Clinically- versus serologically-identified varicella: A hidden infection burden. A ten-year follow-up from a randomized study in varicella-endemic countries

References

• World Health Organization. Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89(25):265–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, Cohrs RJ, Gershon MD, Gilden D, Grose C, Hambleton S, Kennedy PGE, Oxman MN, et al. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15016. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liese JG, Grote V, Rosenfeld E, Fischer R, Belohradsky BH, v Kries R, Group EVS. The burden of varicella complications before the introduction of routine varicella vaccination in Germany. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(2):119–24. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181586665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziebold C, von Kries R, Lang R, Weigl J, Schmitt HJ. Severe complications of varicella in previously healthy children in Germany: a 1-year survey. Pediatrics. 2001;108(5):E79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freer G, Pistello M. Varicella-zoster virus infection: natural history, clinical manifestations, immunity and current and future vaccination strategies. New Microbiol. 2018;41(2):95–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Varicella vaccination in the European Union. Stockholm: ECDC; Sweden; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Wutzler P, Bonanni P, Burgess M, Gershon A, Safadi MA, Casabona G. Varicella vaccination - the global experience. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(8):833–43. doi:10.1080/14760584.2017.1343669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollaerts K, Riera-Montes M, Heininger U, Hens N, Souverain A, Verstraeten T, Hartwig S. A systematic review of varicella seroprevalence in European countries before universal childhood immunization: deriving incidence from seroprevalence data. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(13):2666–77. doi:10.1017/S0950268817001546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riera-Montes M, Bollaerts K, Heininger U, Hens N, Gabutti G, Gil A, Nozad B, Mirinaviciute G, Flem E, Souverain A, et al. Estimation of the burden of varicella in Europe before the introduction of universal childhood immunization. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):353. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2445-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry O, Brzostek J, Czajka H, Leviniene G, Reshetko O, Gasparini R, Pazdiora P, Plesca D, Desole MG, Kevalas R, et al. One or two doses of live varicella virus-containing vaccines: Efficacy, persistence of immune responses, and safety six years after administration in healthy children during their second year of life. Vaccine. 2018;36(3):381–87. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povey M, Henry O, Riise Bergsaker MA, Chlibek R, Esposito S, Flodmark CE, Gothefors L, Man S, Silfverdal SA, Stefkovicova M, et al. Protection against varicella with two doses of combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine or one dose of monovalent varicella vaccine: 10-year follow-up of a phase 3 multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(3):287–97. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30716-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prymula R, Riise Bergsaker M, Esposito S, Gothefors L, Man S, Snegova N, Stefkovicova M, Usonis V, Wysocki J, Douha M, et al. Protection against varicella with two doses of combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine versus one dose of monovalent varicella vaccine: a multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9925):1313–24. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61461-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seward J, Jumaan A. VSV: persistence in the population. In Arvin A, Campadelli-Fiume G, Mocarski E, Moore PS, Roizman B, Whitley R, et al. editors. Human herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Ciofi Degli Atti ML, Rota MC, Mandolini D, Bella A, Gabutti G, Crovari P, Salmaso S. Assessment of varicella underreporting in Italy. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;128(3):479–84. doi:10.1017/S0950268802006878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossong J, Putz L, Schneider F. Seroprevalence and force of infection of varicella-zoster virus in Luxembourg. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132(6):1121–27. doi:10.1017/S0950268804002754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz MP, Dominguez A, Salleras L. Estimated varicella incidence on the basis of a seroprevalence survey. Epidemiol Infect. 2001;127(3):501–07. doi:10.1017/S0950268801006264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib MA, Prymula R, Carryn S, Esposito S, Henry O, Ravault S, Usonis V, Wysocki J, Gillard P, Povey M. Correlation of protection against varicella in a randomized Phase III varicella-containing vaccine efficacy trial in healthy infants. Vaccine. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Varicella/Chickenpox 2010 case definition. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Vazquez M, LaRussa PS, Gershon AA, Steinberg SP, Freudigman K, Shapiro ED. The effectiveness of the varicella vaccine in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(13):955–60. doi:10.1056/NEJM200103293441302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clopper CJ, Pearson ES. The use of confidence or fiducial limits illustrated in the case of the binomial. Biometrika. 1934;26(4):404–13. doi:10.1093/biomet/26.4.404.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta SK, Cohrs RJ, Forghani B, Zerbe G, Gilden DH, Pierson DL. Stress-induced subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J Med Virol. 2004;72(1):174–79. doi:10.1002/jmv.10555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaevangelou V, Quinlivan M, Lockwood J, Papaloukas O, Sideri G, Critselis E, Papassotiriou I, Papadatos J, Breuer J. Subclinical VZV reactivation in immunocompetent children hospitalized in the ICU associated with prolonged fever duration. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(5):E245–51. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunemann S, Mainka C, Wolff MH. Subclinical reactivation of varicella-zoster virus in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Intervirology. 1998;41(2–3):98–102. doi:10.1159/000024920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne N, Duval B, De Serres G, Deceuninck G, Masse R, Couillard M. Most ten-year-old children with negative or unknown histories of chickenpox are immune. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(11):1087–88. doi:10.1097/00006454-200111000-00017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieu TA, Black SB, Takahashi H, Ray P, Capra AM, Shinefield HR, Adler NE. Varicella serology among school age children with a negative or uncertain history of chickenpox. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(2):120–25. doi:10.1097/00006454-199802000-00008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpaz R, Dahl RM. Administrative data to explore the role of family history as a risk factor for herpes zoster. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(6):747–51. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardone A, de Ory F, Carton M, Cohen D, van Damme P, Davidkin I, Rota MC, de Melker H, Mossong J, Slacikova M, et al. The comparative sero-epidemiology of varicella zoster virus in 11 countries in the European region. Vaccine. 2007;25(45):7866–72. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacci S, Glismann S, Muscat M, Bang H, Lewis H. Surveillance of varicella and herpes zoster in Europe as of 2010. In EUVAC, editor. Statens Serum Institut, EUVAC.NET hub. Dept. of Epidemiology; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg A, Lazar AA, Zerbe GO, Hayward AR, Chan ISF, Vessey R, Silber JL, MacGregor RR, Chan K, Gershon AA, et al. Influence of age and nature of primary infection on varicella-zoster virus-specific cell-mediated immune responses. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(7):1024–30. doi:10.1086/651199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg A, Pang L, Johnson MJ, Caldas Y, Cho A, Tovar-Salazar A, Canniff J, Schmader KE, Popmihajlov Z, Levin MJ. The effect of age on the immunogenicity of the live attenuated zoster vaccine is predicted by baseline regulatory T cells and varicella-zoster virus-specific T cell immunity. J Virol. 2019;93(15). doi:10.1128/JVI.00305-19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prymula R, Povey M, Brzostek J, Cabrnochova H, Chlibek R, Czajka H, Leviniene G, Man S, Neamtu M, Pazdiora P, et al. Ten-year follow-up on efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of two doses of a combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine or one dose of monovalent varicella vaccine: Results from five East European countries. Vaccine. 2021;39(19):2643–51. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar