CB, Cheng G. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis. 2005;24:44–46. doi:10.1007/s10096-004-1271-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV-A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(2):69–71. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020b;395(10223):507–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020c;92(4):418–23. doi:10.1002/jmv.25681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55:105955. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SR, Tang ZJ, Li ZH, Liu X. Searching therapeutic strategy of new coronavirus pneumonia from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: the target of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020b:1‐6. doi:10.1007/s10096-020-03883-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Fu J, Shu Q, Chen YH, Hua CZ, Li FB, Lin R, Tang LF, Wang TL, Wang W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World J Pediatr. 2020d;16:240–46. doi:10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigel JH, Voell J, Kumar P, Raviprakash K, Wu H, Jiao JA, Sullivan E, Luke T, Davey RT Jr. Safety and tolerability of a novel, polyclonal human anti-MERS coronavirus antibody produced from transchromosomic cattle: a phase 1 randomised, double-blind, single-dose-escalation study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(4):410–18. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30002-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Cheng Y, Wu Y. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory responses: from mechanisms to potential therapeutic tools. Virol Sin. 2020;35:266–271. doi:10.1007/s12250-020-00207-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu RM, Hwang YC, Liu IJ, Lee CC, Tsai HZ, Li HJ, Wu HC. Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. J Biomed Sci. 2020;27(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Li W, Drabek D, Okba NMA, Haperen RV, Osterhaus ADME, Kuppeveld FJMV, Haagmans BL, Grosveld F, Bosch BJ. A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv. 2020b. doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987958.
   Google Scholar
• Tian X, Li C, Huang A, Xia S, Lu S, Shi Z, Lu L, Jiang S, Yang Z, Wu Y, et al. Potent binding of 2019-nCoV spike protein by a SARS-CoV specific human monoclonal antibody. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):382–85. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1729069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO 2020b. Accessed 8th November 2020. https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/keyaction/Table_of_therapeutics_Appendix_17022020.pdf?
   Google Scholar
• NHC 2020. National health commission of the people’s republic of China. State Administration of Traditional Medicine of China. The diagnosis and treatment scheme of 2019 Novel Coronavirus. Polit Version 4.0. (Article in Chinese). 6 feb. [accessed 2020 Oct 5]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202002/573340613ab243b3a7f61df260551dd4.shtml
   Google Scholar
• NIH 2020. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Accessed 9th Nov. 2020. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/immune-based-therapy/blood-derived-products/convalescent-plasma.
   Google Scholar
• Bao L, Deng W, Gao H, Xiao C, Liu J, Xue J, LV Q, Liu J, Yu P, Xu Y, et al. Reinfection could not occur in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques. bioRxiv 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.990226.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham AC, Goh HP, Koh D. Treatment of COVID-19: old tricks for new challenges. Crit Care. 2020;24:91. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-2818-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetro JA. Is COVID-19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses? Microbes Infect. 2020;22(2):72–73. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/drugmaker-takeda-is-working-on-coronavirus-drug-11583301660
   Google Scholar
• NCT04275414. Bevacizumab in severe or critical patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (BEST-CP). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04275414.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses. 2020;12(3):254. doi:10.3390/v12030254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT04305106. Bevacizumab in severe or critically severe patients with COVID-19 pneumonia-RCT (BEST-RCT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04305106.
   Google Scholar
• NCT04315298. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of sarilumab in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315298
   Google Scholar
• NCT04327388. Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center study to assess the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib in patients with COVID-19 associated cytokine storm (RUXCOVID) (RUXCOVID). [accessed 2020 Oct 5]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04362137.
   Google Scholar
• Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://investor.regeneron.com/news-releases/news-release-details/regeneron-and-sanofi-begin-global-kevzarar-sarilumab-clinical
   Google Scholar
• Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/registered-trials-and-analysis/.
   Google Scholar
• Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://theprint.in/health/us-begins-clinical-trial-of-an-artificial-antibody-for-covid-19-treatment/402978/
   Google Scholar
• Stone JH, Frigault MJ, Serling-Boyd NJ, Fernandes AD, Harvey L, Foulkes AS, Horick NK, Healy BC, Shah R, Bensaci AM, et al. BACC Bay Tocilizumab Trial Investigators. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. Oct 2020; 21. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33085857. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Xu Q, Wu Y, Jiang H, Wei W, Zulipikaer A, Guo Y, Chen J. Nanobodies derived from Camelids represent versatile biomolecules for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci. 2020;8(13):3559–73. doi:10.1039/d0bm00574f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manickam C, Sugawara S, Reeves RK, Hobman TC. Friends or foes? The knowns and unknowns of natural killer cell biology in COVID-19 and other coronaviruses in July 2020. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(8):e1008820. Published 2020 Aug 26. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maucourant C, Filipovic I, Ponzetta A, Aleman S, Cornillet M, Hertwig L, Strunz B, Lentini A, Reinius B, Brownlie D, et al. Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity. Sci Immunol. 2020;5(50):eabd6832. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhama K, Patel SK, Pathak M, Yatoo MI, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh R, Sah R, Rabaan A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, et al. An Update on SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 with particular reference on its clinical pathology, pathogenesis, immunopathology and mitigation strategies – A Review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020c;37:101755. doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0348.v1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT04280224. NK Cells Treatment for COVID-19. Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04280224
   Google Scholar
• Stephen-Victor E, Das M, Karnam A, Pitard B, Gautier JF, Bayry J. Potential of regulatory T-cell-based therapies in the management of severe COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(3):2002182. doi:10.1183/13993003.02182-2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachanova V, Perales MA, Abramson JS. Modern management of relapsed and refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma: a perspective on the current treatment landscape and patient selection for CAR T-cell therapy. Blood Rev. 2020b;40:100640. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2019.100640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Tan Su Yin E, Yang Y, Wu H, Wei G, Su J, Cui Q, Jin A, Yang L, Fu S, et al. CAR T-cell treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: management strategies and challenges. Curr Res Transl Med. 2020;68(3):111–18. doi:10.1016/j.retram.2020.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AK, McGuirk JP. CAR T cells: continuation in a revolution of immunotherapy. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(3):e168–78. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30823-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsallab M, Levine BL, Wayne AS, Abou-El-Enein M. CAR T-cell product performance in haematological malignancies before and after marketing authorisation. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(2):e104–16. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30729-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leen AM, Myers GD, Sili U, Huls MH, Weiss H, Leung KS, Carrum G, Krance RA, Chang CC, Molldrem JJ, et al. Monoculture-derived T lymphocytes specific for multiple viruses expand and produce clinically relevant effects in immunocompromised individuals. Nat Med. 2006;12:1160–66. doi:10.1038/nm1475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccamo N, Sullivan LC, Brooks AG, Dieli F. Harnessing HLA-E-restricted CD8 T lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy of patients with severe COVID-19. Br J Haematol. 2020:190. doi:10.1111/bjh.16895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04351659.
   Google Scholar
• Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Ramirez SI, Mateus J, Dan JM, Moderbacher CR, Rawlings SA, Sutherland A, Premkumar L, Jadi RS, et al. Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Cell. 2020;181(7):1489–501. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun J, Loyal L, Frentsch M, Wendisch D, Georg P, Kurth F, Hippenstiel S, Dingeldey M, Kruse B, Fauchere F, et al. SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19. Nature. 2020 Jul 29;587:270–74. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad V. Immunotherapy: tisagenlecleucel - the first approved CAR-T-cell therapy: implications for payers and policy makers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017. FDA Approves Second CAR T-cell Therapy. Cancer Discov. 2017;15(1):11–12.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon S, Eom GH. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: a novel modality for immune modulation. Chonnam Med J. 2020;56(1):6–11. doi:10.4068/cmj.2020.56.1.6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chavez JC, Bachmeier C, Kharfan-Dabaja MA. CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell lymphomas: clinical trial results of available products. Therap Adv Hematol. 2019;10:2040620719841581. doi:10.1177/2040620719841581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titov A, Valiullina A, Zmievskaya E, Zaikova E, Petukhov A, Miftakhova R, Bulatov E, Rizvanov A. Advancing CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors: lessons learned from lymphoma treatment. Cancers. 2020;12(1):125. doi:10.3390/cancers12010125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(3):149–50. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• https://www.fiercebiotech.com/research/scientists-explore-usingengineered-t-cells-to-target-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Bishop MR. Optimizing administration of CAR T-cell therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2020;18:400–03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neelapu SS, Locke FL, Bartlett NL, Lekakis LJ, Miklos DB, Jacobson CA, Braunschweig I, Oluwole OO, Siddiqi T, Lin Y, et al. Axicabtageneciloleucel CAR Tcell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2531–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1707447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster SJ, Bishop MR, Tam CS, Waller EK, Borchmann P, McGuirk JP, Jäger U, Jaglowski S, Andreadis C, Westin JR, et al. Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):45–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1804980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maude SL, Laetsch TW, Buechner J, Rives S, Boyer M, Bittencourt H, Bader P, Verneris MR, Stefanski HE, Myers GD, et al. Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(5):439–48. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1709866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedell PA, Walling C, Nastoupil LJ, Pennisi M, Maziarz RT, McGuirk JP, Oluwole OO, Bachanova V, Hwang WT, Schuster SJ, et al. A multicenter retrospective analysis of outcomes and toxicities with commercial axicabtageneciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel for relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26(suppl):S41–S42. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.12.108.
   Google Scholar
• Moll G, Drzeniek N, Kamhieh-Milz J, Geissler S, Volk HD, Reinke P. MSC therapies for COVID-19: importance of patient coagulopathy, thromboprophylaxis, cell product quality and mode of delivery for treatment safety and efficacy. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1091. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng Z, Zhu R, Hou W, Feng Y, Yang Y, Han Q, Shan G, Meng F, Du D, Wang S, et al. Transplantation of ACE2- mesenchymal stem cells improves the outcome of patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. Aging Dis. 2020;11(2):216–28. doi:10.14336/AD.2020.0228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birra D, Benucci M, Landolfi L, Merchionda A, Loi G, Amato P, Licata G, Quartuccio L, Triggiani M, Moscato P, et al. COVID 19: a clue from innate immunity. Immunol Res. 2020;68:161–68. doi:10.1007/s12026-020-09137-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patra R, Das NC, Mukherjee S. Targeting human TLRs to combat COVID-19: A solution? J Med Virol. 2020;93:615–17. doi:10.1002/jmv.26387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Sharma G, Lee SS, Agoramoorthy G. Consider TLR5 for new therapeutic development against COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92:2314–15. doi:10.1002/jmv.25997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Wani MY, Tiwari R, Barathidasan R. Cytokine therapy for combating animal and human diseases – A review. Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2013;3:195–208.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Wu Z, Li J-W, Zhao H, Wang G-Q. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality. Inter J Antimicrob Agents. 2020c;55:105954. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capochiani E, Frediani B, Iervasi G, Paolicchi A, Sani S, Roncucci P, Cuccaro A, Franchi F, Simonetti F, Carrara D, et al. Ruxolitinib rapidly reduces acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 disease. analysis of data collection from RESPIRE protocol. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:466. Published 2020 Aug 4. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann MM, Woody JN, Holgate ST, Winter G, Rowland M, Richards D, Hussell T. Trials of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for COVID-19 are urgently needed. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1407–09. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30858-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK. The novel coronavirus: A bird’s eye view. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2020;11:65–71. doi:10.15171/ijoem.2020.1921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• n.d..
   Google Scholar
• n.d..
   Google Scholar
• Burrage DR, Koushesh S, Sofat N. Immunomodulatory drugs in the management of SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1844. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:363–74. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong J, Tang J, Ye C, Dong L. The immunology of COVID-19: is immune modulation an option for treatment? The Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(7):E428–E436. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30120-X.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasab MG, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. SARS-CoV-2–A tough opponent for the immune system. Archives of Medical Research. 2020;51(6):589–92. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, Chavakis T, Divangahi M, Fuchs E, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Mhlanga MM, Mulder WJM, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Jun;20(6):375–88. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schijns V, Lavelle EC. Prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease by controlled modulation of innate immunity. Eur J Immunol. 2020;50(7):932–38. doi:10.1002/eji.202048693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, Bucci E, Piacentini M, Ippolito G, Melino G. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death and Differentiation. 2020b;27(5):1451–54. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A. Is Immuno-modulation the Key to COVID-19 Pandemic? Ind J Orthopaedics. 2020;27:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Golonka RM, Saha P, Yeoh BS, Chattopadhyay S, Gewirtz AT, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Harnessing innate immunity to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 and ameliorate COVID-19 disease. Physiological Genomics. 2020;52(5):217–21. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00033.2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM. COVID-19: immunology and treatment options. Clinical Immunology. 2020;215:108448. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lythgoe MP, Middleton P. Ongoing clinical trials for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020;41(6):363–82. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2020.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT04280588. Fingolimod in COVID-19. Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04280588
   Google Scholar
• NCT04273529. The Efficacy and Safety of Thalidomide in the Adjuvant Treatment of Moderate New Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia. Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04273529
   Google Scholar
• Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. https://www.genengnews.com/virology/coronavirus/catching-up-to-coronavirus-top-60-treatments-in-development/.
   Google Scholar
• Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C, Ranasinghe P. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):367–82. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panyod S, Ho CT, Sheen LY. Dietary therapy and herbal medicine for COVID-19 prevention: A review and perspective. J Tradit Complement Med. 2020;10(4):420–27. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.05.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yatoo MI, Dimri U, Gopalakrishnan A, Karthik K, Gopi M, Khandia R, Saminathan M, Saxena A, Alagawany M, Farag MR, et al. Beneficial health applications and medicinal values of Pedicularis plants: A review. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;95:1301–13. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Tiwari R, Rana R, Khurana SK, Ullah S, Khan RU, Alagawany M, et al. Medicinal and therapeutic potential of herbs and plant metabolites/extracts countering viral pathogens - Current knowledge and future prospects. Curr Drug Metab. 2018;19(3):236–63. doi:10.2174/1389200219666180129145252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari R, Latheef SK, Ahmed I, Iqbal HMN, Bule MH, Dhama K, Samad HA, Karthik K, Alagawany M, El-Hack MEA, et al. Herbal immunomodulators - a remedial panacea for designing and developing effective drugs and medicines: current scenario and future prospects. Curr Drug Metab. 2018;19(3):264–301. doi:10.2174/1389200219666180129125436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Hu C, Hood M, Zhang X, Zhang L, Kan J, Du J, Novel A. Combination of Vitamin C, curcumin and glycyrrhizic acid potentially regulates immune and inflammatory response associated with coronavirus infections: a perspective from system biology analysis. Nutrients. 2020e;12(4):1193. doi:10.3390/nu12041193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divya M, Vijayakumar S, Chen J, Vaseeharan B, Durán-Lara EF. A review of South Indian medicinal plant has the ability to combat against deadly viruses along with COVID-19? Microb Pathog. 2020;148:104277. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donma MM, Donma O. The effects of allium sativum on immunity within the scope of COVID-19 infection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109934. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murck H. Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection? Front Immunol. 2020;11:1239. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Liu X, Guo L, Li J, Zhong D, Zhang Y, Clarke M, Jin R. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2020c;9:75. doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01343-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani JS, Johnson JB, Steel JC, Broszczak DA, Neilsen PM, Walsh KB, Naiker M. Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against coronaviruses: A review. Virus Res. 2020;284:197989. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chikhale RV, Gurav SS, Patil RB, Sinha SK, Prasad SK, Shakya A, Shrivastava SK, Gurav NS, Prasad RS.  Sars-cov-2 host entry and replication inhibitors from Indian ginseng: an in-silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020;1–12. doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1778539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi MK, Singh P, Sharma S, Singh TP, Ethayathulla AS, Kaur P. Identification of bioactive molecule from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020:1–14. doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1790425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta H, Gupta M, Bhargava S. Potential use of Turmeric in COVID-19. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020b;45:902–03. doi:10.1111/ced.14357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh R, Chakraborty A, Biswas A, Chowdhuri S. Evaluation of green tea polyphenols as novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitors - an in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020:1–13. doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1779818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailly C, Vergoten G. Glycyrrhizin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection and the associated respiratory syndrome? Pharmacol Ther. 2020;214:107618. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupanidhi S, Peele KA, Venkateswarulu TC, Ayyagari VS, Bobby MN, Babu DJ, Narayana AV, Aishwarya G. Screening of phytochemical compounds of Tinospora cordifolia for their inhibitory activity on SARS-CoV-2: an in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020;1–5. doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1787226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhowmik D, Nandi R, Kumar D. Evaluation of Flavonoids as 2019-nCoV Cell Entry Inhibitor Through Molecular Docking and Pharmacological Analysis. Preprint ChemRxiv. 2020. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12725465.
   Google Scholar
• Wink M. Potential of DNA Intercalating Alkaloids and Other Plant Secondary Metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 Causing COVID-19. Diversity. 2020;12(5):175. doi:10.3390/d12050175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahan I, Onay A. Potentials of plant-based substance to inhabit and probable cure for the COVID-19. Turkish J Biol. 2020;44(3):228–41. doi:10.3906/biy-2005-114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan L, Liu D, Li J. Pharmacological perspective: glycyrrhizin may be an efficacious therapeutic agent for COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(6):105995. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jena AB, Kanungo N, Nayak V, Chainy GBN, Dandapat J. Catechin and Curcumin interact with corona (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV2) viral S protein and ACE2 of human cell membrane: insights from Computational study and implication for intervention. 2020. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-22057/v1.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha SK, Prasad SK, Islam MA, Gurav SS, Patil RB, AlFaris NA, Aldayel TS, AlKehayez NM, Wabaidur SM, Shakya A. Identification of bioactive compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra as possible inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and non-structural protein-15: a pharmacoinformatics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020;1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lung J, Lin YS, Yang YH, Chou YL, Shu LH, Cheng YC, Liu HT, Wu CY. The potential chemical structure of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J. Med. Virol. 2020;92(6):693–97. doi:10.1002/jmv.25761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ul Qamar MT, Alqahtani SM, Alamri MA, Chen LL. Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants. J Pharm Anal. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi T, Joshi T, Sharma P, Mathpal S, Pundir H, Bhatt V, Chandra S. In silico screening of natural compounds against COVID-19 by targeting Mpro and ACE2 using molecular docking. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24:4529–36. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202004_21036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Platat C, Ismail LC, Apostolopoulos V, Stojanovska L. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas. 2021 Jan;143:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boretti A, Banik BK. Intravenous vitamin C for reduction of cytokines storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome. PharmaNutrition. 2020;12:100190. doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh SK, Jain R, Singh S. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with diabetes and COVID- 19 infection. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):1033–35. ChiCTR2000029606. Accessed 9th Sept. 2020. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=49146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, Wu M, Wang C, Feng Z, Mao C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Chen L, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150–57. PMID: 32442287; PMCID: PMC7314217. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerini R, Garaci E. Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15 Suppl 1:S117–27. Epub 2015 Jun 22. PMID: 26098768. doi:10.1517/14712598.2015.1033393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT04487444. Thymalfasin (Thymosin Alpha 1) to Treat COVID-19 Infection (Ta1). Accessed 17th December 2020.
   Google Scholar
• NCT04428008. Thymosin Alpha 1 to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Elderly Renal Dialysis Patients (Ta1). Accessed 17th December 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ZADAXIN. Accessed 17th December 2020. https://www.rxlist.com/zadaxin-drug.htm
   Google Scholar
• AminJafari A, Ghasemi S. The possible of immunotherapy for COVID-19: A systematic review. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;83:106455. Epub 2020 Apr 2. PMID: 32272396; PMCID: PMC7128194. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaeilzadeh A, Elahi R. Immunobiology and immunotherapy of COVID-19: A clinically updated overview. J Cell Physiol. 2020. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33022076. doi:10.1002/jcp.30076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owji H, Negahdaripour M, Hajighahramani N. Immunotherapeutic approaches to curtail COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;88:106924. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32877828; PMCID: PMC7441891. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar