3,816
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Coronavirus – Mini-Review

Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2068883 | Received 28 Jan 2022, Accepted 18 Apr 2022, Published online: 04 May 2022

References

  • Choudhary OP, Priyanka, Ali RK, Maulud SQ, Dhawan M, Mohammed TA. Will the next spillover pandemic be deadlier than the COVID-19?: a wake-up call. Int J Surg [Internet]. 2022;97:106208.
  • Rahman FI, Ether SA, Islam MR. The “Delta Plus” COVID-19 variant has evolved to become the next potential variant of concern: mutation history and measures of prevention. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2022;33(1):109–12. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0251.
  • Harvey WT, Carabelli AM, Jackson B, Gupta RK, Thomson EC, Harrison EM, Ludden C, Reeve R, Rambaut A, Peacock SJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(7):409–24. doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0.
  • Souza PFN, Mesquita FP, Amaral JL, Landim PGC, Lima KRP, Costa MB, Farias IR, Belém MO, Pinto YO, Moreira HHT, et al. The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: a review of how mutations of spike glycoproteins have driven the emergence of variants with high transmissibility and immune escape. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;208:105–25. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.058.
  • Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Dhama K, Agoramoorthy G, Chakraborty C. Slowing down as we age: aging of the cardiac pacemaker’s neural control. Geroscience. 2022;44(1):1–19. doi:10.1007/s11357-022-00532-4.
  • Kumar S, Thambiraja TS, Karuppanan K, Subramaniam G. Omicron and Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2: a comparative computational study of spike protein. J Med Virol. 2022;94(4):1641–49. doi:10.1002/jmv.27526.
  • Hosch S, Mpina M, Nyakurungu E, Borico NS, Obama TMA, Ovona MC, Wagner P, Rubin SE, Vickos U, Milang DVN, et al. Genomic surveillance enables the identification of co-infections with multiple SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Equatorial Guinea. Front Public Health. 2021;9:818401. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.818401.
  • Roy B, Roy H. The Delta Plus variant of COVID-19: will it be the worst nightmare in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? J Biomed Sci. 2021;8(1):1–2. doi:10.3126/jbs.v8i1.38449.
  • Dhawan M, Priyanka, Choudhary OP. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: reasons of emergence and lessons learnt. Int J Surg. 2022;97:106198. doi:10.1016/2Fj.ijsu.2021.106198.
  • Rockett R, Basile K, Maddocks S, Fong W, Agius JE, Johnson-Mackinnon J, Arnott A, Chandra S, Gall M, Draper J, et al. Resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant after sotrovimab use. N Engl J Med. 2022. doi:10.1056/nejmc2120219.
  • Chen RE, Zhang X, Case JB, Winkler ES, Liu Y, VanBlargan LA, Liu J, Errico JM, Xie X, Suryadevara N, et al. Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):717–26. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w.
  • Choudhary OP, Dhawan M, Priyanka. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: threat assessment and plan of action. Int J Surg. 2022;97:106187. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106187.
  • Mohapatra RK, Tiwari R, Sarangi AK, Sharma SK, Khandia R, Saikumar G, Dhama K. Twin combination of Omicron and Delta variants triggering a tsunami wave of ever high surges in COVID-19 cases: a challenging global threat with a special focus on the Indian subcontinent. J Med Virol. 2022;94(5):1761–65. doi:10.1002/jmv.27585.
  • Ye G, Liu B, Li F. Cryo-EM structure of a SARS-CoV-2 omicron spike protein ectodomain. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):1214. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28882-9.
  • Planas D, Veyer D, Baidaliuk A, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rajah MM, Planchais C, Porrot F, Robillard N, Puech J, et al. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature. 2021;596(7871):276–80. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9.
  • Kirola L. Genetic emergence of B.1.617.2 in COVID-19. New Microbes New Infect. 2021;43:100929. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100929.
  • Saville JW, Mannar D, Zhu X, Srivastava SS, Berezuk AM, Demers J-P, Zhou S, Tuttle KS, Sekirov I, Kim A, et al. Structural and biochemical rationale for enhanced spike protein fitness in delta and kappa SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):742. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28324-6.
  • Arora P, Kempf A, Nehlmeier I, Graichen L, Sidarovich A, Winkler MS, Schulz S, Jäck H-M, Stankov M, Behrens GMN, et al. Delta variant (B.1.617.2) sublineages do not show increased neutralization resistance. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(11):2557–59. doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00772-y.
  • Chavda VP, Apostolopoulos V. Global impact of delta plus variant and vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2022;1–4. doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2044800.
  • Aleem A, Akbar Samad AB, Slenker AK. Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and novel therapeutics against coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
  • Kannan SR, Spratt AN, Cohen AR, Naqvi SH, Chand HS, Quinn TP, Lorson CL, Byrareddy SN, Singh K. Evolutionary analysis of the Delta and Delta Plus variants of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses. J Autoimmun. 2021;124:102715. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102715.
  • Jacob JJ, Vasudevan K, Pragasam AK, Gunasekaran K, Veeraraghavan B, Mutreja A. Evolutionary tracking of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants highlights an intricate balance of stabilizing and destabilizing mutations. mBio. 2021;12(4):e0118821. doi:10.1128/mbio.01188-21.
  • Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Sapkal G, Nyayanit D, Shete AM, Deshpande G, Patil DY, Gupta N, Kumar S, Abraham P, et al. Comparable neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Delta AY.1 and Delta with individuals sera vaccinated with BBV152. J Travel Med. 2021;28. doi:10.1093/jtm/taab154.
  • Vietnam says new Covid variant is hybrid of India and UK strains | Coronavirus | The Guardian; n.d. [Accessed 2021 Nov 15]. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/29/vietnam-discovers-new-hybrid-covid-variant-state-media-reports.
  • SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical briefing 26; [Accessed 2022 Jan 27]. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1009243/Technical_Briefing_20.pdf.
  • Gobeil S-C, Janowska K, McDowell S, Mansouri K, Parks R, Stalls V, Kopp MF, Manne K, Li D, Wiehe K, et al. Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation, and antigenicity. Science [Internet] 2021. 1979;373(6555):eabi6226. doi:10.1126/science.abi6226.
  • Dhawan M, Priyanka, Sahni A, Choudhary OP. Vaccine inequity and hesitancy: dual factors in the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;73:103186. doi:10.1016/2Fj.amsu.2021.103186.
  • Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [Accessed 2022 Jan 25].
  • Bian L, Gao Q, Gao F, Wang Q, He Q, Wu X, Mao Q, Xu M, Liang Z. Impact of the Delta variant on vaccine efficacy and response strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021;20(10):1201–09. doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1976153.
  • Shiehzadegan S, Alaghemand N, Fox M, Venketaraman V. Analysis of the Delta variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19. Clin Pract. 2021;11(4):778–84. doi:10.3390/clinpract11040093.
  • Dhawan M, Priyanka, Parmar M, Angural S, Choudhary OP. Convalescent plasma therapy against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants: delineation of the potentialities and risks. Int J Surg. 2022;97:106204. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106204.
  • Wrobel AG, Benton DJ, Roustan C, Borg A, Hussain S, Martin SR, Rosenthal PB, Skehel JJ, Gamblin SJ. Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the human host. Nat Commun. 2022 Mar 4;13(1):1178. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28768-w.
  • Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Yoon H, Theiler J, Abfalterer W, Hengartner N, Giorgi EE, Bhattacharya T, Foley B, et al. Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus. Cell. 2020;182(4):812–27. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043.
  • Shi AC, Xie X. Making sense of spike D614G in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2021;64(7):1062–67. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1893-9.
  • Benslimane FM, Al Khatib HA, Al-Jamal O, Albatesh D, Boughattas S, Ahmed AA, Bensaad M, Younuskunju S, Mohamoud YA, Al Badr M, et al. One year of SARS-CoV-2: genomic characterization of COVID-19 outbreak in Qatar. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:2235–988. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.768883.
  • Sabir DK. Analysis of SARS-COV2 spike protein variants among Iraqi isolates. Gene Rep. 2021;26:101420. doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101420.
  • Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, Zhang Q, Shi X, Wang Q, Zhang L, et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2020;581(7807):215–20. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.
  • Pascarella S, Ciccozzi M, Zella D, Bianchi M, Benedetti F, Benvenuto D, Broccolo F, Cauda R, Caruso A, Angeletti S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Indian variants: are electrostatic potential changes responsible for a higher transmission rate? J Med Virol. 2021;93(12):6551–56. doi:10.1002/jmv.27210.
  • Motozono C, Toyoda M, Zahradnik J, Ikeda T, Saito A, Tan TS, Ngare I, Nasser H, Kimura I, Uriu K, et al. An emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant evading cellular immunity and increasing viral infectivity. BioRxiv. 2021b. doi:10.1101/2021.04.02.438288.
  • Deng X, Garcia-Knight MA, Khalid MM, Servellita V, Wang C, Morris MK, Sotomayor-González A, Glasner DR, Reyes KR, Gliwa AS, et al. Transmission, infectivity, and neutralization of a spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variant. Cell. 2021;184(13):3426–37. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.025.
  • McCallum M, Bassi J, De Marco A, Chen A, Walls AC, Di Iulio J, Tortorici MA, Navarro MJ, Silacci-Fregni C, Saliba C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern. Science. 2021;373(6555):648–54. doi:10.1126/science.abi7994.
  • Starr TN, Greaney AJ, Dingens AS, Bloom JD. Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016. Cell Rep Med. 2021;2(4):100255. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100255.
  • Saito A, Irie T, Suzuki R, Maemura T, Nasser H, Uriu K, Kosugi Y, Shirakawa K, Sadamasu K, Kimura I, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike P681R mutation, a hallmark of the Delta variant, enhances viral fusogenicity and pathogenicity. BioRxiv. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448820.
  • Di Giacomo S, Mercatelli D, Rakhimov A, Giorgi FM. Preliminary report on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike mutation T478K. J Med Virol. 2021;93(9):5638–43. doi:10.1002/jmv.27062.
  • Wang R, Chen J, Gao K, Wei GW. Vaccine-Escape and fast-growing mutations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, Spain, India, and other COVID-19-devastated countries. Genomics. 2021;113(4):2158–70. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.006.
  • Jhun H, Park HY, Hisham Y, Song CS, Kim S. SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant: a unique T478K mutation in Receptor Binding Motif (RBM) of Spike Gene. Immune Netw. 2021:21. doi:10.4110/in.2021.21.e32.
  • Muecksch F, Weisblum Y, Barnes CO, Schmidt F, Schaefer-Babajew D, Wang Z, Lorenzi JC C, Flyak AI, DeLaitsch AT, Huey-Tubman KE, et al. Affinity maturation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies confers potency, breadth, and resilience to viral escape mutations. Immunity. 2021;54(8):1853–68. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.008.
  • Li B, Deng A, Li K, Hu Y, Li Z, Xiong Q, Liu Z, Guo Q, Zou L, Zhang H, et al. Viral infection and transmission in a large well-traced outbreak caused by the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant. MedRxiv. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.21260122.
  • Achaiah NC, Subbarajasetty SB, Shetty RM. R0 and Re of COVID-19: can we predict when the pandemic outbreak will be contained? Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020;24(11):1125–27. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23649.
  • Liu Y, Tang JW, Lam TTY. Transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in England. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:132–38. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.055.
  • What we know about the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant [Accessed 2021 Nov 25]. https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/what-we-know-about-sars-cov-2-delta-variant.
  • Hendaus MA, Jomha FA. Delta variant of COVID-19: a simple explanation. Qatar Med J. 2021;2021:49. doi:10.5339/qmj.2021.49.
  • Brown CM, Vostok J, Johnson H, Burns M, Gharpure R, Sami S, Sabo RT, Hall N, Foreman A, Schubert PL, et al. Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infections, including COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections, associated with large public gatherings — Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(31):1059–62. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7031e2.
  • Torgovnick J. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(25):385. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2113090.
  • Yang W, Shaman J. COVID-19 pandemic dynamics in India, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, and implications for vaccination. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.21259268.
  • Khan A, Zia T, Suleman M, Khan T, Ali SS, Abbasi AA, Mohammad A, Wei DQ. Higher infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 new variants is associated with K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y mutants: an insight from structural data. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236(10):7045–57. doi:10.1002/jcp.30367.
  • Yadav P, Sapkal GN, Abraham P, Ella R, Deshpande G, Patil DY, Nyayanit D, Gupta N, Sahay RR, Shete AM, et al. Neutralization of variant under investigation B. 1.617 with sera of BBV152 vaccinees. BioRxiv. 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441101.
  • Edara VV, Pinsky BA, Suthar MS, Lai L, Davis-Gardner ME, Floyd K, Flowers MW, Wrammert J, Hussaini L, Ciric CR, et al. Infection and vaccine-induced neutralizing-antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variants. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):664–66. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2107799.
  • Liu Y, Liu J, Xia H, Zhang X, Fontes-Garfias CR, Swanson KA, Cai H, Sarkar R, Chen W, Cutler M, et al. Neutralizing activity of BNT162b2-elicited serum. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1466–68. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2102017.
  • Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dhama K, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Al Mutair A. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants: impact on vaccine efficacy and neutralizing antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(10):3491–94. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1923350.
  • Wahid M, Jawed A, Mandal RK, Dailah HG, Janahi EM, Dhama K, Somvanshi P, Haque S. Variants of SARS-CoV-2, their effects on infection, transmission and neutralization by vaccine-induced antibodies. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(18):5857–64. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202109_26805.
  • Biswas B, Chattopadhyay S, Hazra S, Hansda AK, Goswami R. COVID-19 pandemic: the delta variant, T-cell responses, and the efficacy of developing vaccines. Inflamm Res. 2022;15:1–20. doi:10.1007/s00011-022-01555-5.
  • Liu C, Ginn HM, Dejnirattisai W, Supasa P, Wang B, Tuekprakhon A, Nutalai R, Zhou D, Mentzer AJ, Zhao Y, et al. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 by vaccine and convalescent serum. Cell. 2021;184:4220–36. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.020.
  • Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S, Stowe J, Tessier E, Groves N, Dabrera G, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):585–94. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2108891.
  • Zhang M, Liang Y, Yu D, Du B, Cheng W, Li L, Yu Z, Luo S, Zhang Y, Wang H, et al. A systematic review of vaccine breakthrough infections by SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18(2):889–900. doi:10.7150/ijbs.68973.
  • Yi S, Kim JM, Choe YJ, Hong S, Choi S, Ahn SB, Kim M, Park YJ. SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant breakthrough infection and onward secondary transmission in household. J Korean Med Sci. 2022;37(1):37. doi:10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e12.
  • Singanayagam A, Hakki S, Dunning J, Madon KJ, Crone MA, Koycheva A, Derqui-Fernandez N, Barnett JL, Whitfield MG, Varro R, et al. Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;22(2):183–95. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-4.
  • Thangaraj JWV, Yadav P, Kumar CG, Shete A, Nyayanit DA, Rani DS, Kumar A, Kumar MS, Sabarinathan R, Saravana Kumar V, et al. Predominance of delta variant among the COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, India, May 2021. J Infect. 2022;84(1):94–118. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.006.
  • Fiolet T, Kherabi Y, MacDonald CJ, Ghosn J, Peiffer-Smadja N. Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28(2):202–21. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005.
  • Sheikh A, McMenamin J, Taylor B, Robertson C; Public Health Scotland and the EAVE II Collaborators. SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness. Lancet. 2021 Jun 26;397(10293):2461–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1.
  • Pouwels KB, Pritchard E, Matthews PC, Stoesser N, Eyre DW, Vihta KD, House T, Hay J, Bell JI, Newton JN, et al. Effect of Delta variant on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK. Nat Med. 2021;27(12):2127–35. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01548-7.
  • Tang P, Hasan MR, Chemaitelly H, Yassine HM, Benslimane FM, Khatib HAA, et al. Bnt162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in Qatar. Nat Med. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01583-4.
  • Puranik A, Lenehan PJ, Silvert E, Niesen MJM, Corchado-Garcia J, O’-Horo JC, et al. Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence. medRxiv. 2021. 2021.08.06.212617072021. doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.21261707.
  • Seppälä E, Veneti L, Starrfelt J, Danielsen AS, Bragstad K, Hungnes O, Taxt AM, Watle SV, Meijerink H. Vaccine effectiveness against infection with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant, Norway, April to August 2021. Euro Surveill. 2021;26(35):2100793. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.35.2100793.
  • Rosenberg ES, Holtgrave DR, Dorabawila V, Conroy M, Greene D, Lutterloh E, Backenson B, Hoefer D, Morne J, Bauer U, et al. New COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations among adults, by vaccination status - New York, May 3-July 25, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Aug 27;70(34):1150–55. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7034e1.
  • Tartof SY, Slezak JM, Fischer H, Hong V, Ackerson BK, Ranasinghe ON, Frankland TB, Ogun OA, Zamparo JM, Gray S, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2021 Oct 16;398(10309):1407–16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02183-8.
  • Elliott P, Haw D, Wang H, Eales O, Walters CE, Ainslie KEC, Atchison C, Fronterre C, Diggle PJ, Page AJ, et al. Exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and vaccine effectiveness associated with the Delta variant. Science. 2021 Dec 17;374(6574):eabl9551. doi:10.1126/science.abl9551.
  • Grannis SJ, Rowley EA, Ong TC, Stenehjem E, Klein NP, DeSilva MB, Naleway AL, Natarajan K, Thompson MG; VISION Network. Interim estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department or Urgent Care Clinic Encounters and Hospitalizations among adults during SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant predominance - Nine States, June-August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(37):1291–93. Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Dec 10;70(49):1717. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7037e2.
  • Polinski JM, Weckstein AR, Batech M, Kabelac C, Kamath T, Harvey R, Jain S, Rassen JA, Khan N, Schneeweiss S. Durability of the single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in the prevention of COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations in the US before and during the Delta variant surge. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e222959. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2959.
  • Bruxvoort KJ, Sy LS, Qian L, Ackerson BK, Luo Y, Lee GS, Tian Y, Florea A, Takhar HS, Tubert JE, et al. Real-World effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: interim results from a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;6:100134. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100134.
  • Baum A, Fulton BO, Wloga E, Copin R, Pascal KE, Russo V, Giordano S, Lanza K, Negron N, Ni M, et al. Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies. Science. 2020;369(6506):1014–18. doi:10.1126/science.abd0831.
  • Jiang S, Hillyer C, Du L. Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses: (Trends Immunol 41, 355-359; 2020). Trends Immunol. 2020;41(5):355–59. doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.04.008.
  • Hu Z, Huang X, Zhang J, Fu S, Ding D, Tao Z. Differences in clinical characteristics between Delta variant and Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Front Med. 2022;8:792135. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.792135.
  • Antonelli M, Penfold RS, Merino J, Sudre CH, Molteni E, Berry S, Canas LS, Graham MS, Klaser K, Modat M, et al. Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):43–55. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00460-6.
  • Mamun MMA, Khan MR. COVID-19 Delta variant-of-concern: a real concern for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:778911. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.778911.
  • Yang Y, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Zhang C, Liu XW, Zhao M, Mu Y, Li W. Key residues of the receptor binding domain in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 mediating the interactions with ACE2: a molecular dynamics study. Nanoscale. 2021;13(20):9364–70. doi:10.1039/d1nr01672e.
  • Wang X, Powell CA. How to translate the knowledge of COVID-19 into the prevention of Omicron variants. ClinTransl Med. 2021;1:e22. doi:10.1002/ctm2.680.
  • Priyanka, Choudhary OP. A personal experience of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. Int J Surg. 2021;95:106160. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106160.
  • Kumar R, Yeni CM, Utami NA, Masand R, Asrani RK, Patel SK, Kumar A, Yatoo MI, Tiwari R, Natesan S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and pregnancy-related conditions: concerns, challenges, management and mitigation strategies–a narrative review. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(7):863–75. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.04.005.
  • Heath PT, Le Doare K, Khalil A. Inclusion of pregnant women in COVID-19 vaccine development. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(9):1007–08. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30638-1.
  • Choudhary OP, Priyanka, Ahmed JQ, Mohammed TA, Singh I, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination against COVID-19: is it safe and reliable? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;13:1–4. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.2007015.
  • Ito K, Piantham C, Nishiura H. Relative Instantaneous Reproduction Number of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant with respect to the Delta variant in Denmark. J Med Virol. 2021. doi:10.1002/jmv.27560.
  • Robishaw JD, Alter SM, Solano JJ, Shih RD, DeMets DL, Maki DG, Hennekens CH. Genomic surveillance to combat COVID-19: challenges and opportunities. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2(9):e481–e484. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00121-X.
  • Chiara M, D’-Erchia AM, Gissi C, Manzari C, Parisi A, Resta N, Zambelli F, Picardi E, Pavesi G, Horner DS, et al. Next generation sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 genomes: challenges, applications and opportunities. Brief Bioinform. 2021 Mar 22;22(2):616–30. doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa297.
  • Johnson BA, Xie X, Kalveram B, Lokugamage KG, Muruato A, Zou J, Zhang X, Juelich T, Smith JK, Zhang L, et al. Furin cleavage site is key to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 . doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268854.
  • Wibmer CK, Ayres F, Hermanus T, Madzivhandila M, Kgagudi P, Oosthuysen B, Lambson BE, de Oliveira T, Vermeulen M, van der Berg K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):622–25. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01285-x.
  • Zhou D, Dejnirattisai W, Supasa P, Liu C, Mentzer AJ, Ginn HM, Zhao Y, Duyvesteyn HME, Tuekprakhon A, Nutalai R, et al. Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera. Cell. 2021;184(9):2348–61.e2346. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.037.
  • Li Q, Nie J, Wu J, Zhang L, Ding R, Wang H, Zhang Y, Li T, Liu S, Zhang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variants lack higher infectivity but do have immune escape. Cell. 2021 Apr 29;184(9):2362–71.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.042.