Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and routine childhood vaccinations – a self-controlled case series

References

• Zettl UK, Stuve O, Patejdl R. Immune-mediated CNS diseases: a review on nosological classification and clinical features. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11:167–73. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leake JA, Albani S, Kao AS, Senac MO, Billman GF, Nespeca MP, Paulino AD, Quintela ER, Sawyer MH, Bradley JS, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in childhood: epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:756–64. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000133048.75452.dd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynson JL, Kornberg AJ, Coleman LT, Shield L, Harvey AS, Kean MJ. Clinical and neuroradiologic features of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. Neurology. 2001;56:1308–12. doi:10.1212/WNL.56.10.1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl D, Hennemuth I, Von Kries R, Hanefeld F. Paediatric multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Germany: results of a nationwide survey. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166:405–12. doi:10.1007/s00431-006-0249-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavone P, Pettoello-Mantovano M, Le Pira A, Giardino I, Pulvirenti A, Giugno R, Parano E, Polizzi A, Distefano A, Ferro A, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term prospective study and meta-analysis. Neuropediatrics. 2010;41:246–55. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1271656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samile N, Hassan T. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children. A descriptive study in Tehran, Iran. Saudi Med J. 2007;28:396–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torisu H, Kira R, Ishizaki Y, Sanefuji M, Yamaguchi Y, Yasumoto S, Murakami Y, Shimono M, Nagamitsu S, Masuzaki M, et al. Clinical study of childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and acute transverse myelitis in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Brain Dev. 2010;32:454–62. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.10.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenembaum S, Chamoles N, Fejerman N. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients. Neurology. 2002;59:1224–31. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.8.1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V, Pozzi M, Antoniazzi S, Clementi E, Radice S. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis onset: evaluation based on vaccine adverse events reporting systems. PLoS One. 2013;8:e77766. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowhani-Rahbar A, Klein NP, Dekker CL, Edwards KM, Marchant CD, Vellozzi C, Fireman B, Sejvar JJ, Halsey NA, Baxter R, et al. Biologically plausible and evidence-based risk intervals in immunization safety research. Vaccine. 2012;31:271–77. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahud BA, Glaser CA, Dekker CL, Arvin AM, Schmid DS. Varicella zoster disease of the central nervous system: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features 10 years after the introduction of the varicella vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:316–23. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiq066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft PB. Para-infectious and post-vaccinal encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 1969;45:392–400. doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.524.392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schattner A. Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines. Vaccine. 2005;23:3876–86. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booss J, Davis LE. Smallpox and smallpox vaccination: neurological implications. Neurology. 2003;60:1241–45. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000063319.64515.6B.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson AC, Mostaco-Guidolin LC, Sinnock H, Bozat-Emre S, Routledge M, Mahmud SM. Pandemic H1N1 vaccination and incidence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Manitoba. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016;43:819–23. doi:10.1017/cjn.2016.291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung KL, Liao HT, Tsai ML. Postinfectious encephalomyelitis: etiologic and diagnostic trends. J Child Neurol. 2000;15:666–70. doi:10.1177/088307380001501005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoamanesh A, Traboulsee A. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following influenza vaccination. Vaccine. 2011;29:8182–85. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama T, Onoda K. Vaccine adverse events reported in post-marketing study of the Kitasato Institute from 1994 to 2004. Vaccine. 2007;25:570–76. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade SD, Andrade MG, Santos PJ, Galvao Mde L, Barros MM, Ramasawmy R, Safe IP, Monteiro WM, Sabidó M, Alecrim MDGC, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following inactivated influenza vaccination in the Brazilian Amazon: a case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015;48:498–500. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0314-2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dam CN, Syed S, Eron JJ, Ostrander M, Engler RJ, Damon I, Montgomery J, Tong S, Adimora A, Kahn K, et al. Severe postvaccinia encephalitis with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: recovery with early intravenous immunoglobulin, high-dose steroids, and vaccinia immunoglobulin. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:e47–9. doi:10.1086/596553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sejvar JJ, Labutta RJ, Chapman LE, Grabenstein JD, Iskander J, Lane JM. Neurologic adverse events associated with smallpox vaccination in the United States, 2002-2004. JAMA. 2005;294:2744–50. doi:10.1001/jama.294.21.2744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtaki E, Matsuishi T, Hirano Y, Maekawa K. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis after treatment with Japanese B encephalitis vaccine (Nakayama-Yoken and Beijing strains). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:316–17. doi:10.1136/jnnp.59.3.316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennetto L, Scolding N. Inflammatory/post-infectious encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(Suppl 1):i22–8. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.034256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekiguchi K, Yasui N, Kowa H, Kanda F, Toda T. Two cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against human papilloma virus. Intern Med. 2016;55:3181–84. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemachudha T, Griffin DE, Giffels JJ, Johnson RT, Moser AB, Phanuphak P. Myelin basic protein as an encephalitogen in encephalomyelitis and polyneuritis following rabies vaccination. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:369–74. doi:10.1056/NEJM198702123160703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubol S, Hemachudha T, Whitaker JN, Griffin DE. Antibody to peptides of human myelin basic protein in post-rabies vaccine endophalomyelitis sera. J Neuroimmunol. 1990;26:107–11. doi:10.1016/0165-5728(90)90081-W.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong CH, Yan Y, Liao Z, Peng SH, Wen HR, Zhang YX, Chen S-H, Li J, Chen H-Y, Feng X-W, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Nanchang, China: a retrospective study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:111. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Government. National immunization program schedule. Canberra (ACT): Australian Government; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Consortium for Classification Development. ICD-10-AM/ACHI/ACS. Australia, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3301.0 - Births, Australia, 2016. Canberra (ACT): Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government. Historical coverage data tables for all children. Canberra (ACT): Australia Government; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Chin LK, Crawford NW, Rowles G, Buttery JP. Australian immunisation registers: established foundations and opportunities for improvement. Euro Surveill. 2012;17:39.
   Google Scholar
• Hull BP, Deeks SL, McIntyre PB. The Australian childhood immunisation register-a model for universal immunisation registers? Vaccine. 2009;27:5054–60. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victorian Government. Immunisation schedule Victoria from January 2015. Vol. 2. Melbourne; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• State Government of Victoria. Vaccine history timeline. Melbourne: State Government of Victoria; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Sejvar JJ, Kohl KS, Bilynsky R, Blumberg D, Cvetkovich T, Galama J, Gidudu J, Katikaneni L, Khuri-Bulos N, Oleske J, et al. Encephalitis, myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM): case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2007;25:5771–92. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker HJ, Hocine MN, Farrington CP. The methodology of self-controlled case series studies. Stat Methods Med Res. 2009;18:7–26. doi:10.1177/0962280208092342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlin JB, Macartney KK, Lee KJ, Quinn HE, Buttery J, Lopert R, Bines J, McIntyre PB. Intussusception risk and disease prevention associated with rotavirus vaccines in Australia’s National immunization program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1427–34. doi:10.1093/cid/cit520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldeselassie Y, Whitaker H, Farrington C. Use of the self-controlled case-series method in vaccine safety studies: review and recommendations for best practice. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139:1805–17. doi:10.1017/S0950268811001531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford NW, Cheng A, Andrews N, Charles PG, Clothier HJ, Day B, Day T, Gates P, Macdonell R, Roberts L, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome following pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A immunisation in Victoria: a self-controlled case series. Med J Aust. 2012;197:574–78. doi:10.5694/mja12.10534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews N, Miller E, Waight P, Farrington P, Crowcroft N, Stowe J, Taylor B. Does oral polio vaccine cause intussusception in infants? Evidence from a sequence of three self-controlled cases series studies in the United Kingdom. Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;17:701–06. doi:10.1023/A:1015691619745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawken S, Potter BK, Little J, Benchimol EI, Mahmud S, Ducharme R, Wilson K. The use of relative incidence ratios in self-controlled case series studies: an overview. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16:126. doi:10.1186/s12874-016-0225-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker HJ, Farrington CP, Spiessens B, Musonda P. Tutorial in biostatistics: the self-controlled case series method. Stat Med. 2006;25:1768–97. doi:10.1002/sim.2302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clothier HJ, Lee KJ, Sundararajan V, Buttery JP, Crawford NW. Human papillomavirus vaccine in boys: background rates of potential adverse events. Med J Aust. 2013;198:554–58. doi:10.5694/mja12.11751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karussis D, Petrou P. The spectrum of post-vaccination inflammatory CNS demyelinating syndromes. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:215–24. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein NP, Lewis E, Fireman B, Hambidge SJ, Naleway A, Nelson JC, Belongia EA, Yih WK, Nordin JD, Hechter RC, et al. Safety of measles-containing vaccines in 1-year-old children. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e321–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolukbasi O, Ozmenoglu M. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with tetanus vaccination. Eur Neurol. 1999;41:231–32. doi:10.1159/000008056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibazaki K, Murakami T, Kushida R, Kurokawa K, Terada K, Sunada Y. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with oral polio vaccine. Int Med (Tokyo, Japan). 2005;45:1143–46. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.6029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini J, Chabrol B, Moulene E, Pinsard N. Relapsing acute encephalopathy: a complication of diphtheria-tetanus-poliomyelitis immunization in a young boy. Eur J Pediatr. 1996;155:136–38. doi:10.1007/BF02075768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold MS, Effler P, Kelly H, Richmond PC, Buttery JP. Febrile convulsions after 2010 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine: implications for vaccine safety surveillance in Australia. Med J Aust. 2010;193:492–93. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04029.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varricchio F, Iskander J, Destefano F, Ball R, Pless R, Braun MM, Chen RT. Understanding vaccine safety information from the vaccine adverse event reporting system. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:287–94. doi:10.1097/00006454-200404000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson I, Granath F, Askling J, Ludvigsson JF, Olsson T, Feltelius N. Risks of neurological and immune-related diseases, including narcolepsy, after vaccination with Pandemrix: a population- and registry-based cohort study with over 2 years of follow-up. J Intern Med. 2014;275:172–90. doi:10.1111/joim.12150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idrissova ZR, Boldyreva MN, Dekonenko EP, Malishev NA, Leontyeva IY, Martinenko IN, Petrukhin AS. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: clinical features and HLA-DR linkage. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10:537–46. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00639.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton PN, Khoury L, Booy R, Wood N, Jones CA. Encephalitis in Australian children: contemporary trends in hospitalisation. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101:51–56. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar