6,924
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ISV Annual Congress SF – Review

RSV disease in infants and young children: Can we see a brighter future?

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, & show all
Article: 2079322 | Received 04 Jan 2022, Accepted 11 May 2022, Published online: 20 Jun 2022

References

  • Azzari C, Baraldi E, Bonanni P, Bozzola E, Coscia A, Lanari M, Manzoni P, Mazzone T, Sandri F, Checcucci Lisi G, et al. Epidemiology and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children in Italy. Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47(1):1. doi:10.1186/s13052-021-01148-8.
  • Pellegrinelli L, Galli C, Bubba L, Cereda D, Anselmi G, Binda S, Gramegna M, Pariani E. Respiratory syncytial virus in influenza-like illness cases: epidemiology and molecular analyses of four consecutive winter seasons (2014-2015/2017-2018) in Lombardy (Northern Italy). J Med Virol. 2020;92(12):2999–14. doi:10.1002/jmv.25917.
  • Shi T, Denouel A, Tietjen AK, Campbell I, Moran E, Li X, Campbell H, Demont C, Nyawanda BO, Chu HY, et al. Global disease burden estimates of respiratory syncytial virus–associated acute respiratory infection in older adults in 2015: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2021;222(Supplement_7):S577–83. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz059.
  • Openshaw PJM, Chiu C, Culley FJ, Johansson C. Protective and harmful immunity to RSV infection. Annu Rev Immunol. [Internet]. 2017;35(1):501–32. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-.
  • Andeweg SP, Schepp RM, van de Kassteele J, Mollema L, Berbers GAM, van Boven M. Population-Based serology reveals risk factors for RSV infection in children younger than 5 years. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8953. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88524-w.
  • Mazur NI, Martinón-Torres F, Baraldi E, Fauroux B, Greenough A, Heikkinen T, Manzoni P, Mejias A, Nair H, Papadopoulos NG, et al. Lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus: current management and new therapeutics. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(11):888–900. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00255-6.
  • Nair H, Theodoratou E, Rudan I, Nokes DJ, Ngama HM, Munywoki PK, Dherani M, Nair H, Nokes DJ, Gessner BD, et al. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. [Internet]. 2010;375(9725):1545–55. www.thelancet.com.
  • Demont C, Petrica N, Bardoulat I, Duret S, Watier L, Chosidow A, Lorrot M, Kieffer A, Lemaitre M. Economic and disease burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations in young children in France, from 2010 through 2018. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):730. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06399-8.
  • Kramer R, Duclos A, Lina B, Casalegno JS. Cost and burden of RSV related hospitalisation from 2012 to 2017 in the first year of life in Lyon, France. Vaccine. 2018;36(45):6591–93. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.029.
  • Brady MT, Byington CL, Davies HD, Edwards KM, Jackson MA, Maldonado YA, Murray DL, Orenstein WA, Rathore MH, Sawyer MH. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases and Bronchiolitis Guidelines Committee. Updated guidance for Palivizumab Prophylaxis among infants and young children at increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics. 2014;134(2):e620–38. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1666.
  • Meissner HC, Ingelfinger JR. Viral bronchiolitis in children. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(1):62–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1413456.
  • Greenough A, Cox S, Alexander J, Lenney W, Turnbull F, Burgess S, Chetcuti AJ, Shaw NJ, Woods A, Boorman J, et al. Health care utilisation of infants with chronic lung disease, related to hospitalisation for RSV infection. Arch Dis Child. 2001;85(6):463–68. doi:10.1136/adc.85.6.463.
  • Parrott RH, Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Hodes DS, Murphy BR, Brandt CD, Camargo E, Chanock RM. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Washington, D.C. Am J Epidemiol. 1973;98(4):289–300. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121558.
  • Meissner HC, Long SS. Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Revised indications for the use of Palivizumab and respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6):1447–52. doi:10.1542/peds.112.6.1447.
  • Blanken MO, Rovers MM, Molenaar JM, Winkler-Seinstra PL, Meijer A, Kimpen JLL, Bont L. Respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze in healthy preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(19):1791–99. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211917.
  • Hall CB. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2001;344(25):1917–28. www.nejm.org.
  • Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Iwane MK, Blumkin AK, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Auinger P, Griffin MR, Poehling KA, Erdman D, et al. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(6):588–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0804877.
  • Sigurs N, Gustafsson PM, Bjarnason R, Lundberg F, Schmidt S, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B. Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(2):137–41. doi:10.1164/rccm.200406-730OC.
  • Baraldi E, Bonadies L, Manzoni P . Evidence on the link between respiratory syncytial virus infection in early life and chronic obstructive lung diseases. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(S 02):S26–30.
  • Turnham H, Agbeko RS, Furness J, Pappachan J, Sutcliffe AG, Ramnarayan P. Non-Invasive respiratory support for infants with bronchiolitis: a national survey of practice. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):20. doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0785-0.
  • Baraldi E, Lanari M, Manzoni P, Rossi GA, Vandini S, Rimini A, Romagnoli C, Colonna P, Biondi A, Biban P, et al. Inter-Society consensus document on treatment and prevention of bronchiolitis in newborns and infants. Ital J Pediatr. 2014;40(1):65. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-40-65.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Bronchiolitis in children Funding National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Bronchiolitis in children contents [Internet]. London; 2021 [accessed 2021 Dec 20]. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng9
  • Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, Johnson DW, Light MJ, Maraqa NF, Mendonca EA, et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014;134(5):e1474–502. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2742.
  • Florin TA, Plint AC, Zorc JJ. Viral bronchiolitis. The Lancet. 2017;389(10065):211–24. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30951-5.
  • Giersing BK, Karron RA, Vekemans J, Kaslow DC, Moorthy VS. Meeting report: WHO consultation on Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) vaccine development, Geneva, 25–26 April 2016. Vaccine. 2019;37(50):7355–62. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.068.
  • Ruckwardt TJ, Morabito KM, Graham BS. Immunological lessons from respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development. Immunity. 2019;51(3):429–42. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.007.
  • Andabaka T, Nickerson JW, Rojas-Reyes MX, Rueda JD, Bacic Vrca V, Barsic B. Monoclonal antibody for reducing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr;(4): CD006602. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006602.pub4.
  • Barbati F, Moriondo M, Pisano L, Calistri E, Lodi L, Ricci S, Giovannini M, Canessa C, Indolfi G, Azzari C. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus-related hospitalization over a 5-year period in Italy: evaluation of seasonality and age distribution before vaccine introduction. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(1):15. doi:10.3390/vaccines8010015.
  • Janet S, Broad J, Snape MD. Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality and its implications on prevention strategies. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(1):234–44. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1403707.
  • Pouwels KB, Bozdemir SE, Yegenoglu S, Celebi S, McIntosh ED, Unal S, Postma MJ, Hacimustafaoglu M, Cormier SA. Potential cost-effectiveness of RSV vaccination of infants and pregnant women in Turkey: an illustration based on bursa data. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0163567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163567.
  • Zhang Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zheng M, Kyaw MH. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections in China: systematic review and meta–analysis. J Glob Health. 2015;5(2). doi:10.7189/jogh.05.020417.
  • Pebody R, Moyes J, Hirve S, Campbell H, Jackson S, Moen A, Nair H, Simões EAF, Smith PG, Wairagkar N, et al. Approaches to use the WHO respiratory syncytial virus surveillance platform to estimate disease burden. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020;14(6):615–21. doi:10.1111/irv.12667.
  • Cromer D, Jan Van Hoek A, Newall AT, Pollard AJ, Jit M Articles burden of paediatric respiratory syncytial virus disease and potential effect of different immunisation strategies: a modelling and cost-effectiveness analysis for England [Internet]. 2017. www.thelancet.com/
  • Olchanski N, Hansen RN, Pope E, D’-Cruz B, Fergie J, Goldstein M, Krilov LR, McLaurin KK, Nabrit-Stephens B, Oster G, et al. Palivizumab prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus: examining the evidence around value. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(3):ofy031. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy031.
  • Mac S, Sumner A, Duchesne-Belanger S, Stirling R, Tunis M, Sander B. Cost-Effectiveness of Palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2019;143(5):20184064. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-4064.
  • Shi T, McAllister DA, O’-Brien KL, Simoes EAF, Madhi SA, Gessner BD, Polack FP, Balsells E, Acacio S, Aguayo C, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet. 2017;390(10098):946–58. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30938-8.
  • Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Alonso WJ, Wilcox T, Metcalf CJ, Steiner CA, Haynes AK, Grenfell BT, Kaderali L. Environmental drivers of the spatiotemporal dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(1):e1004591. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004591.
  • Baker RE, Mahmud AS, Wagner CE, Yang W, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Vecchi GA, Metcalf CJE, Grenfell BT. Epidemic dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus in current and future climates. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5512. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13562-y.
  • Weigl JAI, Puppe W, Schmitt HJ. Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus-positive hospitalizations in Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20(7):0452–9. doi:10.1007/s100960100527.
  • Leader S, Kohlhase K. Respiratory syncytial virus-coded pediatric hospitalizations, 1997 to 1999. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(7):629–32. doi:10.1097/00006454-200207000-00005.
  • Leader S, Kohlhase K, Pearlman MH, Williams JV, Engle WA. Recent trends in severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among US infants, 1997 to 2000. J Pediatr. 2003;143(5):S127–32. doi:10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00510-9.
  • Palmer L, Hall CB, Katkin JP, Shi N, Masaquel AS, McLaurin KK, Mahadevia PJ. Healthcare costs within a year of respiratory syncytial virus among medicaid infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:772–81. doi:10.1002/ppul.21244.
  • Mosalli R, Alqarni SA, Khayyat WW, Alsaidi ST, Almatrafi AS, Bawakid AS, Paes B. Respiratory syncytial virus nosocomial outbreak in neonatal intensive care: a review of the incidence, management, and outcomes. Am J Infect Control. [Internet]. 2021. epub ahead of print. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196655321007112
  • Loubet P, Lenzi N, Valette M, Foulongne V, Krivine A, Houhou N, Lagathu G, Rogez S, Alain S, Duval X, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection among adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness in France. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(4):253–59. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.11.014.
  • McLaurin KK, Farr AM, Wade SW, Diakun DR, Stewart DL. Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization outcomes and costs of full-term and preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2016;36(11):990–96. doi:10.1038/jp.2016.113.
  • Rha B, Curns AT, Lively JY, Campbell AP, Englund JA, Boom JA, Azimi PH, Weinberg GA, Staat MA, Selvarangan R, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among young children: 2015-2016 [Internet]. 2020. http://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/146/1/e20193611/1081381/peds_20193611.pdf?casa_token=NEb8coMqaSwAAAAA:gOOjzURVbTwXJtDiOES1Dn6SX_Fpi0ONLwerBqwzm86dr4kkrutGDNTB2QJSEqsABfIP2HQ
  • Arriola CS, Kim L, Langley G, Anderson EJ, Openo K, Martin AM, Lynfield R, Bye E, Como-Sabetti K, Reingold A, et al. Estimated burden of community-onset respiratory syncytial virus–associated hospitalizations among children aged <2 years in the United States. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020;9(5):587–95. doi:10.1093/jpids/piz087.
  • Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, Fukuda K. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. Jama. [Internet] Available from. 2003;289(2):179–86.
  • Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Emerging small and large molecule therapeutics for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2020;29(3):285–94. doi:10.1080/13543784.2020.1735349.
  • Hatter L, Eathorne A, Hills T, Bruce P, Beasley R. Respiratory syncytial virus: paying the immunity debt with interest. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(12):e44–5. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00333-3.
  • di Mattia G, Nenna R, Mancino E, Rizzo V, Pierangeli A, Villani A, Midulla F. During the COVID-19 pandemic where has respiratory syncytial virus gone? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(10):3106–09. doi:10.1002/ppul.25582.
  • Mejias A, Rodríguez-Fernández R, Oliva S, Peeples ME, Ramilo O. The journey to a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(1):36–46. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.017.
  • Lively JY, Curns AT, Weinberg GY, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Prill MM, Gerber SI, Lengley GE. Respiratory syncytial virus–associated outpatient visits among children younger than 24 months. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2019;8(3):284. doi:10.1093/jpids/piz011.
  • Rainisch G, Adhikari B, Meltzer MI, Langley G. Estimating the impact of multiple immunization products on medically-attended respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in infants. Vaccine. 2020;38(2):251–57. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.023.
  • Tramuto F, Maida CM, di Naro D, Randazzo G, Vitale F, Restivo V, Costantino C, Amodio E, Casuccio A, Graziano G, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus: new challenges for molecular epidemiology surveillance and vaccination strategy in patients with ILI/SARI. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(11):1334. doi:10.3390/vaccines9111334.
  • Griffiths C, Drews SJ, Marchant DJ. Respiratory syncytial virus: infection, detection, and new options for prevention and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):277–319. doi:10.1128/CMR.00010-16.
  • Sullender WM. Respiratory syncytial virus genetic and antigenic diversity. 2000.
  • Mastrangelo P, Chin AA, Tan S, Jeon AH, Ackerley CA, Siu KK, Lee JE, Hegele RG. Identification of RSV fusion protein interaction domains on the virus receptor, nucleolin. Viruses. 2021;13(2):261. doi:10.3390/v13020261.
  • Battles MB, McLellan JS. Respiratory syncytial virus entry and how to block it. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(4):233–45. doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0149-x.
  • San-Juan-Vergara H, Peeples ME. Importance of virus characteristics in respiratory syncytial virus-induced disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2019;39(3):321–34. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2019.04.001.
  • Weber A, Weber M, Milligan P. Modeling epidemics caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Math Biosci [Internet]. 2001;172(2):95–113. www.elsevier.com/locate/mbsMathematicalBiosciences172
  • Feng Z, Xu L, Xie Z. Receptors for respiratory syncytial virus infection and host factors regulating the life cycle of respiratory syncytial virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol [Internet]. 2022;12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.858629/full
  • King T, Mejias A, Ramilo O, Peeples ME, Pietschmann T. The larger attachment glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus produced in primary human bronchial epithelial cultures reduces infectivity for cell lines. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(4):e1009469. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009469.
  • Tripp RA, Jones LP, Haynes LM, Zheng H, Murphy PM, Anderson LJ. CX3C chemokine mimicry by respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein. Nature Immunology [Internet]. 2001;2(8):732–38. http://immunol.nature.com
  • Pinto RA, Arredondo SM, Bono MR, Gaggero AA, Díaz PV. T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokine imbalance in respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with increased endogenous plasma cortisol. Pediatrics. 2006;117(5):117. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2119.
  • Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M, Schwarze J. The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(2):481–502. doi:10.1128/CMR.00090-16.
  • Kombe IK, Agoti CN, Munywoki PK, Baguelin M, Nokes DJ, Medley GF. Integrating epidemiological and genetic data with different sampling intensities into a dynamic model of respiratory syncytial virus transmission. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81078-x.
  • Piedimonte G, Perez MK. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis practice gaps. Pediatr Rev. 2014;35(12):519–30. doi:10.1542/pir.35.12.519.
  • Biagi C, Dondi A, Scarpini S, Rocca A, Vandini S, Poletti G, Lanari M. Current state and challenges in developing respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(4):672. doi:10.3390/vaccines8040672.
  • Tognarelli EI, Bueno SM, González PA. Immune-Modulation by the human respiratory syncytial virus: focus on dendritic cells. Front Immunol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00810.
  • Graham BS. Vaccine development for respiratory syncytial virus. Curr Opin Virol. 2017;23:107–12. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.012.
  • Graham BS, Modjarrad K, McLellan JS. Novel antigens for RSV vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol. 2015;35:30–38. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.04.005.
  • Maruz NI, Horsley NM, Englund JA, Nederend M, Magaret A, Kumar A, Jacobino SR, de Haan CAM, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, et al. Breast milk prefusion F IgG as a correlate of protection against respiratory syncytial virus acute respiratory illness. J Infect Dis. 2019;219(1):59–67. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy477.
  • Kulkarni PS, Hurwitz JL, Simões EAF, Piedra PA. Establishing correlates of protection for vaccine development: considerations for the respiratory syncytial virus vaccine field. Viral Immunol. 2018;31(2):195–203. doi:10.1089/vim.2017.0147.
  • Rossey I, McLellan JS, Saelens X, Schepens B. Clinical potential of prefusion RSV F-specific antibodies. Trends Microbiol. 2018;26(3):209–19. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.009.
  • Patel N, Massare MJ, Tian JH, Guebre-Xabier M, Lu H, Zhou H, Maynard E, Scott D, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus prefusogenic fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine: structure, antigenic profile, immunogenicity, and protection. Vaccine. 2019;37(41):6112–24. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.089.
  • Tayyari F, Marchant D, Moraes TJ, Duan W, Mastrangelo P, Hegele RG. Identification of nucleolin as a cellular receptor for human respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Med. 2011;17(9):1132–35. doi:10.1038/nm.2444.
  • Weiner JH. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and palivizumab: are families receiving accurate information? Am J Perinatol. 2010;27(3):219–23. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1239493.
  • Kishko M, Catalan J, Swanson K, DiNapoli J, Wei CJ, Delagrave S, Chivukula S, Zhang L. Evaluation of the respiratory syncytial virus G-directed neutralizing antibody response in the human airway epithelial cell model. Virology. 2020;550:21–26. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.006.
  • Fedechkin SO, George NL, Wolff JT, Kauvar LM, Dubois RM Structures of respiratory syncytial virus G antigen bound to broadly neutralizing antibodies [Internet]. 2018. http://immunology.sciencemag.org/
  • Pica N, Bouvier NM. Environmental factors affecting the transmission of respiratory viruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2012;2(1):90–95. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.12.003.
  • Taleb SA, Al-Ansari K, Nasrallah GK, Elrayess MA, Al-Thani AA, Derrien-Colemyn A, Ruckwardt TJ, Graham BS, Yassine HM. Level of maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F antibodies in hospitalized children and correlates of protection. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;109:56–62. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.015.
  • Nourbakhsh S, Shoukat A, Zhang K, Poliquin G, Halperin D, Sheffield H, Halperin SA, Langley JM, Moghadas SM. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of RSV infant and maternal immunization programs: a case study of Nunavik, Canada. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;41:101141. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101141.
  • Buchwald AG, Graham BS, Traore A, Haidara FC, Chen M, Morabito K, Lin BC, Sow SO, Levine MM, Pasetti MF, et al. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) neutralizing antibodies at birth predict protection from RSV illness in infants in the first 3 months of life. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(11):e4421–7. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa648.
  • Jacoby P, Glass K, Moore HC. Characterizing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus in infants with older siblings: a population-based birth cohort study. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(2):266–71. doi:10.1017/S0950268816002545.
  • Gabutti G, Azzari C, Bonanni P, Prato R, Tozzi AE, Zanetti A, Zuccotti G. Pertussis. Hum Vaccin Immunother [Internet]. 2015;11(1):108–17. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4514233&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  • Meregaglia M, Ferrara L, Melegaro A, Demicheli V. Parent “cocoon” immunization to prevent pertussis-related hospitalization in infants: the case of Piemonte in Italy. Vaccine [Internet]. 2013;31(8):1135–37. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.061.
  • Esposito S, Principi N. Prevention of pertussis: an unresolved problem. Human Vaccines Immunother. [Internet]. 2018;5515:1–27. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645515.2018.1480298
  • Riccò M, Vezzosi L, Gualerzi G, Bragazzi NL, Balzarini F Pertussis immunization in healthcare workers working in pediatric settings: knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of occupational physicians. Preliminary results from a web-based survey (2017). J Prev Med Hyg 2020:19–21.
  • Reis J, Shaman J. Simulation of four respiratory viruses and inference of epidemiological parameters. Infect Dis Model. 2018;3:23–34. doi:10.1016/j.idm.2018.03.006.
  • Reis J, Shaman J, Wilke CO. Retrospective parameter estimation and forecast of respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. PLoS Comput Biol. 2016;12(10):e1005133. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005133.
  • Byington CL, Wilkes J, Korgenski K, Sheng X. Respiratory syncytial virus–associated mortality in hospitalized infants and young children. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):e24–31. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2151.
  • Berbers G, Mollema L, van der Klis F, den Hartog G, Schepp R. Antibody responses to respiratory syncytial virus: a cross-sectional serosurveillance study in the Dutch population focusing on infants younger than 2 years. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(2):269–78. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa483.
  • Suleiman-Martos N, Caballero-Vázquez A, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Albendín-García L, Romero-Béjar JL, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA. Prevalence and risk factors of respiratory syncytial virus in children under 5 years of age in the who European region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pers Med. 2021;11(5):416. doi:10.3390/jpm11050416.
  • Cusi MG, Terrosi C, Kleines M, Schildgen O. RSV and HMPV seroprevalence in Tuscany (Italy) and North-Rhine Westfalia (Germany) in the winter season 2009/2010. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2011;5(6):380–81. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00252.x.
  • Haynes AK, Prill MM, Iwane MK, Gerber SI. Respiratory syncytial virus—United States, July 2012–June 2014. Morb Mortl Wkly Rep MMWR [Internet]. 2014;63:1133–36. http://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss
  • Rose EB, Wheatley A, Langley G, Gerber S, Haynes A. Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality — United States, 2014–2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(2):71–76. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6702a4.
  • Kenmoe S, Bigna JJ, Well EA, Simo FBN, Penlap VB, Vabret A, Njouom R. Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2018;12(6):793–803. doi:10.1111/irv.12584.
  • Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA, Cox C, Walsh EE Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults [Internet]. 2005. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043951.
  • Shi T, Arnott A, Semogas I, Falsey AR, Openshaw P, Wedzicha JA, Campbell H, Nair H, Nair H, Campbell H. The etiological role of common respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infections in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(Supplement_7):S563–9. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy662.
  • Choi Y, Hill-Ricciuti A, Branche AR, Sieling WD, Saiman L, Walsh EE, Phillips M, Falsey AR, Finelli L. Cost determinants among adults hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus in the United States, 2017-2019. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021;16(1):151–58. doi:10.1111/irv.12912.
  • Paes BA Mitchell I Banerji A Lanctôt KL, Langley JM. A decade of respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology and prophylaxis: translating evidence into everyday clinical practice case presentation. Can Respir J. 2011;18(2):e10–e19. doi:10.1155/2011/493056.
  • Auvinen R, Syrjänen R, Ollgren J, Nohynek H, Skogberg K. Clinical characteristics and population-based attack rates of respiratory syncytial virus versus influenza hospitalizations among adults-an observational study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. Onlineahead of print. 2021;16(2):276–88. doi:10.1111/irv.12914.
  • Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC. Respiratory syncytial virus infections in previously healthy working adults. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 2001;33(6):792–96.
  • Calderaro A, de Conto F, Buttrini M, Piccolo G, Montecchini S, Maccari C, Martinelli M, di Maio A, Ferraglia F, Pinardi F, et al. Human respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, circulating in the winter season 2019–2020 in Parma, Northern Italy. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:79–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1473.
  • Sherman AC, Babiker A, Sieben AJ, Pyden A, Steinberg J, Kraft CS, Koelle K, Kanjilal S. The effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mitigation strategies on seasonal respiratory viruses: a tale of 2 large metropolitan centers in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(5):E154–7. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1704.
  • Kuitunen I, Artama M, Mäkelä L, Backman K, Heiskanen-Kosma T, Renko M. Effect of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of viral respiratory tract infections in children in Finland during early 2020. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(12):E423–7. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002845.
  • van Brusselen D, de Troeyer K, Ter Haar E, Vander Auwera A, Poschet K, van Nuijs S, Bael A, Stobbelaar K, Verhulst S, van Herendael B, et al. Bronchiolitis in COVID-19 times: a nearly absent disease? Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021;180(6):1969–73. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/
  • Britton PN, Hu N, Saravanos G, Shrapnel J, Davis J, Snelling T, Dalby-Payne J, Kesson AM, Wood N, Macartney K, et al. COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(11):e42–3. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30307-2.
  • Foley DA, Phuong LK, Peplinski J, Lim SM, Lee WH, Farhat A, Minney-SmithCA, Martin AC, Mace AO, Sikazwe CT, et al. Examining the interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Western Australia. Arch Dis Child. 2022 Mar;107(3):e7. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2021-322507.
  • Foley DA, Yeoh DK, Minney-Smith CA, Martin AC, Mace AO, Sikazwe CT, Le H, Levy A, Moore HC, Blyth CC. The interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Australian children following the reduction of coronavirus disease 2019–related public health measures. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(9):E2829–30. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1906.
  • Varela FH, Scotta MC, Polese-Bonatto M, Sartor ITS, Ferreira CF, Fernandes IR, Zavaglia GO, de Almeida WAF, Arakaki-Sanchez D, Pinto LA, et al. Absence of detection of RSV and influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian cohort: likely role of lower transmission in the community. J Glob Health. 2021;11:05007. doi:10.7189/jogh.11.05007.
  • Ippolito G, la Vecchia A, Umbrello G, di Pietro G, Bono P, Scalia S, Pinzani R, Tagliabue C, Bosis S, Agostoni C, et al. Disappearance of seasonal respiratory viruses in children under two years old during COVID-19 pandemic: a monocentric retrospective study in Milan, Italy. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:721005. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.721005.
  • Ujiie M, Tsuzuki S, Nakamoto T, Iwamoto N, Ujiie M. Resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus infections during COVID-19 pandemic, Tokyo, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(11):2969–70. doi:10.3201/eid2711.211565.
  • Lumley SF, Richens N, Lees E, Cregan J, Kalimeris E, Oakley S, Morgan M, Segal S, Dawson M, Walker AS, et al. Changes in paediatric respiratory infections at a UK teaching hospital 2016-2021; impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. J Infect [Internet]. 2021. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0163445321005405
  • Taylor A, Whittaker E. The changing epidemiology of respiratory viruses in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a canary in a COVID time. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022;41(2):E46–8. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000003396.
  • Li Y, Wang X, Cong B, Deng S, Feikin DR, Nair H Understanding the potential drivers for respiratory syncytial virus rebound during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Sánchez Luna M, Manzoni P, Paes B, Baraldi E, Cossey V, Kugelman A, Chawla R, Dotta A, Rodríguez Fernández R, Resch B, et al. Expert consensus on Palivizumab use for respiratory syncytial virus in developed countries. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;33:35–44. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2018.12.001.
  • Bloomfield A, DeVincenzo JP, Ambrose CS, Krilov LR. RSV and non-RSV illness hospitalization in RSV immunoprophylaxis recipients: a systematic literature review. J Clin Virol. 2020;129:104339. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104339.
  • Rocca A, Biagi C, Scarpini S, Dondi A, Vandini S, Pierantoni L, Lanari M. Passive immunoprophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus in children: where are we now? Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(7):3703. doi:10.3390/ijms22073703.
  • Griffin MP, Yuan Y, Takas T, Domachowske JB, Madhi SA, Manzoni P, Simões EAF, Esser MT, Khan AA, Dubovsky F, et al. Single-Dose Nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(5):415–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1913556.
  • Shan J, Britton PN, King CL, Booy R. The immunogenicity and safety of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in development: a systematic review. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021;15(4):539–51. doi:10.1111/irv.12850.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). WHO preferred product characteristics for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines [Internet]. Geneva; 2017. http://apps.who.int/bookorders
  • Gunatilaka A, Giles ML. Maternal RSV vaccine development. Where to from here? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(11):4542–48. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1955608.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RSVpreF in infants born to women vaccinated during pregnancy. 2022.
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A phase III double-blind study to assess safety and efficacy of an RSV maternal unadjuvanted vaccine, in pregnant women and infants born to vaccinated mothers (GRACE). [Internet]. 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04605159?type=Intr&cond=rsv&phase=2&draw=2
  • Engmann C, Fleming JA, Khan S, Innis BL, Smith JM, Hombach J, Sobanjo-Ter Meulen A. Closer and closer? Maternal immunization: current promise, future horizons. Journal of Perinatology. 2020;40(6):844–57. doi:10.1038/s41372-020-0668-3.
  • Madhi SA, Polack FP, Piedra PA, Munoz FM, Trenholme AA, Simões EAF, Swamy GK, Agrawal S, Ahmed K, August A, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy and effects in infants. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(5):426–39. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1908380.
  • Lewnard JA, Fries LF, Cho I, Chen J, Laxminarayan R. Prevention of antimicrobial prescribing among infants following maternal vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2022;119(12):e2112410119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2112410119.
  • Phijffer EWEM, Bont LJ. Are we ready for maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccination? J Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab613.
  • Walsh EE, Falsey AR, Scott DA, Gurtman A, Zareba AM, Jansen KU, Gruber WC, Dormitzer PR, Swanson KA, Radley D , et al. A randomized phase 1/2 study of a respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 19;225(8):1357–1366. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab612.
  • Scheltema NM, Kavelaars XM, Thorburn K, Hennus MP, van Woensel JB, van der Ent CK, Borghans JAM, Bont LJ, Drylewicz J, van Woensel JB, van der Ent CK. Potential impact of maternal vaccination on life-threatening respiratory syncytial virus infection during infancy. Vaccine. 2018;36(31):4693–700. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.021.
  • Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Campbell H, Ribeiro S, Kara E, Donegan K, Fry NK, Miller E, Ramsay M. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study. The Lancet [Internet]. 2014;384(9953):1521–28. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60686-3.
  • Gkentzi D, Katsakiori P, Marangos M, Hsia Y, Amirthalingam G, Heath PT, Ladhani S. Maternal vaccination against pertussis: a systematic review of the recent literature. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017;102(5):F456–63. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-312341.
  • Fell DB, Bhutta ZA, Hutcheon JA, Karron RA, Knight M, Kramer MS, Monto AS, Swamy GK, Ortiz JR, Savitz DA. Report of the WHO technical consultation on the effect of maternal influenza and influenza vaccination on the developing fetus: Montreal, Canada, September 30–October 1, 2015. Vaccine. [Internet]. 2017;35(18):2279–87. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.056.
  • Walsh EE, Wang L, Falsey AR, Qiu X, Corbett A, Holden-Wiltse J, Mariani TJ, Topham DJ, Caserta MT. Virus-Specific antibody, viral load, and disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(2):208–17. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy106.
  • Groothuis JR, Simoes EA, Levin MJ, Hall CB, Long CE, Rodriguez WJ, Arrobio J, Meissner HC, Fulton DR, Welliver RC, et al. Prophylactic administration of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin to high-risk infants and young children. N Eng J Med. 1993;329(21):1524–30. doi:10.1056/NEJM199311183292102.
  • Glezen PW, Paredes A, Allison JE, Taber LH, Frank AL. Risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants from low-income families in relationship to age, sex, ethnic group, and maternal antibody level. J Pediatr. 1981;98(5):708–15. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80829-3.
  • Jans J, Wicht O, Widjaja I, Ahout IML, de Groot R, Guichelaar T, Luytjes W, de Jonge MI, de Haan CAM, Ferwerda G. Characteristics of RSV-specific maternal antibodies in plasma of hospitalized, acute RSV patients under three months of age. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0170877. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170877.
  • Chu HY, Newman KL, Englund JA, Cho S, Bull C, Lacombe K, Carlin K, Bulkow LR, Rudolph K, Debyle C, et al. Transplacental respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus antibody transfer in Alaska native and Seattle Mother–Infant Pairs. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021;10(3):230–36. doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa040.
  • Chu HY, Tielsch J, Katz J, Magaret AS, Khatry S, LeClerq SC, Shrestha L, Kuypers J, Steinhoff MC, Englund JA. Transplacental transfer of maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibody and protection against RSV disease in infants in rural Nepal. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2017;95:90–95. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2017.08.017.
  • Lloyd PC, May L, Hoffman D, Riegelman R, Simonsen L. The effect of birth month on the risk of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in the first year of life in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(6):e135–40. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000250.
  • Yildiz M, Kara M, Sutcu M, Mese S, Demircili ME, Sivrikoz TS, Torun SH, Agacfidan A, Coban A, Unuvar E, et al. Evaluation of respiratory syncytial virus IgG antibody dynamics in mother-infant pairs cohort. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. [Internet]. 2020;39(7):1279–86. doi:10.1007/s10096-020-03841-8.
  • Chu HY, Steinhoff MC, Magaret A, Zaman K, Roy E, Langdon G, Formica MA, Walsh EE, Englund JA. Respiratory syncytial virus transplacental antibody transfer and kinetics in Mother-Infant pairs in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(10):1582–89. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu316.
  • Wesumperuma HL, Pharoah POD, Hart CA, Hart CA. The influence of prematurity and low birthweight on transplacental antibody transfer in Sri Lanka. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;93(2):169–77. doi:10.1080/00034983.1999.11813407.
  • van den Berg JP, Westerbeek EAM, van der Klis FRM, Berbers GAM, van Elburg RM. Transplacental transport of IgG antibodies to preterm infants: a review of the literature. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(2):67–72. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.11.003.
  • Okoko JB, Wesumperuma HL, Hart CA. The influence of prematurity and low birthweight on transplacental antibody transfer in a rural West African population. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6(7):529–34. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00741.x.
  • Schwarz TF, Johnson C, Grigat C, Apter D, Csonka P, Lindblad N, Nguyen T-A, Gao FF, Qian H, Tullio AN, et al. Three dose levels of a maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine candidate are well tolerated and immunogenic in a randomized trial in nonpregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab317.
  • Takashima MD, Grimwood K, Sly PD, Lambert SB, Chappell KJ, Watterson D, Young P, Kusel M, Holt B, Holt P, et al. Cord-Blood respiratory syncytial virus antibodies and respiratory health in first 5 years of life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(12):3942–51. doi:10.1002/ppul.25688.
  • Koivisto K, Nieminen T, Mejias A, Capella Gonzalez C, Ye F, Mertz S, Peeples M, Ramilo O, Saxén H . Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–specific antibodies in pregnant women and subsequent risk of RSV hospitalization in young infants. J Infect Dis 2022 Apr 1;225(7): 1189–1196. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab315.
  • Giles ML, Buttery J, Davey MA, Wallace E. Pregnant women’s knowledge and attitude to maternal vaccination including group B streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Vaccine. 2019;37(44):6743–49. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.084.
  • Wheeler SM, Dotters-Katz S, Heine RP, Grotegut CA, Swamy GK. Maternal effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection during pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(11):1951–55. doi:10.3201/eid2111.150497.
  • Hause AM, Panagiotakopoulos L, Weintraub ES, Sy LS, Glenn SC, Tseng HF, McNeil MM. Adverse outcomes in pregnant women hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection: a case series. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(1):138–40. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa668.
  • Regan AK, Klein NP, Langley G, Drews SJ, Buchan S, Ball S, Kwong JC, Naleway A, Thompson M, Wyant BE, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization during pregnancy in 4 high-income countries, 2010–2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(12):1915–18. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy439.
  • Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Downs S, Jones S, van Niekerk N, Simoes EAF, Nunes MC. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in South African Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant and postpartum women: a longitudinal cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(11):1658–65. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1088.
  • Wilcox CR, Calvert A, Metz J, Kilich E, Macleod R, Beadon K, Heath PT, Khalil A, Finn A, Snape MD, et al. Attitudes of pregnant women and healthcare professionals toward clinical trials and routine implementation of antenatal vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus: a multicenter questionnaire study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38(9):944–51. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002384.
  • Bergeron HC, Tripp RA . Breakthrough therapy designation of nirsevimab for the prevention of lower respiratory tract illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus infections (RSV). Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2022 Jan;31(1): 23–29. doi:10.1080/13543784.2022.2020248.
  • Hammitt LL, Dagan R, Yuan Y, Baca Cots M, Bosheva M, Madhi SA, Muller WJ, Zar HJ, Brooks D, Grenham A, et al. Nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in healthy late-preterm and term infants. New England J Med [Internet]. 2022;386(9):837–46. http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2110275
  • Domachowske J, Madhi SA, Simões EAF, Atanasova V, Cabañas F, Furuno K, Garcia-Garcia ML, Grantina I, Nguyen KA, Brooks D, et al. Safety of Nirsevimab for RSV in infants with heart or lung disease or prematurity. New England J Med [Internet]. 2022;386(9):892–94. http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2112186
  • Li X, Bilcke J, Vázquez Fernández L, Bont L, Willem L, Wisløff T, Jit M, Beutels P, Beutels P, Bont L, et al. Cost-Effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus disease prevention strategies: maternal vaccine versus seasonal or year-round monoclonal antibody program in Norwegian children. J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2022. https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiac064/6549175
  • Ananworanich J, Heaton PM. Bringing preventive RSV monoclonal antibodies to infants in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(9). doi:10.3390/vaccines9090961.
  • Sparrow, E, Adetifa, I, Chaiyakunapruk, N, Cherian, T, Fell, DB, Graham, BS, Innis, B, Kaslow, DC, Karron, RA, Nair, H et al . WHO preferred product characteristics for monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in infants - Key considerations for global use. Vaccine. Geneva;2022 Feb 17:S0264-410X(22)00186-4. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.040
  • Lorcy A, Gilca R, Dubé E, Rochette M, de Serres G. Feasibility and ethical issues: experiences and concerns of healthcare workers regarding a new RSV prophylaxis programme in Nunavik, Quebec. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2020;79(1). doi:10.1080/22423982.2020.1742564.
  • Frogel MP, Stewart DL, Hoopes M, Fernandes AW, Mahadevia PJ. A systematic review of compliance with Palivizumab Administration for RSV immunoprophylaxis. J Managed Care Pharm [Internet]. 2010;16(1):46–58. www.amcp.org.
  • Langedijk AC, Harding ER, Konya B, Vrancken B, Lebbink RJ, Evers A, Willemsen J, Lemey P, Bont LJ. A systematic review on global RSV genetic data: identification of knowledge gaps. Rev Med Virol. 2021. doi:10.1002/rmv.2284.
  • Anderson LJ, Jadhao SJ, Paden CR, Tong S. Functional features of the respiratory syncytial virus G protein. Viruses. 2021;13(7):1214. doi:10.3390/v13071214.
  • Esposito S, Scarselli E, Lelii M, Scala A, Vitelli A, Capone S, Fornili M, Biganzoli E, Orenti A, Nicosia A, et al. Antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in children <18 months old. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(7):1700–06. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1145847.
  • Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Blumkin AK, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Schultz AF, Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Griffin MR, Williams JV, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus–associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age. Pediatrics. 2013;132(2):e341–8. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0303.
  • Domachowske JB, Anderson EJ, Goldstein M. The future of respiratory syncytial virus disease prevention and treatment. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10(S1):47–60. doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00383-6.
  • Aliprantis AO, Shaw CA, Griffin P, Farinola N, Railkar RA, Cao X, Liu W, Sachs JR, Swenson CJ, Lee H, et al. A phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an mRNA-based RSV prefusion F protein vaccine in healthy younger and older adults. Hum Vaccine Immunother. 2021;17(5):1248–61. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1829899.
  • Staadegaard L, Caini S, Wangchuk S, Thapa B, de Almeida WAF, de Carvalho FC, Njouom R, Fasce RA, Bustos P, Kyncl J, et al. The global epidemiology of RSV in community and hospitalized care: findings from 15 countries. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab159. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab159.
  • Lanari M, Anderson EJ, Sheridan-Pereira M, Carbonell-Estrany X, Paes B, Rodgers-Gray BS, Fullarton JR, Grubb E, Blanken M. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation among infants born at 32-35 weeks’ gestational age in the Northern Hemisphere: pooled analysis of seven studies. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e170. doi:10.1017/S0950268820001661.
  • Halabi KC, Saiman L, Zachariah P. The epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with previous years. J Pediatr. 2022;242:242–44. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.10.057.
  • Seale H, Dyer CEF, Abdi I, Rahman KM, Sun Y, Qureshi MO, Dowell-Day A, Sward J, Islam MS. Improving the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19: examining the factors that influence engagement and the impact on individuals. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):20. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05340-9.
  • Hall CB, Walsh EE, Long CE, Schnabel KC. Immunity to and frequency of reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1991;163(4):693–98. doi:10.1093/infdis/163.4.693.
  • Buchy P, Badur S, Kassianos G, Preiss S, Tam JS. Vaccinating pregnant women against influenza needs to be a priority for all countries: an expert commentary. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;92:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.019.
  • Baïssas T, Boisnard F, Cuesta Esteve I, Garcia Sánchez M, Jones CE, Rigoine de Fougerolles T, Tan L, Vitoux O, Klein C. Vaccination in pregnancy against pertussis and seasonal influenza: key learnings and components from high-performing vaccine programmes in three countries: the United Kingdom, the United States and Spain. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12198-2.
  • Zylbersztejn A, Almossawi O, Gudka N, Tompsett D, de Stavola B, Standing JF, Smyth R, Hardelid P. Access to palivizumab among children at high risk of respiratory syncytial virus complications in English hospitals. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(3):1246–57. doi:10.1111/bcp.15069.
  • Chida-Nagai A, Sato H, Sato I, Shiraishi M, Sasaki D, Izumi G, Yamazawa H, Cho K, Manabe A, Takeda A. Risk factors for hospitalisation due to respiratory syncytial virus infection in children receiving prophylactic palivizumab. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(2):539–47. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04216-7.
  • Viguria N, Navascués A, Juanbeltz R, Echeverría A, Ezpeleta C, Castilla J. Effectiveness of palivizumab in preventing respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk children. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(6):1867–72. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1843336.
  • Rossey I, Saelens X. Vaccines against human respiratory syncytial virus in clinical trials, where are we now? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(10):1053–67. doi:10.1080/14760584.2019.1675520.