Vaccines efficacy to SARS-CoV-2 variants require holistic knowledge of viral immunology and protein biochemistry

References

• Abdalla M, El-Arabey AA, Jiang X. Are the new SARS-CoV-2 variants resistant against the vaccine? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;1–2. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1925503.
   Google Scholar
• Tegally H, Wilkinson E, Giovanetti M, Iranzadeh A, Fonseca V, Giandhari J, Doolabh D, Pillay S, San EJ, Msomi N, et al. Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa. Nature. 2021;592(7854):438–43. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03402-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones TC, Biele G, Muhlemann B, Veith T, Schneider J, Beheim-Schwarzbach J, Bleicker T, Tesch J, Schmidt ML, Sander LE, et al. Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course. Science. 2021;373(6551):eabi5273. doi:10.1126/science.abi5273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira I, Datir R, Kemp S, Papa G, Rakshit P, Singh S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 emergence and sensitivity to vaccine-elicited antibodies. bioRxiv: Preprint Ser Biol. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.05.08.443253.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Jackson CB, Mou H, Ojha A, Peng H, Quinlan BD, Rangarajan ES, Pan A, Vanderheiden A, Suthar MS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity. Nat Commun. 2020;11;6013. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19808-4
   Google Scholar
• Tchesnokova V, Kulakesara H, Larson L, Bowers V, Rechkina E, Kisiela D, Sledneva Y, Choudhury D, Maslova I, Deng K, et al. Acquisition of the L452R mutation in the ACE2-binding interface of Spike protein triggers recent massive expansion of SARS-Cov-2 variants. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2021 Mar 11. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.22.432189. PMID: 33758861; PMCID: PMC7987020.
   Google Scholar
• Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Kucharski AJ, Munday JD, Pearson CAB, Russell TW, Tully DC, Washburne AD, et al. Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Science. 2021;372(6538):eabg3055. doi:10.1126/science.abg3055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giacomo S, Mercatelli D, Rakhimov A, Giorgi FM. Preliminary report on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike mutation T478K. J Med Virol. 2021;93(9):5638–43. doi:10.1002/jmv.27062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cele S, Gazy I, Jackson L, Hwa SH, Tegally H, Lustig G, Giandhari J, Pillay S, Wilkinson E, Naidoo Y, et al. Escape of SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 from neutralization by convalescent plasma. Nature. 2021;593(7857):142–46. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03471-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wibmer CK, Ayres F, Hermanus T, Madzivhandila M, Kgagudi P, Oosthuysen B, Lambson BE, de Oliveira T, Vermeulen M, Van Der Berg K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):622–25. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01285-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito A, Nasser H, Uriu K, Kosugi Y, Irie T, Shirakawa K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike P681R mutation enhances and accelerates viral fusion. bioRxiv: Preprint Ser Biol. 2021; doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448820.
   Google Scholar
• Wang P, Casner RG, Nair MS, Wang M, Yu J, Cerutti G, Liu L, Kwong PD, Huang Y, Shapiro L, et al. Increased resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variant P.1 to antibody neutralization. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29(5):747–51 e4. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal JL, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:585–594. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2108891.
   Google Scholar
• Murin CD, Wilson IA, Ward AB. Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4:734–47. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0392-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Chirmule N, Gao GP, Qian R, Croyle M, Joshi B, Tazelaar J, Wilson JM. Acute cytokine response to systemic adenoviral vectors in mice is mediated by dendritic cells and macrophages. Mol Ther. 2001;3:697–707. doi:10.1006/mthe.2001.0329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, Hengartner N, Giorgi EE, Bhattacharya T, Foley B, et al. Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus. Cell. 2020;182(4):812–27 e19. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante JA, Liu Y, Liu J, Xia H, Johnson BA, Lokugamage KG, Zhang X, Muruato AE, Zou J, Fontes-Garfias CR, et al. Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness. Nature. 2021;592(7852):116–21. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2895-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan M, Wu NC, Zhu X, Lee CD, So RTY, Lv H, Mok CKP, Wilson IA. A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Science. 2020;368(6491):630–33. doi:10.1126/science.abb7269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Pohlmann S, Multibasic Cleavage A. Site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection of human lung cells. Mol Cell. 2020;78:779–84 e5. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shokeen K, Pandey S, Shah M, Kumar S. Insight towards the effect of the multibasic cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on cellular proteases. bioRxiv: Preprint Ser Biol. 2020.04.25.061507. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.04.25.061507
   Google Scholar
• Davis N. The covid delta variant: how effective are the vaccines? In: Davis N editor. The Guardian. Interantional edition; 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/15/the-covid-delta-variant-how-effective-are-the-vaccines.
   Google Scholar
• Catherine S-B How well COVID-19 vaccines work against the Delta variant, according to the best available data. Business insider. India; 2021:https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/how-well-covid-19-vaccines-protect-against-the-delta-variant-according-to-the-best-available-data/articleshow/84233954.cms.
   Google Scholar