Review of human papillomavirus (HPV) burden and HPV vaccination for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women in the United States

References

• Zeeman L, Sherriff N, Browne K, McGlynn N, Mirandola M, Gios L, Davis R, Sanchez-Lambert J, Aujean S, Pinto N, et al. A review of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) health and healthcare inequalities. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(5):974–8. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis RM, Laprise JF, Gargano JW, Unger ER, Querec TD, Chesson HW, Brisson M, Markowitz LE. Estimated prevalence and incidence of disease-associated human papillomavirus types among 15- to 59-year-olds in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48(4):273–77. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, Chesson HW, Curtis CR, Gee J, Bocchini JA Jr., Unger ER; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP):. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63:1–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancers Associated with Human Papillomavirus, United States—2013–2017. United States Cancer Statistics Data Brief, no.18.Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2020.
   Google Scholar
• Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW, Unger ER, Romero JR, Markowitz LE. Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(32):698–702. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6832a3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones J, Poole A, Lasley-Bibbs V, Johnson M. LGBT health and vaccinations: findings from a community health survey of Lexington-Fayette County, Kentucky, USA. Vaccine. 2016;34(16):1909–14. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raviotta JM, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Huang H-H, Zimmerman RK. Using Facebook to recruit college-age men for a human papillomavirus vaccine trial. Am J Men’s Health. 2016;10(2):110–19. doi:10.1177/1557988314557563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter PL, McRee AL, Katz ML, Paskett ED. Human papillomavirus vaccination among young adult gay and bisexual men in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(1):96–102. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei F, Gaisa MM, D’Souza G, Xia N, Giuliano AR, Hawes SE, Gao L, Cheng S-H, Donà MG, Goldstone SE, et al. Epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus infection and high-grade lesions in 29,900 men, according to HIV status, sexuality, and age: a collaborative pooled analysis of 64 studies. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(9):e531–e543. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00108-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahmand M, Monavari SH, Tavakoli A. Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection in different anatomical sites among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(6):e2219. doi:10.1002/rmv.2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis RM, Markowitz LE, Panicker G, Unger ER. Seroprevalence of human papillomavirus 6/11/16/18 among self-identified gay/bisexual men who have sex with men, men who have sex with women, and females, United States, 2003-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(6):1011–18. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King EM, Oomeer S, Gilson R, Copas A, Beddows S, Soldan K, Jit M, Edmunds WJ, Sonnenberg P. Oral human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2016;11(7):e0157976. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machalek DA, Poynten M, Jin F, Fairley CK, Farnsworth A, Garland SM, Hillman RJ, Petoumenos K, Roberts J, Tabrizi SN, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(5):487–500. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70080-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looker KJ, Ronn MM, Brock PM, Brisson M, Drolet M, Mayaud P, Boily M-C. Evidence of synergistic relationships between HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV): systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies of HPV acquisition and clearance by HIV status, and of HIV acquisition by HPV status. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(6):e25110. doi:10.1002/jia2.25110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh V, Gratzer B, Gorbach PM, Crosby RA, Panicker G, Steinau M, Amiling R, Unger ER, Markowitz LE, Meites E. Transgender women have higher human papillomavirus prevalence than men who have sex with men - two U.S. cities, 2012-2014. Sex Transm Dis. 2019;46(10):657–62. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Sigel K, Gaisa M. Prevalence of anal dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected transgender women. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44(11):714–16. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrosky E, Bocchini JA Jr., Hariri S, Chesson H, Curtis CR, Saraiya M, Unger ER, Markowitz LE; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR. 2015;64(11):300–04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S, Moreira ED Jr., Penny ME, Aranda C, Vardas E, Moi H, Jessen H, Hillman R, et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(5):401–11. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S, Moreira ED Jr., Aranda C, Jessen H, Hillman R, Ferris D, Coutlee F, Stoler MH, et al. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1576–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1010971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellsagué X, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S, Guevara A, Mogensen O, Palefsky JM, Group T, Shields C, Liu K, Maansson R, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in men. Vaccine. 2015;33(48):6892–901. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palefsky JM, Lensing SY, Belzer M, Lee J, Gaur AH, Mayer K, Futterman D, Stier EA, Paul ME, Chiao EY, et al. High prevalence of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and prevention through human papillomavirus vaccination, in young men who have sex with men living with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(8):1388–96. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosens KCM, van der Zee RP, van Heukelom MLS, Jongen VW, Cairo I, van Eeden A, van Noesel CJM, Quint WGV, Pasmans H, Dijkgraaf MGW, et al. HPV vaccination to prevent recurrence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV+ MSM: a randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. AIDS. 2021;35(11):1753–64. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkin TJ, Chen H, Cespedes MS, Leon-Cruz JT, Godfrey C, Chiao EY, Bastow B, Webster-Cyriaque J, Feng Q, Dragavon J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults aged 27 years or older: AIDS clinical trials group protocol A5298. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(9):1339–46. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meites E, Kempe A, Markowitz LE. Use of a 2-dose schedule for human papillomavirus vaccination - updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR. 2016;65(49):1405–08. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6549a5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1–187. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canfell K, Kim JJ, Kulasingam S, Berkhof J, Barnabas R, Bogaards JA, Campos N, Jennett C, Sharma M, Simms KT, et al. HPV-FRAME: a consensus statement and quality framework for modelled evaluations of HPV-related cancer control. Papillomavirus Res. 2019;8:100184. doi:10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Quiles C, Diez-Domingo J, Acedo L, Sanchez-Alonso V, Villanueva RJ. On the elimination of infections related to oncogenic human papillomavirus: an approach using a computational network model. Viruses. 2021;13(5):906. doi:10.3390/v13050906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Regan DG, Ong JJ, Gambhir M, Chow EPF, Zou H, Law M, Hocking J, Fairley CK. Targeted human papillomavirus vaccination for young men who have sex with men in Australia yields significant population benefits and is cost-effective. Vaccine. 2017;35(37):4923–29. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Hadj Yahia M-B, Jouin-Bortolotti A, Dervaux B. Extending the human papillomavirus vaccination programme to include males in high-income countries: a systematic review of the cost-effectiveness studies. Clin Drug Investig. 2015;35:471–85 doi:10.1007/s40261-015-0308-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soe NN, Ong JJ, Ma X, Fairley CK, Latt PM, Jing J, Cheng F, Zhang L. Should human papillomavirus vaccination target women over age 26, heterosexual men and men who have sex with men? A targeted literature review of cost-effectiveness. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(12):3010–18. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1496878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• We Are 1 (Somos 1). [accessed 2021 November 18]. https://www.we-are-1.com/hpv.
   Google Scholar
• Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, Sterrett N, Markowitz LE, Williams CL, Fredua B, McNamara L, Stokley S. National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(33):1109–16. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6933a1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu PJ, Hung MC, Srivastav A, Grohskopf LA, Kobayashi M, Harris AM, Dooling KL, Markowitz LE, Rodriguez-Lainz A, Williams WW. Surveillance of vaccination coverage among adult populations - United States, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2021;70(3):1–26. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss7003a1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung N, Burnett J, Wejnert C, Markowitz LE, Meites E, NHBS Study Group . Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among men who have sex with men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, United States, 2017. Vaccine. 2020;38(47):7417–21. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meites E, Markowitz LE, Paz-Bailey G, Oster AM, NHBS Study Group. HPV vaccine coverage among men who have sex with men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, United States, 2011. Vaccine. 2014;32(48):6356–59. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver SE, Hoots BE, Paz-Bailey G, Markowitz LE, Meites E; NHBS Study Group. Increasing human papillomavirus vaccine coverage among men who have sex with men - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, United States, 2014. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 3):S370–S374. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadarzynski T, Frost M, Miller D, Wheldon CW, Wiernik BM, Zou H, Richardson D, Marlow LAV, Smith H, Jones CJ, et al. Vaccine acceptability, uptake and completion amongst men who have sex with men: a systematic review, meta-analysis and theoretical framework. Vaccine. 2021;39(27):3565–81. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forward T, Meites E, Lin J, Hughes JP, Unger ER, Markowitz LE, Golden M, Swanson F, Faestel PM, Winer RL. Sensitivity of self-reported HPV vaccination history among 18-26 year-old men who have sex with men - Seattle, Washington, 2016-2018. Sex Transm Dis. 2022; 49(1):81-85. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarczyk RA, Whitehead JL, Stephenson R. Moving beyond sex: assessing the impact of gender identity on human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations and uptake among a national sample of rural-residing LGBT young adults. Papillomavirus Res. 2017;3:121–25. doi:10.1016/j.pvr.2017.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meites E, Winer RL, Newcomb ME, Gorbach PM, Querec TD, Rudd J, Collins T, Lin J, Moore J, Remble T, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against prevalent anal and oral human papillomavirus infection among men who have sex with men - United States, 2016-2018. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(12):2052–60. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer RL, Lin J, Querec TD, Unger ER, Stern JE, Rudd JM, Golden MR, Swanson F, Markowitz LE, Meites E. Effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination against penile HPV infection in men who have sex with men and transgender women. J Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan E, Meites E, Markowitz LE, Xavier Hall CD, Querec TD, Unger ER, Crosby RA, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. Sexual positioning practices and anal human papillomavirus infection among young men who have sex with men and transgender women - Chicago, Illinois, 2016-2018. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48(10):709–13. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drolet M, Benard E, Perez N, Brisson M. HPV Vaccination Impact Study Group. Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10197):497–509. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30298-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali H, Donovan B, Wand H, Read TR, Regan DG, Grulich AE, Fairley CK, Guy RJ. Genital warts in young Australians five years into national human papillomavirus vaccination programme: national surveillance data. BMJ. 2013;346:f2032. doi:10.1136/bmj.f2032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargano JW, Unger ER, Liu G, Steinau M, Meites E, Dunne E, Markowitz LE. Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus in males, United States, 2013-2014. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(7):1070–79. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow EPF, Carter A, Vickers T, Fairley CK, McNulty A, Guy RJ, Regan DG, Grulich AE, Callander D, Khawar L, et al. Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004-18. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):1747–56. S1473-3099(1421)00071-00072. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00071-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotherton JML, Giuliano AR, Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Ogilvie GS. Monitoring the impact of HPV vaccine in males - considerations and challenges. Papillomavirus Res. 2016;2:106–11. doi:10.1016/j.pvr.2016.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann LM, Llata E, Flagg EW, Hong J, Asbel L, Carlos-Henderson J, Kerani RP, Kohn R, Pathela P, Schumacher C, et al. Trends in the prevalence of anogenital warts among patients at sexually transmitted disease clinics - Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network, United States, 2010-2016. J Infect Dis. 2019;219(9):1389–97. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukac CD, Donken R, Otterstatter M, Mazo O, Wong S, Marra F, Smith L, Naus M, Money D, Krajden M, et al. Impacts of human papillomavirus immunization programs on rates of anogenital warts in British Columbia, Canada, 2000 to 2017. Sex Transm Dis. 2020;47(10):691–97. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checchi M, Mesher D, Mohammed H, Soldan K. Declines in anogenital warts diagnoses since the change in 2012 to use the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in England: data to end 2017. Sex Transm Infect. 2019;95(5):368–73. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow EPF, Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, Wigan R, Machalek DA, Garland SM, Cornall AM, Atchison S, Hocking JS, Bradshaw CS, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in young men who have sex with men after the implementation of gender-neutral HPV vaccination: a repeated cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(10):1448–57. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30687-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerend MA, Madkins K, Phillips G, Mustanski B. Predictors of human papillomavirus vaccination among young men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43(3):185–91. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorbach PM, Cook R, Gratzer B, Collins T, Parrish A, Moore J, Kerndt PR, Crosby RA, Markowitz LE, Meites E. Human papillomavirus vaccination among young men who have sex with men and transgender women in 2 US cities, 2012-2014. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44(7):436–41. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerend MA, Madkins K, Crosby S, Korpak AK, Phillips GL, Bass M, Houlberg M, Mustanski B. A qualitative analysis of young sexual minority men’s perspectives on human papillomavirus vaccination. LGBT Health. 2019;6(7):350–56. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2019.0086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRee A-L, Reiter PL, Chantala K, Brewer NT. Does framing human papillomavirus vaccine as preventing cancer in men increase vaccine acceptability? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(8):1937–44. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Xin X, Deng H, Xu J, Weng W, Zhang M, Li J, Gao Y, Huang X, Liu C. Improving the acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccines among men who have sex with men according to the associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:600273. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.600273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupiansky NW, Liau A, Rosenberger J, Rosenthal SL, Tu W, Xiao S, Fontenot H, Zimet GD. Young men’s disclosure of same sex behaviors to healthcare providers and the impact on health: results from a US national sample of young men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2017;31(8):342–47. doi:10.1089/apc.2017.0011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Wang Q, Ong JJ, Fairley CK, Su S, Peng P, Jing J, Wang L, Soe NN, Cheng F, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus by geographical regions, sexual orientation and HIV status in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94(6):434–42. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2017-053412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheldon CW, Sutton SK, Fontenot HB, Quinn GP, Giuliano AR, Vadaparampil ST. Physician communication practices as a barrier to risk-based HPV vaccine uptake among men who have sex with men. J Cancer Educ. 2018;33(5):1126–31. doi:10.1007/s13187-017-1223-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiling R, Winer RL, Newcomb ME, Gorbach PM, Lin J, Crosby RA, Mustanski B, Markowitz LE, Meites E. Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among young, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men — 3 U.S. cities, 2016–2018. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(12):in press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskan AM, Fernandez-Pineda M. Anal cancer prevention perspectives among foreign-born Latino HIV-infected gay and bisexual men. Cancer Control. 2018;25(1):1073274818780368. doi:10.1177/1073274818780368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koester KA, Collins SP, Fuller SM, Galindo GR, Gibson S, Steward WT. Sexual healthcare preferences among gay and bisexual men: a qualitative study in San Francisco, California. PloS One. 2013;8(8):e71546. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meites E, Krishna NK, Markowitz LE, Oster AM. Health care use and opportunities for human papillomavirus vaccination among young men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(2):154–57. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31827b9e89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg JJ, Larson HE, Zimet GD, Lally MA. Bundling human papillomavirus vaccination and rapid human immunodeficiency virus testing for young gay and bisexual men. LGBT Health. 2014;1(3):233–37. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontenot HB, Fantasia HC, Vetters R, Zimet GD. Increasing HPV vaccination and eliminating barriers: recommendations from young men who have sex with men. Vaccine. 2016;34(50):6209–16. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontenot HB, Rosenberger JG, McNair KT, Mayer KH, Zimet G. Perspectives and preferences for a mobile health tool designed to facilitate HPV vaccination among young men who have sex with men. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(7–8):1815–23. doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1568156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontenot HB, White BP, Rosenberger JG, Lacasse H, Rutirasiri C, Mayer KH, Zimet G. Mobile app strategy to facilitate human papillomavirus vaccination among young men who have sex with men: pilot intervention study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(11):e22878. doi:10.2196/22878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerend MA, Madkins K, Crosby S, Korpak AK, Phillips GL, Bass M, Houlberg M, Mustanski B. Evaluation of a text messaging-based human papillomavirus vaccination intervention for young sexual minority men: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2021;55(4):321–32. doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRee A-L, Shoben A, Bauermeister JA, Katz ML, Paskett ED, Reiter PL. Outsmart HPV: acceptability and short-term effects of a web-based HPV vaccination intervention for young adult gay and bisexual men. Vaccine. 2018;36(52):8158–64. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter PL, Gower AL, Kiss DE, Malone MA, Katz ML, Bauermeister JA, Shoben AB, Paskett ED, McRee A-L. A web-based human papillomavirus vaccination intervention for young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2020;9(2):e16294. doi:10.2196/16294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter PL, Katz ML, Bauermeister JA, Shoben AB, Paskett ED, McRee A-L. Increasing human papillomavirus vaccination among young gay and bisexual men: a randomized pilot trial of the outsmart HPV intervention. LGBT Health. 2018;5(5):325–29. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar