5,698
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recommendations of the Italian society for infectious and tropical diseases (SIMIT) for adult vaccinations

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , & show all
Pages 4265-4282 | Received 09 Jun 2021, Accepted 18 Aug 2021, Published online: 15 Sep 2021

References

  • World Health Immunization (WHO). Vaccines and immunization; 2013 [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab=tab_1 .
  • Napolitano F, Della Polla G, Capano MS, Augimeri M, Angelillo IF. Vaccinations and chronic diseases: knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported adherence among patients in Italy. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;25(8):560. doi:10.3390/vaccines8040560.
  • Doherty M, Schmidt-Ott R, Santos JI, Stanberry LR, Hofstetter AM, Rosenthal SL, Cunningham AL. Vaccination of special populations: protecting the vulnerable. Vaccine. 2016;34:6681–90. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.015.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adults with health conditions; 2017 [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.cdc.gov/features/vaccineschronicconditions/index.html.
  • Doherty TM, Connolly MP, Del Giudice G, Flamaing J, Goronzy JJ, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Lambert PH, Maggi S, McElhaney JE, Nagai H, et al. Vaccination programs for older adults in an era of demographic change. Eur Geriatr Med. 2018;9:289–300. doi:10.1007/s41999-018-0040-8.
  • Burke M, Rowe T. Vaccinations in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018;34(1):131–43. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2017.08.006.
  • Coll PP, Costello VW, Kuchel GA, Bartley J, McElhaney JE. The prevention of infections in older adults: vaccination. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68:207–14. doi:10.1111/jgs.16205.
  • Franceschi C, Bonafè M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E, De Benedictis G. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;908:244–54.
  • Shaw AC, Goldstein DR, Montgomery RR. Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:875–87. doi:10.1038/nri3547.
  • Linton PJ, Dorshkind K. Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function. Nat Immunol. 2004;5:133–39. doi:10.1038/ni1033.
  • Weinberger B. Vaccines for the elderly: current use and future challenges. Immun Ageing. 2018;15(22):3. doi:10.1186/s12979-017-0107-2.
  • Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, Joyce MP, Ortega-Sanchez I, Lee GM, Tiwari T, Cohn AC, Slade BA, Iskander JK, et al. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) and recommendation of ACIP, supported by the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC), for use of Tdap among health-care personnel. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;15:1–37.
  • Lecrenier N, Beukelaers P, Colindres R, Curran D, De Kesel C, De Saegher JP, Didierlaurent AM, Ledent EY, Mols JF, Mrkvan T, et al. Development of adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine and its implications for shingles prevention. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17:619–34. doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1495565.
  • McGirr A, Widenmaier R, Curran D, Espié E, Mrkvan T, Oostvogels L, Simone B, McElhaney JE, Burnett H, Haeussler K, et al. The comparative efficacy and safety of herpes zoster vaccines: a network meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2019;16:2896–909. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.014.
  • Dooling KL, Guo A, Patel M, Lee GM, Moore K, Belongia EA, Harpaz R. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices for use of herpes zoster vaccines. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report US, CDC. 2018;26:103–08. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6703a5.
  • Warrington R, Ismail S. National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Summary of the NACI update on Herpes Zoster vaccines. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2018;6:220–25. doi:10.14745/ccdr.v44i09a06.
  • Siedler A, Koch J, Garbe E, Hengel H, von Kries R, Ledig T, Mertens T, Zepp F, Überla K. Background paper to the decision to recommend the vaccination with the inactivated herpes zoster subunit vaccine: statement of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2019;62:352–76. doi:10.1007/s00103-019-02882-5.
  • Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. COVID-19 and Italy: what next? Lancet. 2020;395:1225–28. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30627-9.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended adult immunization schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States; 2021 [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2021 [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=15&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=1.
  • Italian National Health System (ISS). Calendario vaccinale [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.epicentro.iss.it/vaccini/calendario.
  • National Health Service (UK). NHS vaccinations and when to have them [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/nhs-vaccinations-and-when-to-have-them/.
  • National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statements and publications [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/national-advisory-committee-on-immunization-naci.html.
  • Statement of the German standing committee on vaccination at the RKI recommendations of the standing committee on vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute – 2017/2018 [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.rki.de/EN/Content/infections/Vaccination/recommandations/recommendations_node.html.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=25&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=−1.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=3&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=−1.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu/Scheduler/ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=51&SelectedCountryIdByDisease=−1.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 ACIP vaccine recommendations. [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. High-risk groups for COVID-19. [accessed 2021 April 7]. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/high-risk-groups.
  • Italian National Health System (ISS). Raccomandazioni ad interim sui gruppi target della vaccinazione anti SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://www.epicentro.iss.it/vaccini/covid-19-piano-vaccinazione.
  • National Health Service (UK). Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-vaccination/coronavirus-vaccine/.
  • McElhaney JE, Kuchel GA, Zhou X, Swain SL, Haynes L. T-cell immunity to influenza in older adults: a pathophysiological framework for development of more effective vaccines. Front Immunol. 2016;7:41.
  • Levin MJ, Smith JG, Kaufhold RM, Barber D, Hayward AR, Chan CY, Chan IS, Li DJ, Wang W, Keller PM, et al. Decline in varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-specific cell-mediated immunity with increasing age and boosting with a high-dose VZV vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1336. doi:10.1086/379048.
  • Kang JH, Ho JD, Chen YH, Lin HC. Increased risk of stroke after a herpes zoster attack. Stroke. 2009;40:3443–48. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.562017.
  • Kandeil W, Atanasov P, Avramioti D, Fu J, Demarteau N, Li X. The burden of pertussis in older adults: what is the role of vaccination? A systematic literature review. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18:439–55. doi:10.1080/14760584.2019.1588727.
  • Hung IFN, Leung AYM, Chu DWS, Leung D, Cheung T, Chan C, Lam CLK, Liu S, Chu C, Ho P, et al. Prevention of acute myocardial infarction and stroke among elderly persons by dual pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:1007–16. doi:10.1086/656587.
  • World Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease; 2020 [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/#tab=tab_1.
  • Fountoulaki K, Tsiodras S, Polyzogopoulou E, Olympios C, Parissis J. Beneficial effects of vaccination on cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure. Cardiology. 2018;141:98–106. doi:10.1159/000493572.
  • Brown AO, Millett ERC, Quint JK, Orihuela CJ. Cardiotoxicity during invasive pneumococcal disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:739–45. doi:10.1164/rccm.201411-1951PP.
  • Marra F, Zhang A, Gillman E, Bessai K, Parhar K, Vadlamudi NK. The protective effect of pneumococcal vaccination on cardiovascular disease in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;99:204–13. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.038.
  • Liu C, Yavar Z, Sun Q. Cardiovascular response to thermoregulatory challenges. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;309:1793–812. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00199.2015.
  • Vardeny O, Solomon SD. Influenza vaccination: a one-shot deal to reduce cardiovascular events. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:334–37.
  • Musher DM, Rueda AM, Kaka AS, Mapara SA. The association between pneumococcal pneumonia and acute cardiac events. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:158–65. doi:10.1086/518849.
  • Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:543–58. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9.
  • American College of Cardiology. ACC health policy statement on cardiovascular disease considerations for COVID-19 vaccine prioritization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:15.
  • Herpes Zoster: W-GC. Epidemiological links with stroke and myocardial infarction. J Infect Dis. 2018;218:S102–S106.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended adult immunization schedule by medical condition and other indications, United States, 2021; 2021 [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult-conditions.html.
  • World Health Organization. Influenza position paper. [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/influenza/en/.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Expert opinion on priority risk groups for influenza vaccination. [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/0808_GUI_Priority_Risk_Groups_for_Influenza_Vaccination.pdf.
  • Italian Ministry of Health. National immunization plan 2017-2019 [accessed 2021 April 13]. http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2017/02/18/17A01195/sg.
  • Australian Government Department of Health. Pneumococcal vaccination for people with risk conditions for pneumococcal disease [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/resources/publications/pneumococcal-vaccination-for-people-with-risk-conditions-for-pneumococcal.
  • National Health Service (UK). Who is at high risk from coronavirus (clinically extremely vulnerable). Who is at high risk from coronavirus (clinically extremely vulnerable) – NHS [accessed 2021 April 13]. www.nhs.uk.
  • Mertz D, Kim TH, Johnstone J, Lam PP, Science M, Kuster SP, Fadel SA, Tran D, Fernandez E, Bhatnagar N, et al. Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;23:47–f5061.
  • Gurfinkel EP, de la Fuente RL. Two-year follow-up of the FLU vaccination acute coronary syndromes (FLUVACS) registry. Texas Heart Inst J. 2004;31:28–32.
  • Macintyre CR, Heywood AE, Kovoor P, Ridda I, Seale H, Tan T, Gao Z, Katelaris AL, Siu HW, Lo V, et al. Ischaemic heart disease, influenza and influenza vaccination: a prospective case control study. Heart. 2013;99:1843–48. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304320.
  • Siriwardena AN, Gwini SM, Coupland CA. Influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination and risk of acute myocardial infarction: matched case-control study. CMAJ. 2010;19:1617–23. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091891.
  • Johnstone J, Loeb M, Teo KK, Gao P, Dyal L, Liu L, Avezum A, Cardona-Munoz E, Sleight P, Fagard R, et al. Influenza vaccination and major adverse vascular events in high-risk patients. Circulation. 2012;17:278–86. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.071100.
  • Clar C, Oseni Z, Flowers N, Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Rees K. Influenza vaccines for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD005050.
  • Torres A, Blasi F, Dartois N, Akova M. Which individuals are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease and why? Impact of COPD, asthma, smoking, diabetes, and/or chronic heart disease on community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Thorax. 2015;70:984–89. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206780.
  • Britto CJ, Brady V, Lee S, Dela Cruz CS. Respiratory viral infections in chronic lung diseases. Clin Chest Med. 2017;38:87–96. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.014.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Vaccination uptake among people with chronic respiratory disease [accessed 2021 April 13]. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-respiratory-conditions/vaccination-uptake-among-people-with-chronic-respi/contents/table-of-contents.
  • Conway SP, Simmonds EJ, Littlewood JM. Acute severe deterioration in cystic fibrosis associated with influenza A virus infection. Thorax. 1992;47:112–14. doi:10.1136/thx.47.2.112.
  • Pribble CG, Black PG, Bosso JA, Turner RB. Clinical manifestations of exacerbations of cystic fibrosis associated with nonbacterial infections. J Pediatr. 1990;117:200–04. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)80530-X.
  • Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Victor JC, Wald A, Aitken ML, Goss CH. Influenza-associated cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations. Chest. 2010;137:852–60. doi:10.1378/chest.09-1374.
  • Blasi F, Bonanni P, Braido F, Gabutti G, Marchetti F, Centanni S. The unmet need for pertussis prevention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Italian context. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16:340–48. doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1652517.
  • Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, Ji R, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017.
  • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2020 Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/.
  • Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). 2021 GINA report, global strategy for asthma management and prevention. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/.
  • Wark PA, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 3: pathogenesis. Thorax. 2006;61:909–15. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.045187.
  • Papadopoulos NG, Christodoulou I, Rohde G, Agache I, Almqvist C, Bruno A, Bonini S, Bont L, Bossios A, Bousquet J, et al. Viruses and bacteria in acute asthma exacerbations–a GA2 LEN-DARE systematic review. Allergy. 2011;66:458–68. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02505.x.
  • Gerke AK, Yang M, Tang F, Foster ED, Cavanaugh JE, Polgreen PM. Association of hospitalizations for asthma with seasonal and pandemic influenza. Respirology. 2014;19:116–21. doi:10.1111/resp.12165.
  • Goldstein E, Viboud C, Charu V, Lipsitch M. Improving the estimation of influenza-related mortality over a seasonal baseline. Epidemiology. 2012;23:829–38. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31826c2dda.
  • Nichol KL. The efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. Vaccine. 2003;21:1769–75. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00070-7.
  • Kramarz P, Destefano F, Gargiullo PM, Chen RT, Lieu TA, Davis RL, Mullooly JP, Black SB, Shinefield HR, Bohlke K, et al. Vaccine safety datalink team does influenza vaccination prevent asthma exacerbations in children?. J Pediatr. 2001;138:306–10.
  • Smits AJ, Hak E, Stalman WA, Van Essen GA, Hoes AW, Verheij TJ. Clinical effectiveness of conventional influenza vaccination in asthmatic children. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;128:205–11. doi:10.1017/S0950268801006574.
  • Ong BA, Forester J, Fallot A. Does influenza vaccination improve pediatric asthma outcomes? J Asthma. 2009;46:477–80. doi:10.1080/02770900902795538.
  • Hak E, Buskens E, Van Essen GA, de Bakker DH, Grobbee DE, Tacken MA, van Hout BA, Verheij TJ. Clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccination in persons younger than 65 years with high-risk medical conditions: the PRISMA study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;14:274–80. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.3.274.
  • Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RW, Cates CJ. Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;25:CD002733.
  • Sung LC, Chen CI, Fang YA, Lai CH, Hsu YP, Cheng TH, Miser JS, Liu JC. Influenza vaccination reduces hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Vaccine. 2014;24:3843–49. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.064.
  • Bornheimer R, Shea KM, Sato R, Weycker D, Pelton SI. Risk of exacerbation following pneumonia in adults with heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One. 2017;13:12.
  • Walters JA, Tang JN, Poole P, Wood-Baker R. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;24:CD001390.
  • Tin Tin Htar M, Stuurman AL, Ferreira G, Alicino C, Bollaerts K, Paganino C, Reinert RR, Schmitt HJ, Trucchi C, Vestraeten T, et al. Effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccines in preventing pneumonia in adults, a systematic review and meta-analyses of observational studies. PLoS One. 201. 23.
  • Sehatzadeh S. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based review. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2012;12:1–64.
  • Furumoto A, Ohkusa Y, Chen M, Kawakami K, Masaki H, Sueyasu Y, Iwanaga T, Aizawa H, Nagatake T, Oishi K. Additive effect of pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine on acute exacerbation in patients with chronic lung disease. Vaccine. 2008;5:4284–89. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.037.
  • Froes F, Roche N, Blasi F. Pneumococcal vaccination and chronic respiratory diseases. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3457–68. doi:10.2147/COPD.S140378.
  • Lee TA, Weaver FM, Weiss KB. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination on pneumonia rates in patients with COPD and asthma. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:62–67. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0118-3.
  • Ansaldi F, Turello V, Lai P, Bastone G, De Luca S, Rosselli R, Durando P, Sticchi L, Gasparini R, Delfino E, et al. Effectiveness of a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in preventing pneumonia and non-invasive pneumococcal infection in elderly people: a large-scale retrospective cohort study. J Int Med Res. 2005;33:490–500. doi:10.1177/147323000503300503.
  • Capili CR, Hettinger A, Rigelman-Hedberg N, Fink L, Boyce T, Lahr B, Juhn YJ. Increased risk of pertussis in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:957–63. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.020.
  • Liu BC, McIntyre P, Kaldor JM, Quinn HE, Ridda I, Banks E. Pertussis in older adults: prospective study of risk factors and morbidity. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1450–56. doi:10.1093/cid/cis627.
  • Buck PO, Meyers JL, Gordon LD, Parikh R, Kurosky SK, Davis KL. Economic burden of diagnosed pertussis among individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA: an analysis of administrative claims. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145:2109–21. doi:10.1017/S0950268817000887.
  • Aris E, Harrington L, Bhavsar A, Simeone JC, Ramond A, Papi A, Vogelmeier CF, Meszaros K, Lambrelli D, Mukherjee P. Burden of pertussis in COPD: a retrospective database study in England. COPD. 2021;18:157–69. doi:10.1080/15412555.2021.1899155.
  • Mukherjee P, Cheuvart B, Baudson N, Dodet M, Turriani E, Harrington L, Meyer N, Rondini S, Taddei L, Den Steen PV. Late breaking abstract - Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Eur Respir J. 2020;56:4927.
  • Mbayei SA, Faulkner A, Miner C, Edge K, Cruz V, Peña SA, Kudish K, Coleman J, Pradhan E, Thomas S, et al. Severe pertussis infections in the United States, 2011–2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:218–26. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy889.
  • Kilgore PE, Salim AM, Zervos MJ, Schmitt HJ. Pertussis: microbiology, disease, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29:449–86.
  • Ennis DP, Cassidy JP, Mahon BP. Acellular pertussis vaccine protects against exacerbation of allergic asthma due to Bordetella pertussis in a murine model. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:409–17.
  • Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: a review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:S27–36.
  • Pearson-Stuttard J, Blundell S, Harris T, Cook DG, Critchley J. Diabetes and infection: assessing the association with glycaemic control in population-based studies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:148–58. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00379-4.
  • Bochicchio GV, Bochicchio KM, Joshi M, Ilahi O, Scalea TM. Acute glucose elevation is highly predictive of infection and outcome in critically injured trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2010;252:597–602. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181f4e499.
  • Hair PS, Echague CG, Rohn RD, Krishna NK, Nyalwidhe JO, Cunnion KM. Hyperglycemic conditions inhibit C3-mediated immunologic control of Staphylococcus aureus. J Transl Med. 2012;10:35. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-10-35.
  • Goeijenbier M, van Sloten TT, Slobbe L, Mathieu C, van Genderen P, Beyer Walter EP, Osterhaus ADME. Benefits of flu vaccination for persons with diabetes mellitus: a review. Vaccine. 2017;35:5095–101. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.095.
  • Icardi G, Francia F, Di Bartolo P, Mannino D, Alti E, Purrello F, Sesti G. Multi-disciplinary Consensus Statement document vaccinal prevention in adult patients with diabetes mellitus. J Prev Med Hyg. 2018;15:E249–E256.
  • Lau D, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, Katz A, Johnson JA. Working- age adults with diabetes experience greater susceptibility to seasonal influenza: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia. 2014;57:690–98. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-3158-8.
  • MacIntyre CR, Mahimbo A, Moa AM, Barnes M. Influenza vaccine as a coronary intervention for prevention of myocardial infarction. Heart. 2016;102:1953–56. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309983.
  • Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:782–92. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 and adult vaccination. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/health-conditions/diabetes.html.
  • Australian Government Department of Health. People with medical risk conditions. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/immunisation/immunisation-throughout-life/people-with-medical-risk-conditions.
  • Smith SA, Poland GA. Use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:95–108. doi:10.2337/diacare.23.1.95.
  • Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, Nelson NP. Prevention of Hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR. Recommendations Reports. 2018;67:1–31.
  • Reilly ML, Schillie SF, Smith E, Poissant T, Vonderwahl CW, Gerard K, Baumgartner J, Mercedes L, Sweet K, Muleta D, et al. Increased risk of acute hepatitis B among adults with diagnosed diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;1(6):858–66. doi:10.1177/193229681200600417.
  • van Veen K, Brouwer M, van der Ende A. Bacterial meningitis in diabetes patients: a population-based prospective study. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36996. doi:10.1038/srep36996.
  • Asrani SK, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J, Kamath PS. Burden of liver diseases in the world. J Hepatol. 2019;70:151–71. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.014.
  • Härmälä S, Parisinos CA, Shallcross L, O’Brien A, Hayward A. Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in adults with chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019;6.
  • Leise MD, Talwalkar JA. Immunizations in chronic liver disease: what should be done and what is the evidence. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2013;15:300. doi:10.1007/s11894-012-0300-6.
  • Téllez L, Martín Mateos RMCOVID-19. and liver disease: an update. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;43:472–80. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.06.006.
  • Smallwood GA, Coloura CT, Martinez E, Stieber AC, Heffron TG. Can patients awaiting liver transplantation elicit an immune response to the hepatitis A vaccine? Transplant Proc. 2002;34:3289–90. doi:10.1016/S0041-1345(02)03572-8.
  • Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, Davies EG, Avery R, Tomblyn M, Bousvaros A, Dhanireddy S, Sung L, Keyserling H, et al. Infectious diseases society of America. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;5(58):309–18. doi:10.1093/cid/cit816.
  • Gil-Prieto R, Pascual-Garcia R, Walter S, Álvaro-Meca A, Gil-De-Miguel Á. Risk of hospitalization due to pneumococcal disease in adults in Spain. The CORIENNE study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;2:1900–05.
  • van Hoek AJ, Andrews N, Waight PA, Stowe J, Gates P, George R, Miller E. The effect of underlying clinical conditions on the risk of developing invasive pneumococcal disease in England. J Infect. 2012;65:17–24. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.02.017.
  • Van Kerkhove MD, Vandemaele KA, Shinde V, Jaramillo-Gutierrez G, Koukounari A, Donnelly CA, Carlino LO, Owen R, Paterson B, Pelletier L, et al. Risk factors for severe outcomes following 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection: a global pooled analysis. PLoS Med. 2011;8.
  • Härmälä S, Parisinos C, Shallcross L, O’Brien A, Hayward A. Effectiveness of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines to prevent serious health complications in adults with chronic liver disease: a protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8;e018223.
  • Waghray A, Waghray N, Khallafi H, Menon KV. Vaccinating adult patients with cirrhosis: trends over a decade in the United States. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:5795712.
  • Dinits-Pensy M, Forrest GN, Cross AS, Hise MK. The use of vaccines in adult patients with renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(6):997–1011. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.08.032.
  • Pesanti EL. Infections in patients with CRF. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2001;15:1–15.
  • Grzegorzewska AE. Hepatitis B vaccination in chronic kidney disease patients: a call for novel vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014;13:1317–26. doi:10.1586/14760584.2014.944508.
  • European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet. 2000;355:561–65.
  • McGrath LJ, Layton JB, Krueger WS, Kshirsagar AV, Butler AM. High-dose influenza vaccine use among patients receiving hemodialysis in the United States, 2010-2013. Vaccine. 2018;36:6087–94. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.079.
  • Tsujimura K, Ota M, Chinen K, Nagayama K, Oroku M, Shiohira Y, Iseki K, Ishida H, Tanabe K. Effect of influenza vaccine in patients with kidney transplant. Transplant Proc. 2018;50:2443–46. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.02.186.
  • The renal association. COVID-19 vaccination for adult patients with kidney disease: a position statement from the UK renal community. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://renal.org/health-professionals/covid-19/ra-resources/covid-19-vaccination-adult-patients-kidney-disease.
  • Getting the COVID-19 Vaccine. What kidney patients need to know. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.kidney.org/newsletter/getting-covid-19-vaccine-what-kidney-patients-need-to-know.
  • ERA-EDTA Council; ERACODA Working Group. Chronic kidney disease is a key risk factor for severe COVID-19: a call to action by the ERA-EDTA. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021;36:87–94. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaa314.
  • Gilbertson DT, Guo H, Arneson TJ, Collins AJ. The association of pneumococcal vaccination with hospitalization and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:2934–39. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq853.
  • Mathew R, Mason D, Kennedy JS. Vaccination issues in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2014;13:285–98. doi:10.1586/14760584.2014.874950.
  • Wang IK, Lin CL, Lin PC, Liang CC, Liu YL, Chang CT, Yen TH, Morisky DE, Huang CC, Sung FC. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis: a population-based study. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58317.
  • Ishigami J, Sang Y, Grams M, Coresh J, Chang A, Matsushita K. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination among older adults across kidney function: pooled analysis of 2005-2006 through 2014-2015 influenza seasons. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75:887–96. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.09.008.
  • Smith C, Khanna R. Immune regulation of human herpesviruses and its implications for human transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:9–23. doi:10.1111/ajt.12005.
  • Jones C, Heath P. Antenatal immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10:2118–22. doi:10.4161/hv.29610.
  • van der Veldt AAM, Oosting SF, Dingemans AC, Fehrmann RSN, GeurtsvanKessel C, Jalving M, Rimmelzwaan GF, Kvistborg P, Blank CU, Smit EF, et al. COVID-19 vaccination: the VOICE for patients with cancer. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):568–569.
  • Cordonnier C, Einarsdottir S, Cesaro S, Di Blasi R, Mikulska M, Rieger C, de Lavallade H, Gallo G, Lehrnbecher T, Engelhard D, et al. European conference on infections in Leukaemia group. Vaccination of haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: guidelines of the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7). Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:e200–e212. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30600-5.
  • British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. BSBMTCT AND COVID. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://bsbmtct.org/bsbmtct-and-covid/.
  • Dahyot-Fizelier C, Debaene B, Mimoz O. Gestion du risque infectieux chez le splénectomisé [Management of infection risk in asplenic patients]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2013;32:251–56. doi:10.1016/j.annfar.2013.01.025.
  • Salvadori MI, Price VE, Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee. Preventing and treating infections in children with asplenia or hyposplenia. Paediatr Child Health. 2014;19:271–78. doi:10.1093/pch/19.5.271.
  • Castagnola E, Fioredda F. Prevention of life-threatening infections due to encapsulated bacteria in children with hyposplenia or asplenia: a brief review of current recommendations for practical purposes. Eur J Haematol. 2003;71:319–26. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0609.2003.00158.x.
  • Papp KA, Haraoui B, Kumar D, Marshall J, Bissonnette R, Bitton A, Bressler B, Gooderham M, Ho V, Jamal S, et al. Vaccination guidelines for patients with immune-mediated disorders on immunosuppressive therapies. J Cutan Med Surg. 2019;23:50–74. doi:10.1177/1203475418811335.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. General best practice guidelines for immunization: best practices guidance of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/immunocompetence.html.
  • Danziger-Isakov L, Kumar D, Id AST, Community of Practice. Vaccination of solid organ transplant candidates and recipients: guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice. Clin Transplant. 2019;33. doi:10.1111/ctr.13563.
  • Health and Safety Executive HSE. Immunization guidelines chapter 3. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/hcpinfo/guidelines/.
  • Azzi Y, Bartash R, Scalea J, Loarte-Campos P, Akalin E. COVID-19 and solid organ transplantation: a review article. Transplantation. 2021;105:37–55. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000003523.
  • Aslam S, Goldstein DR, Vos R, Gelman AE, Kittleson MM, Wolfe C, Danziger-Isakov L. COVID-19 vaccination in our transplant recipients: the time is now. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2021;40(3):169–71. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2020.12.009.
  • Crum-Cianflone NF, Wallace MR. Vaccination in HIV-infected adults. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014;28:397–410. doi:10.1089/apc.2014.0121.
  • Ashorobi D, Fernandez R. In: Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan. [accessed 2021 May 3]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538171/.
  • Società Italiana Malattie Infettive. Linee Guida Italiane sull’utilizzo dei farmaci antiretrovirali e sulla gestione diagnostico-clinica delle persone con infezione da HIV-1. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.simit.org/images/documenti/81-lineeguidahiv.pdf.
  • ESMO Statements for vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cancer. ESMO Statements for vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cancer. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.esmo.org/content/download/402887/7815383/1/Covid-19-Vaccinations-and-Patients-with-Cancer-An-ESMO-Call-to-Action.pdf.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:816–19.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children aged 6-18 years with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:521–24.
  • Public Health England. 2013. The green book. Pneumococcal Chapter 25. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/263318/Green-Book-Chapter-25-v5_2.pdf.
  • Danziger-Isakov L, Kumar D, Id AST, Community of Practice. Vaccination of solid organ transplant candidates and recipients: guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice. Clin Transplant. 2019;33(9):e13563.
  • Moreno A, Cervera C, Gavaldá J, Rovira M, de la Cámara R, Jarque I, Montejo M, de la Torre-Cisneros J, Miguel Cisneros J, Fortún J, et al. Bloodstream infections among transplant recipients: results of a nationwide surveillance in Spain. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2579–86. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01964.x.
  • Husain S, Chan KM, Palmer SM, Hadjiliadis D, Humar A, McCurry KR, Wagener MM, Singh N. Bacteremia in lung transplant recipients in the current era. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:3000–07. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01565.x.
  • Iida T, Kaido T, Yagi S, Yoshizawa A, Hata K, Mizumoto M, Mori A, Ogura Y, Oike F, Uemoto S. Posttransplant bacteremia in adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2010;16:1379–85. doi:10.1002/lt.22165.
  • Candel FJ, Grima E, Matesanz M, Cervera C, Soto G, Almela M, Martínez JA, Navasa M, Cofán F, Ricart MJ, et al. Bacteremia and septic shock after solid-organ transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:4097–99. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.181.
  • van Veen KE, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Bacterial meningitis in solid organ transplant recipients: a population-based prospective study. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016;18:674–80. doi:10.1111/tid.12570.
  • Thng ZX, Smet MD, Lee CS, Gupta V, Smith JR, Cluskey PJ, Thorne JE, Kempen JHL, Zierhut M, Nguye QD, et al. COVID-19 and immunosuppression: a review of current clinical experiences and implications for ophthalmology patients taking immunosuppressive drugs. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;105:306–10. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316586.
  • Alfishawy M, Elbendary A, Mohamed M, Nassar MCOVID-19. Mortality in transplant recipients. Int J Organ Transplant Med. 2020;11:145–62.
  • Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, Cox S, Mayes N, Johnston E, Syverson C, Seed K, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Callaghan WM, et al. Vital signs: pregnancy-related deaths, United States, 2011-2015, and strategies for prevention, 13 States, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:423–29.
  • Liang LD, Kotadia N, English L, Kissoon N, Ansermino JM, Kabakyenga J, Lavoie PM, Wiens MO. Predictors of mortality in neonates and infants hospitalized with sepsis or serious infections in developing countries: a systematic review. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:277. doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00277.
  • Maertens K, Orije MRP, Van Damme P, Leuridan E. Vaccination during pregnancy: current and possible future recommendations. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;179:235–42. doi:10.1007/s00431-019-03563-w.
  • Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Uyeki TM. Effects of influenza on pregnant women and infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:S3–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.068.
  • D’Heilly C, Switzer C, Macina D. Safety of maternal immunization against pertussis: a systematic review. Infect Dis Ther. 2019;8:543–68. doi:10.1007/s40121-019-00265-6.
  • Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guiding principles for development of ACIP recommendations for vaccination during pregnancy and breastfeeding. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57.
  • Adhikari EH, Spong CY. COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant and lactating women. JAMA. 2021;325:1039–40. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1658.
  • Silasi M, Cardenas I, Kwon JY, Racicot K, Aldo P, Mor G. Viral infections during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol (New York, N Y 1989). 2015;73:199–213.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion No. 661: integrating immunizations into practice. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(4):e104–e107.
  • Committee on Obstetric Practice. Immunization and emerging infections expert work group. Committee opinion No. 718: update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(3):e153–e157.
  • National Health Service (UK). Vaccination for women who are planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccination-for-special-risk-groups/vaccination-for-women-who-are-planning-pregnancy-pregnant-or.
  • Società Italiana di Ginecologia. Vaccinazioni in Gravidanza proteggila per proteggerli. Vaccinazioni in Gravidanza proteggila per proteggerli – SIGO [accessed 2021 May 4].
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccination safety for breastfeeding mothers. [accessed 2021 May 4]. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/vaccinations.html.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.