mRNA vaccine-a desirable therapeutic strategy for surmounting COVID-19 pandemic

References

• Moyo N, Vogel AB, Buus S, Erbar S, Wee EG, Sahin U, Hanke T. Efficient induction of T cells against conserved HIV-1 regions by mosaic vaccines delivered as self-amplifying mRNA. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2019;12:32–13. doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2018.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnee M, Vogel AB, Voss D, Petsch B, Baumhof P, Kramps T, Stitz L. An mRNA vaccine encoding Rabies virus glycoprotein induces protection against lethal infection in mice and correlates of protection in adult and newborn pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(6):e0004746. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cafri G, Gartner JJ, Zaks T, Hopson K, Levin N, Paria BC. mRNA vaccine–induced neoantigen-specific T cell immunity in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(11):5976–88. doi:10.1172/jci134915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman RA, Fuhr R, Smolenov I, Mick Ribeiro A, Panther L, Watson M, Senn JJ, Smith M, Almarsson Ӧ, Pujar HS, et al. mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials. Vaccine. 2019;37(25):3326–34. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan MJ, Lyke KE, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Neuzil K, Raabe V, Bailey R, Swanson KA. Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature. 2020;586(7830):589–93. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2639-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SS, Webby RJ. An mRNA vaccine for influenza. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30(12):1202–04. doi:10.1038/nbt.2439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karikó K, Muramatsu H, Welsh FA, Ludwig J, Kato H, Akira S, Weissman D. Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability. Mol Ther. 2008;16(11):1833–40. doi:10.1038/mt.2008.200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houseley J, Tollervey D. The many pathways of RNA degradation. Cell. 2009;136:763–76. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbett KS, Edwards DK, Leist SR, Abiona OM, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Gillespie RA, Himansu S, Schäfer A, Ziwawo CT, DiPiazza AT. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature. 2020;586:567–71. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pronker ES, Weenen TC, Commandeur H, Claassen EH, Osterhaus AD, Vasilakis N. Risk in vaccine research and development quantified. PloS One. 2013;8(3):e57755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao T-X, Wang J-K, Shen L-J, Long C-L, Liu B, Wei Y, Han LD, Wei YX, Wu SD, Wei GH. Increased m6a RNA modification is related to the inhibition of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced prepubertal testicular injury. Environ Pollut. 2020;259:259. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petsch B, Schnee M, Vogel AB, Lange E, Hoffmann B, Voss D, Schlake T, Thess A, Kallen KJ, Stitz L. Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30:1210–16. doi:10.1038/nbt.2436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Dewitte H. The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case. J Control Release. 2021;333:511–20. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead KA. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20:817–38. doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Li Y, Li S, Jia L, Wang H, Li M, Deng J, Zhu A, Ma L, Li W. The nano delivery systems and applications of mRNA. Eur J Med Chem. 2022;227:113910. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risma KA, Edwards KM, Hummell DS, Little FF, Norton AE, Stallings A, Wood RA, Milner JD. Potential mechanisms of anaphylaxis to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(6):2075–82.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Marc GP, Moreira ED, Zerbini C. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2603–15. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):403–16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2035389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, Nix WA, Campagnoli R, Icenogle JP, Peñaranda S, Bankamp B, Maher K, Chen MH. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science (New York, NY). 2003;300(5624):1394–99. doi:10.1126/science.1085952.
   Google Scholar
• Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus Spike proteins. Ann Rev Virol. 2016;3(1):237–61. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu L, Niu S, Song C, Zhang Z, Lu G, Qiao C, Hu Y, Yuen KY. Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using Human ACE2. Cell. 2020;181(4):894–904.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426:450–54. doi:10.1038/nature02145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5:562–69. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, Guo L, Guo R, Chen T, Hu J. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1620. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolgin E. How COVID unlocked the power of RNA vaccines. Nature. 2021;589:189–91. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00019-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt CS, Siegrist CA. Is there a role for childhood vaccination against COVID-19? Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(1):9–16. doi:10.1111/pai.13401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadegh-Nasseri S, Kim A. Exogenous antigens bind MHC class II first, and are processed by cathepsins later. Mol Immunol. 2015;68:81–84. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin U, Muik A, Derhovanessian E, Vogler I, Kranz LM, Vormehr M, Baum A, Pascal K, Quandt J, Maurus D, et al. COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and T(H)1 T cell responses. Nature. 2020;586(7830):594–99. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberer M, Gnad-Vogt U, Hong HS, Mehr KT, Backert L, Finak G, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial. Lancet (London England). 2017;390(10101):1511–20. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31665-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahl K, Senn JJ, Yuzhakov O, Bulychev A, Brito LA, Hassett KJ, Gottardo R, Bica MA, Garofano A, Koch SD, et al. Preclinical and clinical demonstration of immunogenicity by mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses. Mol Ther. 2017;25:1316–27. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergwerk M, Gonen T, Lustig Y, Amit S, Lipsitch M, Cohen C, Mandelboim M, Levin EG, Rubin C, Indenbaum V, et al. Covid-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated health care workers. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1474–84. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2109072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel W, Nivet M, Warner J, Podolsky DK. Early evidence of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at one medical center. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1962–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2102153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benenson S, Oster Y, Cohen MJ, Nir-Paz R. Bnt162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness among health care workers. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1775–77. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2101951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MG, Burgess JL, Naleway AL, Tyner HL, Yoon SK, Meece J, Olsho, LE, Caban-Martinez AJ, Fowlkes A, Lutrick K, et al. Interim estimates of vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline workers - Eight U.S. locations, December 2020-March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(13):495–500. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keehner J, Horton LE, Pfeffer MA, Longhurst CA, Schooley RT, Currier JS, Abeles SR, Torriani FJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in health care workers in California. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(18):1774–75. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2101927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeb RT, Price S, Sliwa S, Kimball A, Szucs L, Caruso E, Godfred-Cato S, Lozier M, et al. COVID-19 trends among school-aged children — United States, March 1–september 19, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(39):1410–15. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6939e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auger KA, Shah SS, Richardson T, Hartley D, Hall M, Warniment A, Timmons K, Bosse D, Ferris SA, Brady PW, et al. Association between statewide school closure and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the US. Jama. 2020;324:859–70. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.14348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebinger JE, Fert-Bober J, Printsev I, Wu M, Sun N, Prostko JC, Van Eyk JE, Braun JG, et al. Antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2021;27:981–84. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01325-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas SJ, Moreira ED Jr., Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Polack FP, Zerbini C et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1761–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter EB, Talaat KR, Sabharwal C, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Paulsen GC, Barnett ED., Muñoz FM, Maldonado Y, Pahud BA, et al. Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in children 5 to 11 years of age. N Engl J Med. 2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116298.
   Google Scholar
• Woodworth KR, Moulia D, Collins JP, Hadler SC, Jones JM, Reddy SC, Chamberland, M, Campos-Outcalt, D, Morgan, RL, Brooks, O, et al. The advisory committee on immunization practicesʻ interim recommendation for use of Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 vaccine in children aged 5–11 years — United States, November 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(45):1579–83. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7045e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, Jackson LA, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2427–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier DA, Ferreira I, Kotagiri P, Datir RP, Lim EY, Touizer E, Meng B, Abdullahi A, Elmer A, Kingston N, et al. Age-Related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2. Nature. 2021;596:417–22. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03739-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, Brooks N, Smaja M, Mircus G, Pan K, et al. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data. Lancet (London, England). 2021;397(10287):1819–29. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00947-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marc GP, Alvarez-Paggi D, Polack FP. Mounting evidence for immunizing previously infected subjects with a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(12):131. doi:10.1172/jci150135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E, Miron O, Perchik S, Katz MA, Hernán MA, Lipsitch M, Reis B, et al. Bnt162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1412–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2101765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Moro L, Rodari P, Piubelli C, Caldrer S, Riccetti S, Sinigaglia A, Barzon L, et al. Antibody response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in subjects with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viruses. 2021;13(3):13. doi:10.3390/v13030422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson M, Stec M, Rewane A, Landay A, Cloherty G, Moy J. SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in infection-naive or previously infected individuals after 1 and 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4:e2119741. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.19741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, et al. COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.20213512.
   Google Scholar
• Wang C, Li W, Drabek D, Okba NMA, van Haperen R, Osterhaus A, van Kuppeveld FJ, Haagmans BL, Grosveld F, et al. A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2251. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16256-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young-Xu Y, Korves C, Roberts J, Powell EI, Zwain GM, Smith J, Izurieta HS, et al. Coverage and estimated effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines among US veterans. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(10):e2128391. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt AA, Omer SB, Yan P, Shaikh OS, Mayr FB. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in a high-risk national population in a real-world setting. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:1404–08. doi:10.7326/m21-1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menni C, Klaser K, May A, Polidori L, Capdevila J, Louca P, Sudre CH, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Merino J, et al. Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID symptom study app in the UK: a prospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:939–49. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00224-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flacco ME, Soldato G, Acuti Martellucci C, Carota R, Di Luzio R, Caponetti A, Manzoli L. Interim estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in a mass caccination setting: data from an Italian Province. Vaccines. 2021;9(6):628. doi:10.3390/vaccines9060628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas EJ, McLaughlin JM, Khan F, Angulo FJ, Anis E, Lipsitch M, Singer SR, Mircus G, Brooks N, Smaja M, et al. Infections, hospitalisations, and deaths averted via a nationwide vaccination campaign using the Pfizer-BioNtech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Israel: a retrospective surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00566-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barda N, Dagan N, Cohen C, Hernán MA, Lipsitch M, Kohane IS, Reis BY, Balicer RD. Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study. Lancet (London, England). 2021;398(10316):2093–100. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02249-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasileiou E, Simpson CR, Shi T, Kerr S, Agrawal U, Akbari A, Bedston S, Beggs J, Bradley D, Chuter A, et al. Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet (London, England). 2021;397(10285):1646–57. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00677-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajema KL, Dahl RM, Evener SL, Prill MM, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Marconi VC, Beenhouwer DO, Holodniy M, Lucero-Obusan C, Brown ST, et al. Comparative effectiveness and antibody responses to Moderna and Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 vaccines among hospitalized veterans — Five veterans affairs medical centers, United States, February 1–september 30, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(49):1700–05. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7049a2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruxvoort KJ, Sy LS, Qian L, Ackerson BK, Luo Y, Lee GS, Tian Y, Florea A, Takhar HS, Tubert JE, et al. Real-World effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: interim results from a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2021;6:100134. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aleem A, Akbar Samad AB, and Slenker AK. Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and novel therapeutics against coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls Copyright © 2021, StatPearls Publishing LLC., 2021. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan 5.
   Google Scholar
• Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Kucharski AJ, Munday JD, Pearson CA, Russell TW, Tully DC, Washburne AD, et al. Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Science (New York, NY). 2021;372. doi:10.1126/science.abg3055.
   Google Scholar
• Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Butt AA. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:187–89. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2104974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemaitelly H, Yassine HM, Benslimane FM, Al Khatib HA, Tang P, Hasan MR, Malek JA, Coyle P, Ayoub HH, Al Kanaani Z et al. mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and severe COVID-19 disease in Qatar. Nat Med. 2021;27(9):1614–21. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01446-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DDS, Mishra S, Crispim MA, Sales FC, Hawryluk I, McCrone JT, et al. Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Science (New York, NY). 2021;372:815–21. doi:10.1126/science.abh2644.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S, Stowe J, Tessier E, Groves N, Dabrera G, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:585–94. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2108891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Liu J, Xia H, Zhang X, Fontes-Garfias CR, Swanson KA, Cai H, Sarkar R, Chen W, Cutler M, et al. Neutralizing activity of BNT162b2-elicited serum. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1466–68. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2102017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Werner AP, Moliva JI, Koch M, Choi A, Stewart-Jones GBE, Bennett H, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Shi W, Graham BS, et al. mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against spike mutants from global SARS-CoV-2 variants. bioRxiv. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.427948.
   Google Scholar
• Tartof SY, Slezak JM, Fischer H, Hong V, Ackerson BK, Ranasinghe ON, Frankland TB, Ogun OA, Zamparo JM, Gray S, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (London, England). 2021;398(10309):1407–16. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02183-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falsey AR, Frenck RW Jr., Walsh EE, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Xu X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization with BNT162b2 vaccine dose 3. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1627–29. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2113468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine-Tiefenbrun M, Yelin I, Katz R, Herzel E, Golan Z, Schreiber L, Wolf T, Nadler V, Ben-Tov A, Kuint J, et al. Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine. Nat Med. 2021;27:790–92. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01316-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita K, Okada S, Sugihara S, Ikeuchi T, Touge H, Hasegawa J, Yamasaki A. Physical characteristics of injection site pain after COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination. Yonago Acta Med. 2021;64(4):339–44. doi:10.33160/yam.2021.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, Straus SE, Gelb LD, Arbeit RD, Simberkoff MS, Gershon AA, Davis LE, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2271–84. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed YY. Recombinant Zoster vaccine (Shingrix®): a review in Herpes Zoster. Drugs Aging. 2018;35(12):1031–40. doi:10.1007/s40266-018-0603-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Vilar S, Dores GM, Marquez PL, Ng CS, Cano MV, Rastogi A, Lee L, Su JR, Duffy J. Safety surveillance of meningococcal group B vaccine (Bexsero®), vaccine adverse event reporting system, 2015-2018. Vaccine. 2021;40(2):247–54. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin-Bardales J, Gee J, Myers T. Reactogenicity following receipt of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. Jama. 2021;325:2201–02. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.5374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu FC, Li YH, Guan XH, Hou LH, Wang WJ, Li JX, Wu SP, Wang BS, Wang Z, Wang L, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10240):1845–54. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31208-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice SM, Ferree SD, Mesinkovska NA, Kourosh AS. The art of prevention: COVID-19 vaccine preparedness for the dermatologist. Int J Womenʻs Dermatol. 2021;7(2):209–12. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.01.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CDC. COVID-19 response team and food and drug administration. Allergic reactions including Anaphylaxis after receipt of the first dose of Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 vaccine - United States, December 14-23, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:46–51. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7002e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wi YM, Kim SH, Peck KR. Early adverse events between mRNA and adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare workers. Vaccines. 2021;9(8):931. doi:10.3390/vaccines9080931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahid MN. Unfolding the mild to moderate short-term side effects of four COVID-19 vaccines used in Bahrain: a cross-sectional study. Vaccines. 2021;9(11):1369. doi:10.3390/vaccines9111369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almufty HB, Mohammed SA, Abdullah AM, Merza MA. Potential adverse effects of COVID19 vaccines among Iraqi population; a comparison between the three available vaccines in Iraq; a retrospective cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021;15(5):102207. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozkurt B, Kamat I, Hotez PJ. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation. 2021;144:471–84. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.056135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerji A, Wickner PG, Saff R, Stone CA Jr., Robinson LB, Long AA, Wolfson AR, Williams P, Khan DA, Phillips E, et al. mRNA vaccines to prevent COVID-19 disease and reported allergic reactions: current evidence and suggested approach. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(4):1423–37. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak N, Tordesillas L, Cabanillas B. Adverse rare events to vaccines for COVID-19: from hypersensitivity reactions to thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. Int Rev Immunol. 2021;1–10. doi:10.1080/08830185.2021.1939696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kounis NG, Koniari I, de Gregorio C, Velissaris D, Petalas K, Brinia A, Assimakopoulos SF, Gogos C, Kouni SN, Kounis GN, et al. Allergic reactions to current available COVID-19 vaccinations: pathophysiology, causality, and therapeutic considerations. Vaccines. 2021;9(3):221. doi:10.3390/vaccines9030221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblum HG, Hadler SC, Moulia D, Shimabukuro TT, Su JR, Tepper NK, et al. Use of COVID-19 vaccines after reports of adverse events among adult recipients of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNtech and Moderna): update from the advisory committee on immunization practices — United States, July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(32):1094–99. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7032e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazlollahi A, Zahmatyar M, Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Sullman MJM, Shekarriz-Foumani R, Kolahi AA, Singh K, et al. Cardiac complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of case reports and case series. Rev Med Virol. 2021;e2318. doi:10.1002/rmv.2318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Accessed 2021 December 25. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/slides-2021-06.html
   Google Scholar
• Caforio ALP. Receipt of mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 and myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2189–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2116493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luk A, Clarke B, Dahdah N, Ducharme A, Krahn A, McCrindle B, Mizzi, T, Naus, M, Udell, JA, Virani, S. et al. Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: practical considerations for care providers. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37:1629–34. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, Dixon S, Zaccardi F, Shankar-Hari M, Watkinson P, Khunti K, Harnden A, Coupland CA, et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2021. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart ASV, Shaw RH, Liu X, Greenland M, Aley PK, Andrews NJ, Cameron JC, Charlton S, Clutterbuck EA, and Collins AM, et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of heterologous COVID-19 primary vaccination incorporating mRNA, viral-vector, and protein-adjuvant vaccines in the UK (Com-COV2): a single-blind, randomised, phase 2, non-inferiority trial. Lancet (London England). 2021;399(10319):36–49. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02718-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Hui A, Zhang X, Yang Y, Tang R, Ye H, Ji R, Lin M, Zhu Z, Türeci Ö, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b1 mRNA vaccine in younger and older Chinese adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 study. Nat Med. 2021;27:1062–70. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01330-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, McCullough MP, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, et al. An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(20):1920–31. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford IA, Parchem JG, Sibai BM. The coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in pregnancy: risks, benefits, and recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:484–95. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.01.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman CJ, Bouressam M, Campion SN, Cappon GD, Catlin NR, Cutler MW, Diekmann, J., Rohde, C.M., Sellers, R.S, Lindemann, C. et al. Lack of effects on female fertility and prenatal and postnatal offspring development in rats with BNT162b2, a mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. Reprod Toxicol. 2021;103:28–35. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimabukuro TT, Kim SY, Myers TR, Moro PL, Oduyebo T, Panagiotakopoulos L, Marquez PL, Olson CK, Liu R, Chang KT, et al. Preliminary findings of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2273–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2104983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hause AM, Gee J, Baggs J, Abara WE, Marquez P, Thompson D, Su JR, Licata C, Rosenblum HG, Myers TR, et al. COVID-19 vaccine safety in adolescents aged 12–17 years — United States, December 14, 2020–july 16, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(31):1053–58. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7031e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali K, Berman G, Zhou H, Deng W, Faughnan V, Coronado-Voges M, et al. Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2241–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2109522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenck RW Jr., Klein NP, Kitchin N, Gurtman A, Absalon J, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Walter EB, Senders S, Bailey R, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:239–50. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel DA, Reses HE, Cool AJ, Shapiro CN, Hsu J, Boehmer TK, Cornwell CR, Gray EB, Henley SJ, Lochner K, et al. Trends in COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions among children and adolescents aged 0–17 years — United States, August 2020–August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(36):1249–54. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7036e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doria-Rose N, Suthar MS, Makowski M, Oʻ-Connell S, McDermott AB, Flach B, Ledgerwood JE, Mascola JR., Graham BS, Lin BC, et al. Antibody persistence through 6 months after the second dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine for Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2259–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2103916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JS, Oʻ-Halloran JA, Kalaidina E, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Zhou JQ, Lei, T., Thapa, M., Chen, R.E., Li T, Margolick JB, Pawelec G, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses. Nature. 2021;596:109–13. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03738-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Klein SL, Garibaldi BT, Li H, Wu C, Osevala NM, et al. Aging in COVID-19: vulnerability, immunity and intervention. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;65:101205. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton A, Jacobs Slifka KM, Edens C, Nanduri SA, Bart SM, Shang N, Harizaj A, Armstrong J, Xu K, Ehrlich HY, et al. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 vaccine among residents of two skilled nursing facilities experiencing COVID-19 outbreaks — Connecticut, December 2020–february 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(11):396–401. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7011e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crommelin DJA, Anchordoquy TJ, Volkin DB, Jiskoot W, Mastrobattista E. Addressing the cold reality of mRNA vaccine stability. J Pharm Sci. 2021;110:997–1001. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang NN, Li XF, Deng YQ, Zhao H, Huang YJ, Yang G, Huang WJ, Gao P, Zhou C, Zhang RR, et al. A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19. Cell. 2020;182(5):1271–83.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To KKW, Cho WCS. An overview of rational design of mRNA-based therapeutics and vaccines. Expert opinion on drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2021;16(11):1307–17. doi:10.1080/17460441.2021.1935859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwa A, Aljabbari A, Lokras A, Foged C, Thakur A. Opportunities and challenges in the delivery of mRNA-based vaccines. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(2):12. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SC, Sekhon SS, Shin WR, Ahn G, Cho BK, Ahn JY, Kim YH. et al. Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency. Mol Cell Toxicology. 2021;1–8. doi:10.1007/s13273-021-00171-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Presnyak V, Alhusaini N, Chen YH, Martin S, Morris N, Kline N, Olson S, Weinberg D, Baker KE, Graveley BR, et al. Codon optimality is a major determinant of mRNA stability. Cell. 2015;160(6):1111–24. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitz L, Vogel A, Schnee M, Voss D, Rauch S, Mutzke T, Ketterer T, Kramps T, et al. A thermostable messenger RNA based vaccine against rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0006108. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar