A qualitative study exploring the relationship between mothers’ vaccine hesitancy and health beliefs with COVID-19 vaccination intention and prevention during the early pandemic months

References

• COCONEL Group. A future vaccination campaign against COVID-19 at risk of vaccine hesitancy and politicisation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(7):769–70. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30426-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CNN health. Tracking coronavirus’s global spread; 2021 [accessed 2021 Feb 14]. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-maps-and-cases/ .
   Google Scholar
• DeRoo SS, Pudalov NJ, Fu LY. Planning for a COVID-19 vaccination program. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2458–59. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8711. PMID: 32421155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Ten threats to global health in 2019; 2020 [accessed 2020 Jun 10]. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 .
   Google Scholar
• Yaqub O, Castle-Clarke S, Sevdalis N, Chataway J. Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review. Soc Sci Med. 2014;112:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.socscim. PMID: 24788111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panozzo CA, Head KJ, Kornides ML, Feemster KA, Zimet GD. Tailored messages addressing human papillomavirus vaccination concerns improves behavioral intent among mothers: a randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(2):253–61. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.01.024. PMID: 32199723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi SM, Sayer LC, Milkie MA, Robinson JP. Housework: who did, does or will do it, and how much does it matter? Social Forces. 2012;91(1):55–63. doi:10.1093/sf/sos/120. PMID: 25429165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIA Report. Gender differences in the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic Women in Academia. [ accessed 2020 Jul 8]. https://www.wiareport.com/2020/07/gender-differences-in-the-economic-and-social-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/ .
   Google Scholar
• Fall E, Izaute M, Chakroun-Baggioni N. How can the health belief model and self-determination theory predict both influenza vaccination and vaccination intention? A longitudinal study among university students. Psychol Health. 2018;33(6):746–64. doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1401623. PMID: 29132225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampetakis LA, Melas C. The health belief model predicts vaccination intentions against COVID-19: a survey experiment approach. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2021;26:10. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1111/aphw.12262. PMID: 33634930.
   Google Scholar
• Wong LP, Alias H, Wong P, Lee HY, AbuBakar S. The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(9):2204–14. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1790279. PMID: 32730103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew AA, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, Kimball S, El- Mohandes A. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med. 2020. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9. PMID: 33082575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head KJ, Kasting ML, Sturm LA, Hartsock JA, Zimet GD. A national survey assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination intentions: implications for future public health communication efforts. Sci Commun. 2020 Sep 23 [accessed 2020 Nov 3];42:698–723.A national survey assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination intentions: implications for future public health communication efforts. Sci Commun. 2020 Sep 23 [accessed 2020 Nov 3];42:698–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galewitz P. Poll: nearly half of American adults now want the COVID vaccine – ASAP. KHN; 2021 [accessed 2021 Jan 27]. https://khn.org/news/article/poll-nearly-half-of-american-adults-now-want-the-covid-vaccine-asap/ .
   Google Scholar
• Lunz K, Motta M. U.S. News and World Report. Many vaccine skeptics plan to refuse a COVID-19 vaccine, study suggests; 2020 May 4 [accessed 2020 Aug 4]. https://www.usnews.com/news/healthiest-%20communities/articles/2020-05-04/many-vaccine-skeptics-plan-to-refuse-a-covid-19-vaccine-study-suggests .
   Google Scholar
• Ndugga N, Pham O, Hill L, Artiga S, Alam R, Parker N. Latest data on COVID-19 vaccinations race/ethnicity. KFF.org; 2021 [accessed 2021 May 5]. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/latest-data-on-covid-19-vaccinations-race-ethnicity/ .
   Google Scholar
• Bell S, Clarke R, Mounier-Jack S, Walker JL, Paterson P. Parents’ and guardians’ views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine: a multi-methods study in England. Vaccine. 2020;38(49):7789–98. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.027. PMID: 33109389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yigit M, Ozkaya-Parlakay A, Senel E. Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine refusal in parents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021;40(4):e134–e136. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000003042. PMID: 33410650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlHajri B, Alenezi D, Alfouzan H, Altamimi S, Alzalzalah S, Almansouri W, Alqudeimat Y, Almokhaizeem Z, Ziyab AH. Willingness of parents to vaccinate their children against influenza and the novel coronavirus disease-2019. J Pediatr. 2020;231:298–99. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.11.059. PMID: 33271188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang KC, Fang Y, Cao H, Chen H, Hu T, Chen YQ, Zhou X, Wang Z. Parental acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination for children under the age of 18 Years: cross- sectional online survey. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2020;3(2):e24827. doi:10.2196/24827. PMID: 33326406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman RD, Yan TD, Seiler M, Parra Cotanda C, Brown JC, Klein EJ, Hoeffe J, Gelernter R, Hall JE, Davis AL, et al. Caregiver willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: cross sectional survey. Vaccine. 2020;38(48):7668–73. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.084. PMID: 33071002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamel L, Lopes L, Sparks G, Stokes M, Brodie M. KFF COVID-19 vaccine monitor – April 21. KFF.org; 2021 [accessed 2021 May 6]. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-april-2021/ .
   Google Scholar
• Reinberg S. Poll: 1 in 4 parents won’t vaccinate their kids. HealthDay Edition. against COVID. 2021 [accessed 2021 May 1]. https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20210401/poll-1-in-4-parents-wont-vaccinate-their-kids-against-covid.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(2):175–83. doi:10.1177/109019818801500203. PMID: 3378902.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grinberg K, Sela Y. What affects maternal response to measles vaccinations? Examining the health beliefs model (HBM). Science. 2021;32(2):20. doi:10.3390/sci3020020.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter CJ. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Commun. 2010;25(8):661–69. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.521906. PMID: 21153982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison JA, Mullen PD, Green W. A meta‐analysis of studies of the health belief model with adults. Health Educ Res. 1992;7(1):107–16. doi:10.1093/her/7.1.107. PMID: 21153982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe A, Gatewood SB, Mocaygemba LR, Goode JKR, Beckner JO. The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the novel (2009) H1N1 influenza vaccine. Innov Pharm. 2012;3(2):1–11. doi:10.24926/iip.v3i2.257. PMID: 22844651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerend MA, Shepherd JE. Predicting human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in young adult women: comparing the health belief model and theory of planned behavior. Ann Behav Med. 2012;44(2):171–80. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9366-5. PMID: 22547155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsch C, Bohm R, Chapman GB. Using behavioral insights to increase vaccination policy effectiveness. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci. 2015;2(1):61–73. doi:10.1177/2372732215600716. PMID: 25429165.
   Google Scholar
• Verger P, Bocquier A, Vergélys C, Ward J, Peretti-Watel P. Flu vaccination among patients with diabetes: motives, perceptions, trust, and risk culture - a qualitative survey. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:569. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5441-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu S, Ali ST, Jang C, Kim B, Cowling BJ. Effect of nonpharmaceutical interventions on transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, South Korea, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(10):2406–10. doi:10.3201/eid2610.201886. PMID: 32487283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane MA, Shermock KM, Omer SB, Romley JA. Change in reported adherence to nonpharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, April-November 2020. JAMA. 2021;325(9):883–85. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.0286. PMID: 3348097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagliaro S, Sacchi S, Pacilli MG, Brambilla M, Lionetti F, Bettache K, Bianchi M, Biella M, Bonnot V, Boza M, et al. Trust predicts COVID-19 prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions in 23 countries. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248334. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248334. PMID: 33690672.Pagliaro S, Sacchi S, Pacilli MG, Brambilla M, Lionetti F, Bettache K, Bianchi M, Biella M, Bonnot V, Boza M, et al. Trust predicts COVID-19 prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions in 23 countries. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248334. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248334. PMID: 33690672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benham JL, Lang R, Kovacs Burns K, MacKean G, Léveillé T, McCormack B, Sheikh H, Fullerton MM, Tang T, Boucher JC, et al. Attitudes, current behaviours and barriers to public health measures that reduce COVID-19 transmission: a qualitative study to inform public health messaging. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246941. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246941. PMID: 33606782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coroiu A, Moran C, Campbell T, Geller AC. Barriers and facilitators of adherence to social distancing recommendations during COVID-19 among a large international sample of adults. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239795. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239795. PMID: 33027281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridman I, Lucas N, Henke D, Zigler CK. Association between public knowledge about COVID-19, trust in information sources, and adherence to social distancing: cross-sectional survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020;6(3):e22060. doi:10.2196/22060. PMID: 32930670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park CL, Russell BS, Fendrich M, Finkelstein-Fox L, Hutchison M, Becker J. Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC guidelines. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(8):2296–303. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9. PMID: 32472486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brug J, Aro AR, Richardus JH. Risk perceptions and behaviour: towards pandemic control of emerging infectious diseases: international research on risk perception in the control of emerging infectious diseases. Int J Behav Med. 2009;16(1):3–6. doi:10.1007/s12529-008-9000-x. PMID: 19127440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freimuth V, Linnan HW, Potter P. Communicating the threat of emerging infections to the public. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6(4):337–47. doi:10.3201/eid0604.000403. PMID: 10905966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brug J, Aro AR, Oenema A, de Zwart O, Richardus JH, Bishop GD. SARS risk perception, knowledge, precautions, and information sources, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(8):1486–89. doi:10.3201/eid1008.040283. PMID: 15496256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui M, Salmon DA, Omer SB. Epidemiology of vaccine hesitancy in the United States. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(12):2643–48. doi:10.4161/hv.27243. PMID: 24247148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aerts C, Revilla M, Duval L, Paaijmans K, Chandrabose J, Cox H, Sicuri E. Understanding the role of disease knowledge and risk perception in shaping preventive behavior for selected vector-borne diseases in Guyana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;1(4):e0008149. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008149. PMID: 32251455.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer NT, Chapman GB, Rothman AJ, Leask J, Kempe A. Increasing vaccination: putting psychological science into action. Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2017;18(3):149–207. doi:10.1177/1529100618760521. PMID: 29611455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DM, Paterson P. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine. 2014;32(19):2150–59. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081. PMID: 24598724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald NE, Butler R, Dubé E. Addressing barriers to vaccine acceptance: an overview. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(1):218–24. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1394533. PMID: 29048975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciolà A, Visalli G, Orlando A, Bertuccio MP, Spataro P, Squeri R, Picerno I, Di Pietro A. Vaccine hesitancy: an overview on parents’ opinions about vaccination and possible reasons of vaccine refusal. J Public Health Res. 2019;8(1):1436. doi:10.4081/jphr.2019.1436. PMID: 30997357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornides ML, McRee AL, Gilkey MB. Parents who decline HPV vaccination: who later accepts and why? Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(2):S37–S43. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.008. PMID: 29502636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorell C, Yankey D, Jeyarajah J, Stokley S, Fisher A, Markowitz L, Smith PJ. Delay and refusal of human papillomavirus vaccine for girls, National Immunization Survey–Teen, 2010. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2014;53(3):261–69. doi:10.1177/0009922813520070. PMID: 24463951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilkey MB, Calo WA, Marciniak MW, Brewer NT. Parents who refuse or delay HPV vaccine: differences in vaccination behavior, beliefs, and clinical communication preferences. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(3):680–86. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1247134. PMID: 27763818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann L, Harmoni R, Power C. Adolescent decision-making: the development of competence. J Adolesc. 1989;12(3):265–78. doi:10.1016/0140-1971(89)90077-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg L. Does recent research on adolescent brain development inform the mature minor doctrine? J Med Philos. 2013;38:256–67. doi:10.1093/jmp/jht017. PMID: 23607975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weithorn LA, Campbell SB. The competency of children and adolescents to make informed treatment decisions. Child Dev. 1982;53(6):1589–98. doi:10.2307/1130087. PMID: 7172783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker KK, Head KJ, Owens H, Zimet G. Mothers’ sources and strategies for managing COVID-19 uncertainties during the early pandemic months. J Fam Commun. 2021Walker KK, Head KJ, Owens H, Zimet G. Mothers’ sources and strategies for managing COVID-19 uncertainties during the early pandemic months. J Fam Commun. 2021;1–18. doi: 10.1080/15267431.2021.1928135
   Google Scholar
• Arnett J. Emerging adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Braun V, Clarke V, Hayfield N. ‘A starting point for your journey, not a map’: Nikki Hayfield in conversation with Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke about thematic analysis. Qual Res Psychol. 2019:1–22. doi:10.1080/14780887.201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germani F, Biller-Andorno N. The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: a behavioral analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0247642. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247642. PMID: 33657152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker KK, Owens H, Zimet G. The role of the media on maternal confidence in provider HPV recommendation. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1765. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09877-x. PMID: 33228674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn S, Jamison A, Musa D, Hilyard K, Freimuth V. Exploring the continuum of vaccine hesitancy between African American and White adults: results of a qualitative study. PLoS Curr. 2016;29(8): PMID: 28239512. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.3e4a5ea39d8620494e2a2c874a3c4201. ecurrents.outbreaks.3e4a5ea39d8620494e2a2c874a3c4201.
   Google Scholar
• Van Bavel JJ, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, Crockett MJ, Crum AJ, Douglas KM, Druckman NJ, et al. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID- 19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav. 2020;4(5):460–71. doi:10.1038/s41562020-0884-z. PMID: 32355299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridman A, Gershon R, Gneezy A. COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy: a longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250123. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250123. PMID: 33861765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer R, Klein WM. Risk perceptions and health behavior. Curr Opin Psychol. 2015;5:85–89. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.012. PMID: 26258160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar