Nano alum: A new solution to the new challenge

References

• Davies G. Vaccine adjuvants. Springer; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Orr MT, Khandhar AP, Seydoux E, Liang H, Gage E, Mikasa T, Beebe EL, Rintala ND, Persson KH, Ahniyaz A, et al. Reprogramming the adjuvant properties of aluminum oxyhydroxide with nanoparticle technology. NPJ Vaccines. 2019;4(1):1. doi:10.1038/s41541-018-0094-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petersen SB, Gluud C. Was amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate adequately evaluated before authorisation in Europe? BMJ Evid Based Med. 2021;26(6):285–5. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schijns V, O’-Hagan D. Immunopotentiators in modern vaccines. Academic Press; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hogenesch H. Mechanism of immunopotentiation and safety of aluminum adjuvants. Front Immunol. 2013;3:406. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchison S, Benson RA, Gibson VB, Pollock AH, Garside P, Brewer JM. Antigen depot is not required for alum adjuvanticity. Faseb J. 2012;26(3):1272–79. doi:10.1096/fj.11-184556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quandt D, Rothe K, Baerwald C, Rossol M. GPRC6A mediates alum-induced Nlrp3 inflammasome activation but limits Th2 type antibody responses. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):16719. doi:10.1038/srep16719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruwona TB, Xu H, Li X, Taylor AN, Shi Y-C, Cui Z. Toward understanding the mechanism underlying the strong adjuvant activity of aluminum salt nanoparticles. Vaccine. 2016;34(27):3059–67. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mejias A, Rodríguez-Fernández R, Oliva S, Peeples ME, Ramilo O. The journey to a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(1):36–46. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy BR, Walsh EE. Formalin-Inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine induces antibodies to the fusion glycoprotein that are deficient in fusion-inhibiting activity. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26(8):1595–97. doi:10.1128/jcm.26.8.1595-1597.1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda-Okubo Y, Barnard D, Ong CH, Peng B-H, Tseng C-T, Petrovsky N. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus vaccines formulated with delta inulin adjuvants provide enhanced protection while ameliorating lung eosinophilic immunopathology. J Virol. 2015;89(6):2995–3007. doi:10.1128/JVI.02980-14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokugamage KG, Yoshikawa-Iwata N, Ito N, Watts DM, Wyde PR, Wang N, Newman P, Kent Tseng C-T, Peters CJ, Makino S, et al. Chimeric coronavirus-like particles carrying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SCoV) S protein protect mice against challenge with SCoV. Vaccine. 2008;26(6):797–808. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal AS, Tao X, Algaissi A, Garron T, Narayanan K, Peng B-H, Couch RB, Tseng CTK. Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2016;12(9):2351–56. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1177688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner R, Hildt E. Composition and mode of action of adjuvants in licensed viral vaccines. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2019;62(4):462–71. doi:10.1007/s00103-019-02921-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didierlaurent AM, Collignon C, Bourguignon P, Wouters S, Fierens K, Fochesato M, Dendouga N, Langlet C, Malissen B, Lambrecht BN, et al. Enhancement of adaptive immunity by the human vaccine adjuvant AS01 depends on activated dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2014;193(4):1920–30. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1400948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didierlaurent AM, Laupeze B, Di Pasquale A, Hergli N, Collignon C, Garcon N. Adjuvant system AS01: helping to overcome the challenges of modern vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(1):55–63. doi:10.1080/14760584.2016.1213632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcon N, Van Mechelen M. Recent clinical experience with vaccines using MPL-and QS-21-containing adjuvant systems. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2011;10(4):471–86. doi:10.1586/erv.11.29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebig JA, Mullen GE, Dobrescu G, Rausch K, Lambert L, Ajose-Popoola O, Long CA, Saul A, Miles AP. Formulation of vaccines containing CpG oligonucleotides and alum. J Immunol Methods. 2007;323(2):139–46. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2007.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon SI, Kurnasov O, Natarajan V, Hong M, Gudkov AV, Osterman AL, Wilson IA. Structural basis of TLR5-flagellin recognition and signaling. Science. 2012;335(6070):859–64. doi:10.1126/science.1215584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harandi AM. Systems analysis of human vaccine adjuvants. Semin Immunol. 2018;39:30–34. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2018.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghahary M, Taheri RA, Fasihi-Ramandi M. Protective efficacy of the killed toxoplasma gondii vaccine in nano-alum adjuvant. J Maz Univ Med Sci. 2019;29:11–23.
   Google Scholar
• Tang C, Huang X, Yang F, Li M, Fan G, Yue H. Adjuvant effect of aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles on Newcastle diseases antigen in chichens. Chin Vet Sci. 2008;38:1060–64.
   Google Scholar
• HogenEsch H, O’-Hagan DT, Fox CB. Optimizing the utilization of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines: you might just get what you want. NPJ Vaccines. 2018;3(1):51. doi:10.1038/s41541-018-0089-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Ji Z, Liao YP, Chang CH, Wang X, Ku J, Xue C, Mirshafiee V, Xia T. Enhanced immune adjuvant activity of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorods through cationic surface functionalization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9(26):21697–705. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b05817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Z, Yang Y, Yu G, Zhu H, Xia X, Chen C, Fu D, Li M, Cheng G, Xue C, et al. Engineering aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles with well-controlled surface property to enhance humoral immune responses as vaccine adjuvants. Biomaterials. 2021;275:120960. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He P, Lu F, Chen Y, Li Y, He F. Immune effect of HBsAg adsorbed by nanoparticulate alum adjuvant. Chem J Chin Univ -Chin. 2005;26:886–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo A, Sparnacci K, Ensoli B, Tondelli L. Functional polymeric nano/microparticles for surface adsorption and delivery of protein and DNA vaccines. curr Drug Deliv. 2008;5(4):230–42. doi:10.2174/156720108785914961.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li X, Aldayel AM, Cui Z. Aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles show a stronger vaccine adjuvant activity than traditional aluminum hydroxide microparticles. J Control Release. 2014;173:148–57. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi W, Kou Y, Xiao J, Zhang L, Gao F, Kong W, Su W, Jiang C, Zhang Y. Comparison of immunogenicity, efficacy and transcriptome changes of inactivated rabies virus vaccine with different adjuvants. Vaccine. 2018;36(33):5020–29. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Ji Z, Liao Y-P, Wang M, Wang X, Dong J, Chang CH, Li R, Zhang H, Nel AE, et al. Engineering an effective immune adjuvant by designed control of shape and crystallinity of aluminum oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2013;7(12):10834–49. doi:10.1021/nn404211j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morefield GL, Sokolovska A, Jiang D, HogenEsch H, Robinson JP, Hem SL. Role of aluminum-containing adjuvants in antigen internalization by dendritic cells in vitro. Vaccine. 2005;23(13):1588–95. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanchan V, Panda AK. Interactions of antigen-loaded polylactide particles with macrophages and their correlation with the immune response. Biomaterials. 2007;28(35):5344–57. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo A, Brocca-Cofano E, Castaldello A, Voltan R, Gavioli R, Srivastava IK, Barnett SW, Cafaro A, Ensoli B. Characterization of immune responses elicited in mice by intranasal co-immunization with HIV-1 Tat, gp140 δv2env and/or SIV Gag proteins and the nontoxicogenic heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin. Vaccine. 2008;26(9):1214–27. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang F, Lindgren G, Sandgren KJ, Thompson EA, Francica JR, Seubert A, De Gregorio E, Barnett S, O’-Hagan DT, Sullivan NJ, et al. Vaccine priming is restricted to draining lymph nodes and controlled by adjuvant-mediated antigen uptake. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(393). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy ST, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Targeting dendritic cells with biomaterials: developing the next generation of vaccines. Trends Immunol. 2006;27(12):573–79. doi:10.1016/j.it.2006.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Wang Q, Li L, Zeng Q, Li H, Gong T, Zhang Z, Sun X. Turning the old adjuvant from gel to nanoparticles to amplify CD8 + T cell responses. Adv Sci. 2018;5(1):1700426. doi:10.1002/advs.201700426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandhar AP, Liang H, Simpson AC, Reed SG, Carter D, Fox CB, Orr MT. Physicochemical structure of a polyacrylic acid stabilized nanoparticle alum (nanoalum) adjuvant governs TH1 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Nanoscale. 2020;12(4):2515–23. doi:10.1039/C9NR09936K.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyewumi MO, Kumar A, Cui Z. Nano-microparticles as immune adjuvants: correlating particle sizes and the resultant immune responses. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010;9(9):1095–107. doi:10.1586/erv.10.89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An M, Brun EM, Garceés-Garciía M, Puchades R. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles as carriers and adjuvants for eliciting antibodies from non-immunogenic haptens. Anal Chem. 2012;84(21):9340–48. doi:10.1021/ac3020998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey A, Mantis N, Kozlowski PA, Quayle AJ, Bajardi A, Perdomo JJ, Robey FA, Neutra MR. Immunization of mice with peptomers covalently coupled to aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Vaccine. 1999;17(23–24):3007–19. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00163-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song KC, Kim JH. Synthesis of high surface area tin oxide powders via water-in-oil microemulsions. Powder Technol. 2000;107(3):268–72. doi:10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00255-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang T, Zhen Y, Ma X, Wei B, Wang N. Phospholipid bilayer-coated aluminum nanoparticles as an effective vaccine adjuvant-delivery system. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7(12):6391–96. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b00348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey A, Neutra MR, Robey FA. Peptomer aluminum oxide nanoparticle conjugates as systemic and mucosal vaccine candidates: synthesis and characterization of a conjugate derived from the C4 domain of HIV-1 MN Gp120. Bioconjug Chem. 1997;8(3):424–33. doi:10.1021/bc970036p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flarend RE, Hem SL, White JL, Elmore D, Suckow MA, Rudy AC, Dandashli EA. In vivo absorption of aluminium-containing vaccine adjuvants using 26al. Vaccine. 1997;15(12–13):1314–18. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00041-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priest ND, Newton D, Day JP, Talbot RJ, Warner AJ. Human metabolism of aluminium-26 and gallium-67 injected as citrates. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1995;14(3):287–93. doi:10.1177/096032719501400309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priest ND. The biological behaviour and bioavailability of aluminium in man, with special reference to studies employing aluminium-26 as a tracer: review and study update. J Environ Monit. 2004;6(5):375–403. doi:10.1039/B314329P.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hem SL. Elimination of aluminum adjuvants. Vaccine. 2002;20(Suppl 3):S40–3. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00170-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar V, Gill KD. Aluminium neurotoxicity: neurobehavioural and oxidative aspects. Arch Toxicol. 2009;83(11):965–78. doi:10.1007/s00204-009-0455-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw CA, Tomljenovic L. Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity. Immunol Res. 2013;56(2–3):304–16. doi:10.1007/s12026-013-8403-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw CA, Petrik MS. Aluminum hydroxide injections lead to motor deficits and motor neuron degeneration. J Inorg Biochem. 2009;103(11):1555–62. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.05.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park EJ, Lee GH, Yoon C, Jeong U, Kim Y, Cho MH, et al. Biodistribution and toxicity of spherical aluminum oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol. 2016;36(3):424–33. doi:10.1002/jat.3233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong L, Tang S, Deng F, Gong Y, Zhao K, Zhou J, et al. Shape-dependent toxicity of alumina nanoparticles in rat astrocytes. Sci Total Environ. 2019;690:158–66. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblad EB. Aluminium adjuvants—in retrospect and prospect. Vaccine. 2004;22(27–28):3658–68. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exley C, Siesjö P, Eriksson H. The immunobiology of aluminium adjuvants: how do they really work? Trends Immunol. 2010;31(3):103–09. doi:10.1016/j.it.2009.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar