References
- World Health Organization(WHO). COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape; 2022 [accessed 2022 Jan 18]. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines .
- World Health Organization(WHO). Status of COVID-19 vaccines within WHO EUL/PQ evaluation process; 2021 [accessed 2021 Nov 11]. https://www.who.int/teams/regulation-prequalification/eul/covid-19 .
- World Health Organization(WHO). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard; 2022 [accessed 2022 Jan 18]. https://covid19.who.int/ .
- Canton R, De Lucas Ramos P, Garcia-Botella A, Garcia-Lledo A, Gomez-Pavon J, Gonzalez Del Castillo J, et al. New variants of SARS-CoV-2 Rev Esp Quimioter. 2021;34(5):419-428.
- Harvey WT, Carabelli AM, Jackson B, Gupta RK, Thomson EC, Harrison EM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19:409–12.
- Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:585–94.
- Planas D, Veyer D, Baidaliuk A, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rajah MM, et al. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature. 2021;596:276–80.
- Rössler A, Riepler L, Bante D, von Laer D, Kimpel J. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant neutralization in serum from vaccinated and convalescent persons. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:698-700.
- Zhou D, Dejnirattisai W, Supasa P, Liu C, Mentzer AJ, Ginn HM, et al. Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera. Cell. 2021;184:2348–61.e6.
- World Health Organization(WHO). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants; 2022 [accessed 2022 Jan 18]. https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/ .
- World Health Organization(WHO). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update; 2021 [accessed 2021 July 27]. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/20210722_weekly_epi_update_50_updated.pdf .
- Bernal JL, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant. N Engl J Med . 2024;385:585-594.
- Madhi SA, Baillie V, Cutland CL, Voysey M, Koen AL, Fairlie L, et al. Efficacy of the ChAdox1 nCov-19 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1885–98.
- Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, Cárdenas V, Shukarev G, Grinsztejn B, et al. Safety and efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2187–201.
- Shinde V, Bhikha S, Hoosain Z, Archary M, Bhorat Q, Fairlie L, et al. Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1899–909.
- Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Butt AA. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:187–89.
- Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, et al. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data. Lancet. 2021;397:1819–29.
- CNCB . Israel says Pfizer Covid vaccine is just 39% effective as delta spreads, but still prevents severe illness [accesed 23 July 2021]. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/23/delta-variant-pfizer-covid-vaccine-39percent-effective-in-israel-prevents-severe-illness.html .
- Collie S, Champion J, Moultrie H, Bekker L-G, Gray G. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccine against Omicron variant in South Africa. N Engl J Med . 2022;386:494–96.
- Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2020;581:215–20.
- McCallum M, Marco A, Lempp F, Tortorici MA, Pinto D, Walls AC, et al. N-Terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2021;184(9):2332-2347.e16.
- Cerutti G, Guo Y, Zhou T, Gorman J, Lee M, Rapp M, et al. Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies directed against spike N-terminal domain target a single supersite. Cell Host & Microbe. 2021;29:819–33 e7.
- Martínez-Flores D, Zepeda-Cervantes J, Cruz-Reséndiz A, Aguirre-Sampieri S, Sampieri A, Vaca L. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on the Spike Glycoprotein and implications of new viral variants. Front Immunol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.701501.
- Wang R, Zhang Q, Ge J, Ren W, Zhang R, Lan J, et al. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations reveals neutralization escape mechanisms and the ability to use ACE2 receptors from additional species. Immunity. 2021;54:1611–21 e5.
- Chen C, Boorla VS, Banerjee D, Chowdhury R, Cavener VS, Nissly RH, et al. Computational prediction of the effect of amino acid changes on the binding affinity between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human ACE2 receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .2021;118:(42) e2106480118.
- Gan HH, Twaddle A, Marchand B, Gunsalus KC. Structural modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike/Human ACE2 complex interface can identify high-affinity variants associated with increased transmissibility. J Mol Biol. 2021;433:167051.
- Barton MI, MacGowan SA, Kutuzov MA, Dushek O, Barton GJ, van der Merwe PA. Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics. Elife. 2021;10:e70658.
- Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Kucharski AJ, Munday JD, et al. Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Science. 2021;372:eabg3055.
- Baum A, Fulton BO, Wloga E, Copin R, Pascal KE, Russo V, et al. Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies. Science. 2020;369:1014–18.
- Diamond M, Chen R, Xie X, Case J, Zhang X, VanBlargan L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants show resistance to neutralization by many monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies. Research Square. 2021;rs.3.rs-228079.
- Wang P, Nair MS, Liu L, Iketani S, Luo Y, Guo Y, et al. Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. Nature. 2021;593:130–35.
- Weisblum Y, Schmidt F, Zhang F, DaSilva J, Poston D, Lorenzi JCC , et al. Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants. Elife. 2020;9:e61312.
- Collier DA, De Marco A, Ferreira I, Meng B, Datir RP, Walls AC, et al. Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies. Nature. 2021;593:136–41.
- Greaney AJ, Loes AN, Crawford KHD, Starr TN, Malone KD, Chu HY, et al. Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies. Cell Host & Microbe. 2021;29:463–76 e6.
- Andreano E, Piccini G, Licastro D, Casalino L, Johnson NV, Paciello I, et al. SARS-CoV-2 escape in vitro from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma doi: . bioRxiv. 2020.12.28.424451.
- McCallum M, Bassi J, De Marco A, Chen A, Walls AC, Di Iulio J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern. Science. 2021;373(6555):648-654.
- Mannar D, Saville JW, Zhu X, Srivastava SS, Berezuk AM, Tuttle KS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: antibody evasion and cryo-EM structure of spike protein–ace2 complex. Science. 2022;375(6582):760-764.
- Teruel N, Crown M, Bashton M, Najmanovich R. Computational analysis of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron Spike protein mutations on dynamics, ACE2 binding and propensity for immune escape. bioRxiv; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.472622 .
- Fratev F. The high transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant is not only due to its hACE2 binding: a free energy of perturbation study. bioRxiv; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.04.471246 .
- Lan J, He X, Ren Y, Wang Z, Zhou H, Fan S, et al. Structural and computational insights into the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron RBD-ACE2 interaction. bioRxiv; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.03.474855.
- cov-lineages.org. PANGO. B.1.1.7; 2021. https://cov-lineages.org/global_report_B.1.1.7.html .
- Rambaut, A, Nick Loman, N, Pybus, O, Barclay, W, Barrett, J, Carabelli, A, et al. Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations 2021. https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 .
- Starr TN, Greaney AJ, Hilton SK, Ellis D, Crawford KHD, Dingens AS, et al. Deep mutational scanning of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain reveals constraints on folding and ACE2 binding. Cell. 2020;182:1295–310. e20.
- Kemp SA, Collier DA, Datir RP, Ferreira I, Gayed S, Jahun A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection. Nature. 2021;592:277–82.
- Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M, Barrett JC, Johnson R, Geidelberg L, et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.1.7 in England: insights from linking epidemiological and genetic data. medExiv 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.30.20249034 .
- Tanaka H, Hirayama A, Nagai H, Shirai C, Takahashi Y, Shinomiya H, et al. Increased transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant in a Japanese population International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(15): 7752.
- Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Sadoff J, Yu J, Chang A, Gebre M, et al. Durable humoral and cellular immune responses 8 months after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:951–53.
- A-Ry C, Yu J, McMahan K, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Maron JS, et al. Differential kinetics of immune responses elicited by Covid-19 vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2010–12.
- Cohen KW, Linderman SL, Moodie Z, Czartoski J, Lai L, Mantus G, et al. Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells. Cell Rep Med. 2021;2:100354.
- Azkur AK, Akdis M, Azkur D, Sokolowska M, van de Veen W, Brüggen M-C, et al. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19. Allergy. 2020;75:1564–81.
- Novazzi F, Baj A, Genoni A, Spezia PG, Colombo A, Cassani G, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 reinfection after previous COVID-19 in two immunocompetent Italian patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93:5648–49.
- Loconsole D, Sallustio A, Accogli M, Leaci A, Sanguedolce A, Parisi A, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01-lineage B.1.1.7 infection in healthcare workers, Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(8):1174.e1-1174.e4.
- Emary KRW, Golubchik T, Aley PK, Ariani CV, Angus B, Bibi S, et al. Efficacy of ChAdox1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:1351–62.
- Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, Boffito M, Browne D, Burns F, et al. Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021. 385(13):1172-1183.
- cov-lineages.org. PANGO. B.1.351; 2021. https://cov-lineages.org/global_report_B.1.351.html .
- Staub T, Arendt V, Lasso de la Vega EC, Braquet P, Michaux C, Kohnen M, et al. Case series of four re-infections with a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant, Luxembourg, February 2021. Euro Surv. 2021;26(18):2100423.
- Saha S, Tanmoy AM, Hooda Y, Tanni AA, Goswami S, Sium SMA, et al. COVID-19 rise in Bangladesh correlates with increasing detection of B.1.351 variant. BMJ Global Health. 2021;6(5):e006012.
- Bian L, Gao F, Zhang J, He Q, Mao Q, Xu M, et al. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 variants on vaccine efficacy and response strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021;20(4):365–73. doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1903879.
- Novavax. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine demonstrates 89.3% efficacy in UK Phase 3 trial; 2021 [accessed 2021 Jan 28]. https://ir.novavax.com/2021-01-28-Novavax-COVID-19-Vaccine-Demonstrates-89-3-Efficacy-in-UK-Phase-3-Trial .
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Vaccines and related biological Products Advisory Committee February 26, 2021 meeting announcement; 2021[accessed February 26, 2021]. https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/vaccines-and-related-biological-products-advisory-committee-february-26-2021-meeting-announcement .
- Callaway E. Pfizer COVID vaccine protects against worrying coronavirus variants. Nature. 2021;593:325–26.
- cov-lineages.org. PANGO. P.1; 2021. https://cov-lineages.org/global_report_P.1.html .
- Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DDS, Mishra S, et al. Genomics and epidemiology of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. medRxiv. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554.
- Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DDS, Mishra S, et al. Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Science. 2021;372:815–21.
- Supasa P, Zhou D, Dejnirattisai W, Liu C, Mentzer AJ, Ginn HM, et al. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera. Cell. 2021;184:2201–11. e7.
- Chen X, Chen Z, Azman AS, Sun R, Lu W, Zheng N, et al. Comprehensive mapping of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by natural infection or vaccination. medRxiv 2021;2021.05.03.21256506. doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.21256506.
- Tanriover MD, Doğanay HL, Akova M, Güner HR, Azap A, Akhan S, et al. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey. Lancet. 2021;398:213–22.
- Álvarez-Antonio C, Meza-Sánchez G, Calampa C, Casanova W, Carey C, Alava F, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Iquitos, Peru in July and August, 2020: a population-based study. Lancet Global Health. 2021;9:e925–e31.
- Peacock TP, Brown JC, Zhou J, Thakur N, Newman J, Kugathasan R, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron, shows rapid replication in human primary nasal epithelial cultures and efficiently uses the endosomal route of entry. bioRxiv 2022; 2021.12.31.474653.
- Callaway E. Delta coronavirus variant: scientists brace for impact. Nature. 2021;595:17–18.
- Tchesnokova V, Kulasekara H, Larson L, Bowers V, Rechkina E, Kisiela D, et al. Acquisition of the L452R mutation in the ACE2-Binding interface of spike protein triggers recent massive expansion of SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59:e0092121.
- Allen H, Vusirikala, A, Flannagan, J, Twohig, KA, Zaidi, A, Chudasama, D et al. Increased household transmission of COVID-19 cases associated with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern B.1.617.2: a national case control study. The Lancet Regional Health- Europe. 2022;12:100252.
- Campbell F, Archer B, Laurenson-Schafer H, Jinnai Y, Konings F, Batra N, et al. Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles. European Communicable Disease Bulletin. ;2021;26(24):2100509.
- Yang W, Shaman J. COVID-19 pandemic dynamics in India and impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. medExiv; 2021 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.21.21259268 .
- Sharma P, Mishra S, Basu S, Tanwar N, Kumar R. Breakthrough infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its predictors among healthcare workers in a medical college and hospital complex in Delhi, India. Cureus. 2021;13(10):e19070. doi:10.7759/cureus.19070.
- Nasreen S, Chung H, He S, Brown KA, Gubbay JB, Buchan SA, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants of concern in Ontario, Canada. medRxiv; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21259420 .
- CNN. Why Covid-19 outbreaks in countries using Chinese vaccines don’t necessarily mean the shots have failed [accessed July 03, 2021] https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/02/china/vaccines-sinovac-sinopharm-intl-hnk-dst/index.html.
- Public Health England. Vaccines highly effective against hospitalisation from Delta variant; 2021 [Accessed 2021 June 14]. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vaccines-highly-effective-against-hospitalisation-from-delta-variant .
- World Health Organization(WHO). Enhancing response to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant 2022 [accessed January 21, 2022]. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/enhancing-readiness-for-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-technical-brief-and-priority-actions-for-member-states .
- Qin S, Cui M, Sun S, Zhou J, Du Z, Cui Y, et al. Genome characterization and potential risk assessment of the novel SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron (B.1.1.529). Zoonoses. 2021;1(1) doi:10.15212/ZOONOSES-2021-0024
- Cao Y, Wang J, Jian F, Xiao T, Song W, Yisimayi A, et al. Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Nature 2022;602(7898):657-663.
- Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, Toffa S, Rickeard T, Gallagher E, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern. medRxiv; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267615.
- Espenhain L, Funk T, Overvad M, Edslev SM, Fonager J, Ingham AC, et al. Epidemiological characterisation of the first 785 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases in Denmark, December 2021. Euro Surveillance. 2021;26(50):2101146.
- UK Health Security Agency. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical briefing 31; 2021 [accessed 2021 Dec 10]. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1042367/technical_briefing-31-10-december-2021.pdf .
- Viana R, Moyo S, Amoako DG, Tegally H, Scheepers C, Althaus CL, et al. Rapid epidemic expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa. Nature. 2022;603(7902):679-686.
- Wolter N, Jassat W, Walaza S, Welch R, Moultrie H, Groome M, et al. Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in South Africa: a data linkage study. Lancet. 2022;399(10323):437-446.
- UK Health Security Agency. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England technical briefing: update on hospitalisation and vaccine effectiveness for Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529); 2021 [accessed 2021 Dec 31]. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1045619/Technical-Briefing-31-Dec-2021-Omicron_severity_update.pdf .
- Ulloa AC, Buchan SA, Daneman N, Brown KA. Early estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant severity based on a matched cohort study. Ontario, Canada: medRxiv 2022:2021.12.24.21268382.
- Lewnard JA, Hong PM VX, Kahn R, Lipsitch M, Tartof SY. Clinical outcomes among patients infected with Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant in Southern California. medRxiv 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.11.22269045 .
- Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020;586:516–27.
- Shuai H, Chan J-W, Hu B, Chai Y, Yuen T-T, Yin F, et al. Attenuated replication and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron. Nature 2022;603(7902):693-699.
- Halfmann PJ, Iida S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Maemura T, Kiso M, Scheaffer SM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus causes attenuated disease in mice and hamsters. Nature 2022;603(7902):687-692.
- Tseng HF, Ackerson BK, Luo Y, Sy LS, Talarico CA, Tian Y, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta variants. Nat Med. 2022; 10.1038/s41591-022-01753-y.
- Stamatatos L, Czartoski J, Wan Y-H, Homad LJ, Rubin V, Glantz H, et al. mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science. 2021;372:1413–18.
- Collier DA, De Marco A, Ferreira IATM, Meng B, Datir RP, Walls AC, et al. Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies. Nature. 2021;593:136–41.
- Wang P, Nair MS, Liu L, Iketani S, Luo Y, Guo Y, et al. Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. bioRxiv; 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428137.
- Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, et al. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell. 2021;184:2523.
- Muik A, Wallisch A-K, Sänger B, Swanson KA, Mühl J, Chen W, et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine–elicited human sera. Science. 2021;371:1152–53.
- Shen X, Tang H, Pajon R, Smith G, Glenn GM, Shi W, et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2352–54.
- Ikegame S, Siddiquey MNA, Hung C-T, Haas G, Brambilla L, Oguntuyo KY, et al. Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4598.
- Kuzmina A, Khalaila Y, Voloshin O, Keren-Naus A, Bohehm L, Raviv Y, et al. SARS CoV-2 escape variants exhibit differential infectivity and neutralization sensitivity to convalescent or post-vaccination sera. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3789258.2021 .
- Shen X, Tang H, McDanal C, Wagh K, Fischer W, Theiler J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral spike vaccines. Cell Host & Microbe. 2021;29:529–39.e3.
- Hoffmann M, Arora P, Groß R, Seidel A, Hörnich BF, Hahn AS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies. Cell. 2021;184:2384–93.e12.
- Deng X, Garcia-Knight MA, Khalid MM, Servellita V, Wang C, Morris MK, et al. Transmission, infectivity, and antibody neutralization of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in California carrying a L452R spike protein mutation. medRxiv 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.21252647.
- Dejnirattisai W, Zhou D, Supasa P, Liu C, Mentzer AJ, Ginn HM, et al. Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2021;184:2939–54.e9.
- Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, McBride SK, Coulter FJ, Weinstein JB, et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and BNT162b2 vaccinated serum. Nat Commun. 2021;12:5135.
- Vv E, Norwood C, Floyd K, Lai L, Me D-G, Wh H, et al. Infection- and vaccine-induced antibody binding and neutralization of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:516–21.e3.
- Tada T, Dcosta BM, Samanovic MI, Herati RS, Cornelius A, Zhou H, et al. Convalescent-Phase sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies largely maintain neutralizing titer against global SARS-CoV-2 variant spikes. mBio. 2021;12: e00696-21.
- Vv E, Wh H, Xie X, Ahmed R, Ms S. Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants after infection and vaccination. Jama. 2021;325:1896–98.
- Lustig Y, Nemet I, Kliker L, Zuckerman N, Yishai R, Alroy-Preis S, et al. Neutralizing response against variants after SARS-CoV-2 infection and One Dose of BNT162b2. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2453–54.
- Vv E, Norwood C, Floyd K, Lai L, Me D-G, Wh H, et al. Reduced binding and neutralization of infection- and vaccine-induced antibodies to the B.1.351 (South African) SARS-CoV-2 variant. bioRxiv. 2021;2021.02.20.432046.
- Chen RE, Zhang X, Case JB, Winkler ES, Liu Y, VanBlargan LA, et al. Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies. Nat Med. 2021;27:717–26.
- Planas D, Bruel T, Grzelak L, Guivel-Benhassine F, Staropoli I, Porrot F, et al. Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies. Nat Med. 2021;27:917–24.
- Betton M, Livrozet M, Planas D, Fayol A, Monel B, Védie B, et al. Sera neutralizing activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 and multiple variants 6 Months after hospitalization for Coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e1337–e44.
- Wall EC, Wu M, Harvey R, Kelly G, Warchal S, Sawyer C, et al. AZD1222-Induced neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC. Lancet. 2021;398:207–09.
- Liu J, Liu Y, Xia H, Zou J, Weaver SC, Swanson KA, et al. Bnt162b2-Elicited neutralization of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature. 2021;596:273–75.
- Wall EC, Wu M, Harvey R, Kelly G, Warchal S, Sawyer C, et al. Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination. Lancet. 2021;397:2331–33.
- Sapkal GN, Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Deshpande G, Gupta N, Nyayanit DA, et al. Neutralization of Delta variant with sera of Covishield™ vaccines and COVID-19-recovered vaccinated individuals. J Travel Med. 2021;28(7):taab119.
- Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Ella R, Sahay RR, Nyayanit DA, Patil DY, et al. Neutralization of Beta and Delta variant with sera of COVID-19 recovered cases and vaccinees of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBV152/Covaxin. J Travel Med. 2021;28(7):taab104.
- Liu C, Ginn HM, Dejnirattisai W, Supasa P, Wang B, Tuekprakhon A, et al. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 by vaccine and convalescent serum. Cell. 2021;184:4220–36.e13.
- Haveri A, Ekström N, Solastie A, Virta C, Österlund P, Isosaari E, et al. Persistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51:3202–13.
- Carreño JM, Alshammary H, Singh G, Raskin A, Amanat F, Amoako A, et al. Reduced neutralizing activity of post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination serum against variants B.1.617.2, B.1.351, B.1.1.7+E484K and a sub-variant of C.37. medRxiv; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.21.21260961 .
- Mlcochova P, Kemp SA, Dhar MS, Papa G, Meng B, Ferreira IATM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion. Nature. 2021;599:114–19.
- Vacharathit V, Aiewsakun P, Manopwisedjaroen S, Srisaowakarn C, Laopanupong T, Ludowyke N, et al. CoronaVac induces lower neutralising activity against variants of concern than natural infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:1352–54.
- Davis C, Logan N, Tyson G, Orton R, Harvey WT, Perkins JS, et al. Reduced neutralisation of the Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern following vaccination. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17:e1010022.
- Jongeneelen M, Kaszas K, Veldman D, Huizingh J, Rvd V, Schouten T, et al. Ad26.Cov2. S elicited neutralizing activity against Delta and other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern bioRxiv; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.01.450707 .
- Choi A, Koch M, Wu K, Dixon G, Oestreicher J, Legault H, et al. Serum neutralizing activity of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Virol. 2021;95:e01313–21.
- Hu J, X-Y W, Xiang J, Peng P, F-L X, Wu K, et al. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variant by convalescent and vaccinated sera. Genes & Diseases;2021. doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2021.11.007.
- Zhao X, Zheng A, Li D, Zhang R, Sun H, Wang Q, et al. Neutralisation of ZF2001-elicited antisera to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2(10):e494.
- Hoffmann M, Hofmann-Winkler H, Krüger N, Kempf A, Nehlmeier I, Graichen L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 is resistant to bamlanivimab and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. Cell Rep. 2021;36(3):109415.
- Tada T, Zhou H, Dcosta BM, Samanovic MI, Mulligan MJ, Landau NR. Partial resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variants to vaccine-elicited antibodies and convalescent sera. iScience. 2021;24(11):103341.
- Hansen CH, Schelde AB, Moustsen-Helm IR, Emborg H-D, Krause TG, Mølbak K, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Omicron or Delta variants following a two-dose or booster BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination series: a Danish cohort study. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.20.21267966 .
- Altarawneh H, Chemaitelly H, Tang P, Hasan MR, Qassim S, Ayoub HH, et al. Protection afforded by prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with the Omicron variant. medRxiv 2022; 2022.01.05.22268782. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.05.22268782 .
- Johnson & Johnson. Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine authorized by U.S. FDA for emergency use - first single-shot vaccine in fight against global pandemic https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine-authorized-by-u-s-fda-for-emergency-usefirst-single-shot-vaccine-in-fight-against-global-pandemic .
- Oxford. Oxford Covid-19 vaccine trial results; 2021 [accessed 2021 Feb 7]. https://www.wits.ac.za/covid19/covid19-news/latest/oxford-covid-19-vaccine-trial-results.html .
- Voysey M, Ann Costa Clemens S, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. Single-Dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdox1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials. Lancet. 2021;397:881–91.
- Callaway E, Mallapaty S. Novavax offers first evidence that COVID vaccines protect people against variants. Nature. 2021;590:17.
- Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, Boffito M, Browne D, Burns F, et al. Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1172–83.
- Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397:1725–35.
- Guan L, Yu Y, Wu X, Nie J, Zhang J, Wang Z, et al. The first Chinese national standards for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody. Vaccine. 2021;39:3724–30.
- Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, et al. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell. 2021;184:2372–83 e9.
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC). First WHO international standard anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Human); 2021. https://www.nibsc.org/documents/ifu/20-136.pdf.
- Huang B, Dai L, Wang H, Hu Z, Yang X, Tan W, et al. Serum sample neutralisation of BBIBP-CorV and ZF2001 vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2:e285.
- Nathan A, Rossin EJ, Kaseke C, Park RJ, Khatri A, Koundakjian D, et al. Structure-Guided T cell vaccine design for SARS-CoV-2 variants and sarbecoviruses. Cell. 2021;184(17):4401-4413.e10.
- Fischer RJ, van Doremalen N, Adney DR, Yinda CK, Port JR, Holbrook MG, et al. ChAdox1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) protects hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 disease. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5868.
- Alter G, Yu J, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Borducchi EN, Tostanoski LH, et al. Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans. Nature. 2021;596(7871):268-272.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Joint CDC and FDA statement on vaccine boosters; 2021 [accessed 2021 July 08]. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/joint-cdc-and-fda-statement-vaccine-boosters .
- Ministry of Health. The Vaccination Advisory Committee Presented Data and Recommended the Administration of a Third Dose to Older Adults; 2021. https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/29072021-04
- He Q, Mao Q, An C, Zhang J, Gao F, Bian L, et al. Heterologous prime-boost: breaking the protective immune response bottleneck of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2021;10:629–37.
- Groß R, Zanoni M, Seidel A, Conzelmann C, Gilg A, Krnavek D, et al. Heterologous ChAdox1 nCov-19 and BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and T cell reactivity. EBioMedicine. 2022;75:103761.
- Liu X, Shaw RH, Stuart ASV, Greenland M, Dinesh T, Provstgaard-Morys S, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10303):856-869.
- Oxford. Preliminary data suggests mixing Covid-19 vaccine increases reactogenicity; 2021. [accessed 2021 May 13]. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-05-13-preliminary-data-suggests-mixing-covid-19-vaccine-increases-reactogenicity .
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Emergency use authorization for vaccines to prevent COVID-19-guidance for industry; 2021 [accessed 2021 May 25]. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-prevent-covid-19 .
- Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Guidance on strain changes in authorised COVID-19 vaccines; 2021. [accessed 2021 March 04]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-consortium-guidance-on-strain-changes-in-authorised-covid-19-vaccines/guidance-on-strain-changes-in-authorised-covid-19-vaccines .
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Reflection paper on the regulatory requirements for vaccines intended to provide protection against variant strain(s) of SARS-CoV-2; 2021 [accessed 2021 Feb 25]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/regulatory-requirements-vaccines-intended-provide-protection-against-variant-strains-sars-cov-2.
- World Health Organization(WHO). Considerations for evaluation of modified COVID-19 vaccines. In: (RPQ) RaP, ed; 2021 [Accessed 2021 Mar 12]. https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/sites/default/files/documents/Addendum_Evaluation_Modified_Covid-19%20Vaccine.pdf
- Omicron COVID same old, scariant or game changer? 2021. https://member.procurementleaders.com/wp-content/uploads/The%20State%20of%20the%20Pandemic%20-%20with%20Juan%20Enriquez.pdf .
- Johnson & Johnson. Johnson & Johnson to evaluate its COVID-19 vaccine against New Omicron COVID-19 variant; 2021 [accessed 2021 Nov 29]. https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-to-evaluate-its-covid-19-vaccine-against-new-omicron-covid-19-variant.
- Novavax. Novavax statement on Omicron variant response; 2021. [accessed 2021 Dec 02]. https://ir.novavax.com/Novavax-Statement-on-Omicron-Variant-Response
- Pfizer. Pfizer and BioNtech Provide Update on Omicron Variant; 2021. [accessed 2021 Dec 08]. https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-provide-update-omicron-variant .
- AstraZeneca, Oxford Announce Work on New Version of COVID-19 Vaccine Against Omicron; 2021 [accessed 2021 Dec 22]. https://www.republicworld.com/world-news/uk-news/astrazeneca-oxford-announce-work-on-new-version-of-covid-19-vaccine-against-omicron.html .