References
- Bigdeli M, Peters DH, Wagner AK. Medicines in health systems: advancing access, affordability and appropriate use [Internet]. 2014 [accessed 2019 Feb 13]. www.who.int .
- World Health Organisation (WHO). WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. Geneva. [Internet]. Licence CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO2019 [ accessed 2019 May 9]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311941/9789241550505-eng.pdf?ua=1 .
- United Nations. Sustainable development goals [Internet]. 2010 [accessed 2020 Dec 2];1–7. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/ .
- Burnett RJ, Mmoledi G, Ngcobo NJ, Dochez C, Seheri LM, Mphahlele JM. Impact of vaccine stock-outs on infant vaccination coverage : a hospital-based survey from South Africa. Int Health. 2018;1–6. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihx046.
- Le Roux K, Akin-Olugbade O, Katzen LS, Laurenzi C, Mercer N, Tomlinson M, Rotheram-Borus MJ. Immunisation coverage in the rural Eastern Cape - Are we getting the basics of primary care right? Results from a longitudinal prospective cohort study. South African Med J. 2017;107:52–55. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2017.v107i1.11242.
- Mothiba TM, Tladi FM. Challenges faced by professional nurses when implementing the expanded programme on immunisation at rural clinics in Capricorn District, Limpopo. African J Prim Heal Care Fam Med [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 2020 Aug 3];8:a923–2928.
- SAGE. Pre-empting and responding to vaccine supply shortages. SAGE April 2016 Executive summary [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 2018 Feb 22]. http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/april/1_Mariat_shortages_SAGE_2016.pdf .
- World Health Organisation (WHO). Addressing the global shortage of medicines and vaccines Report by the Secretariat [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Mar 6]. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB140/B140_19-en.pdf .
- Wiysonge CS, Ngcobo NJ, Jeena PM, Madhi SA, Schoub BD, Hawkridge A, Shey MS, Hussey GD. Advances in childhood immunisation in South Africa: where to now? Programme managers’ views and evidence from systematic reviews. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2012;12:578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22849711 .
- Ngcobo NJ. The impact of the immunisation programme on vaccine-preventable diseases in South Africa: a review of progress over a 10- to 15-year period. South African J Epidemiol Infect. 2008;23:9–13. doi:10.1080/10158782.2008.11441292.
- Massyn N, Barron P, Day C, Ndlovu N, Padarath A. District Health Barometer 2018/19 [Internet]. Durban Heal Syst Trust. 2020 [accessed 2020 Aug 3];19. https://www.hst.org.za/publications/DistrictHealthBarometers/District+Health+Barometer+2018-19+Web.pdf .
- Von Gottberg A, De Gouveia L, Tempia S, Quan V, Meiring S, Von Mollendorf C, Madhi SA, Zell ER, Verani JR, O’Brien KL, et al. Effects of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa. N Engl J Med. [Internet] 2014;371:1889–99. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401914.
- Ngcobo NJ, Kamupira MG. The status of vaccine availability and associated factors in Tshwane government clinics. South African Med J. 2017;107:535. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2017.v107i6.12149.
- Burnett RJ, Mmoledi G, Ngcobo NJ, Dochez C, Seheri LM, Mphahlele MJ. Impact of vaccine stock-outs on infant vaccination coverage: a hospital-based survey from South Africa. Int Health [Internet]. 2018;10:376–81. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051785250&doi=10.1093%2Finthealth%2Fihy036&partnerID=40&md5=5e4620d8cf0e2a70a377953514e75ead .
- Ndwandwe D, Nnaji CA, Mashunye T, Uthman OA, Wiysonge CS. Incomplete vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12–23 months in South Africa: an analysis of the South African demographic and health survey 2016. Hum Vaccin Immunother [Internet]. 2020. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1791509.
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), the Rural Doctors Association of Southern Africa (RuDASA), the Rural Health Advocacy Project (RHAP), the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) S and the SAHCS. Stop Stockouts Project (SSP) Stockouts National Survey [Internet]. Stop Stock Proj Stock Natl Surv. 2016. http://www.groundup.org.za/media/uploads/documents/StopStockoutsSurvey2016.pdf .
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), the Rural Doctors Association of Southern Africa (RuDASA), the Rural Health Advocacy Project (RHAP), the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) S and the SAHCS. Stock Outs in South Africa - A National Crisis [Internet]. 2013 [accessed 2019 Jun 1]. https://stockouts.org/Download/stop_stockouts_report_2013pdf_1.pdf .
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), the Rural Doctors Association of Southern Africa (RuDASA), the Rural Health Advocacy Project (RHAP), the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) S and the SAHCS. Stock outs in South Africa. Second Annual Report. 2014 Stock Outs Survey [Internet]. Stop Stock Proj Stock Natl Surv. 2015 [accessed 2019 Jun 1]. https://stockouts.org/Download/stockouts_2014_final_online.pdf .
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), the Rural Doctors Association of Southern Africa (RuDASA), the Rural Health Advocacy Project (RHAP), the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) S and the SAHCS. 2015 Stock Outs National Survey Third Annual Report – south Africa [Internet]. Stop Stock Proj Stock Natl Surv. 2016 Aug [accessed 2018 Dec 12]. https://stockouts.org/Download/2015_stock_outs_national_survey.pdf .
- Iwu CJ, Ngcobo N, Mccaul M, Mangqalaza H, Magwaca A, Chikte U, Wiysonge CS. Vaccine stock management in primary health care facilities in OR Tambo District, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Vaccine [Internet]. 2020;38:4111–18. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.019.
- Iwu CJ, Ngcobo N, Jaca A, Wiyeh A, Pienaar E, Chikte U, Wiysonge CS. A systematic review of vaccine availability at the national, district, and health facility level in the WHO African Region. Expert Rev Vaccines [Internet]. 2020 [accessed 2020 Aug 1]. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14760584.2020.1791088 .
- Hasselback L, Dicko M, Viadro C, Ndour S, Ndao O, Wesson J. Understanding and addressing contraceptive stockouts to increase family planning access and uptake in Senegal. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2017 [accessed 2018 Mar 6];17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5446687/pdf/12913_2017_Article_2316.pdf .
- Kagashe GA, Massawe T. Medicine stock out and inventory management problems in public hospitals in Tanzanua: a case of Dar es Salaal region hospitals. Int J Pharm [Internet]. 2012 [accessed 2019 Jul 1];2:252–59. http://www.pharmascholars.com .
- Asfar A, Kartlogu U. Vaccine stock management: guidelines on stock records for immunization programme and vaccine store managers [Internet]. 2006. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69629 .
- WHO Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. Immunization Supply Chain and Logistics: a neglected but essential system for national immunization programmes [Internet]. In: SAGE Meeting of April 2014. 2014 [accessed 2018 Mar 23]; 1–19. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/131568/WHO_IVB_14.05_eng.pdf?sequence=1 .
- Hasselback L, Crawford J, Chaluco T, Rajagopal S, Prosser W, Watson N. Rapid diagnostic test supply chain and consumption study in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique: estimating stock shortages and identifying drivers of stock-outs. Malar J. 2014;13:1–10. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-295.
- Yadav P. Health product supply chains in developing countries: diagnosis of the root causes of underperformance and an agenda for reform. Heal Syst Reform. 2015;1:142–54. doi:10.4161/23288604.2014.968005.
- Iwu CJ, Jaca A, Abdullahi LH, Ngcobo NJ, Wiysonge CS. A scoping review of interventions for vaccine stock management in primary health-care facilities. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2019;15:2666–72. doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1607130.
- Iwu CJ, Ngcobo N, Cooper S, Mathebula L, Mangqalaza H, Magwaca A, Chikte U, Wiysonge CS. Mobile reporting of vaccine stock-levels in primary health care facilities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: perceptions and experiences of health care workers. Hum Vaccin Immunother [Internet]. 2020;1–7. doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1700713.
- Mandimika N Enhancing medicine availability through innovation. The stock visibility system. In: The health systems trust conference [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 2019 May 21]. https://www.hst.org.za/hstconference/hstconference2016/Presentations/svs_hst_conference_20160503.pdf .
- Polity. Aaron Motsoaledi Address by Minister of Health, o. DoH Aaron Motsoaledi Address by Minist. Heal. Occas. Stock Visibility Syst. Improv. access Availab. Essent. Med. Midrand: South Africa launch; 2016
- Kasonde M, Steele P. The people factor: an analysis of the human resources landscape for immunization supply chain management. Vaccine. 2017;35:2134–40. [Internet]. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.084.
- Brown AN, Prosser W, Zwinkels D. Who is preparing the next generation of immunization supply chain professionals? Vaccine. 2017;35:2229–32. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.076.
- Rao R, Schreiber B, Lee BY. Immunization supply chains: why they matter and how they are changing. Vaccine [Internet]. 2017;35:2103–04. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X1730275X .
- Guillermet E, Alfa DA, Gbodja R, Jaillard P. Professional changes induced by a redesigned immunization supply chain in the Com?? Health Zone, Benin. Vaccine [Internet]. 2017;35:2189–94. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.074.
- Aina M, Igbokwe U, Jegede L, Fagge R, Thompson A, Mahmoud N. Preliminary results from direct-to-facility vaccine deliveries in Kano, Nigeria. Vaccine [Internet]. 2017;35:2175–82. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.100.
- Prosser W, Jaillard P, Assy E, Brown ST, Matsinhe G, Dekoun M, Lee BY. System redesign of the immunization supply chain: experiences from Benin and Mozambique. Vaccine. 2017;35:2162–66. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.073.
- Gilbert SS, Thakare N, Ramanujapuram A, Akkihal A. Assessing stability and performance of a digitally enabled supply chain: retrospective of a pilot in Uttar Pradesh, India. Vaccine [Internet]. 2017;35:2203–08. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.101.
- World health organisation (WHO). System design approach to improve the immunization supply chain [Internet]. WHO/IVB/18.012018. [ accessed 2020 Jul 28]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272853/WHO-IVB-18.01-eng.pdf?ua=1 .
- Chen SI, Norman BA, Rajgopal J, Assi TM, Lee BY, Brown ST. A planning model for the WHO-EPI vaccine distribution network in developing countries. IIE Trans (Institute Ind Eng). 2014;46:853–65.
- Brown ST, Schreiber B, Cakouros BE, Wateska AR, Dicko HM, Connor DL, Jaillard P, Mvundura M, Norman BA, Levin C, et al. The benefits of redesigning Benin’s vaccine supply chain. Vaccine [Internet]. 2014;32:4097–103. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.090.
- Decouttere C, Vandaele N, Lemmens S, Bernuzzi M. The vaccine supply chain multathlon: the reconciliation of technology, economy and access to medicines [Internet]. Springer; 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24418-1.
- Lee BY, Haidari LA, Prosser W, Connor DL, Bechtel R, Dipuve A, Kassim H, Khanlawia B, Brown ST. Re-designing the Mozambique vaccine supply chain to improve access to vaccines. Vaccine [Internet]. 2016 [accessed 2018 Aug 29]; 34:4998–5004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5547748/pdf/nihms886969.pdf .