References
- Ullah I, Khan KS, Tahir MJ, Ahmed A, Harapan H. Myths and conspiracy theories on vaccines and COVID-19: potential effect on global vaccine refusals. Vacunas. 2021 ;22(2):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.vacun.2021.01.001.
- Feldman C, Anderson R. Recent advances in the epidemiology and prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. F1000res. 2020:9. doi:10.12688/f1000research.22341.1.
- The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations. The global alliance for vaccines and immunizations; 2022 Mar 1 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.gavi.org/.
- Pneumococcal AMC. The global alliance for vaccines and immunizations; 2022. Updated 2021 May 11 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.gavi.org/investing-gavi/innovative-financing/pneumococcal-amc?gclid=Cj0KCQiA09eQBhCxARIsAAYRiymWMniKEBUJ2rWfmqcrwbTDByVB-YXfAS8qniOzokWguRXyBx9wicoaAvzhEALw_wcB .
- Pox protein public-private partnership (P5); 2022 Mar 1. Updated 2017 Nov 17 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/pox-protein-public-private-partnership.
- Delivering quality-assured medical products for all 2019-2023: WHO’s five-year plan to help build effective and efficient regulatory systems; 2019:35. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332461 .
- Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework. World health organization; 2022 Mar 1. https://www.who.int/initiatives/pandemic-influenza-preparedness-framework.
- Influenza Virus Traceability Mechanism. 2022 Mar 1. https://extranet.who.int/ivtm2.
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. 2022 Mar 1. https://cepi.net/covax/.
- Yellow fever vaccine support. The global alliance for vaccines and immunizations; Updated 2019 Dec 5 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.gavi.org/types-support/vaccine-support/yellow-fever.
- Cholera vaccine. World health organization; [ accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/cholera.
- Smallpox vaccines. World health organization; [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines.
- Hansen CA, Barrett ADT. The present and future of yellow fever vaccines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Sep 1;14(9). doi:10.3390/ph14090891.
- Strategic National Stockpile. U.S. department of health & human services; Updated 2021 Aug 16 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://chemm.hhs.gov/sns.htm .
- Jennings M. Vaccine diplomacy: how some countries are using COVID to enhance their soft power; 2021 Feb 22 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://theconversation.com/vaccine-diplomacy-how-some-countries-are-using-covid-to-enhance-their-soft-power-155697.
- Welcome to Vaccines Prequalification. World health organization; [accessed 2022 Mar 1. https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/vaccines
- Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE). World health organization; Updated 2021 Dec 2 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization.
- Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP). Regulations. U.S food & drug administration; Updated 2020 Sep 21 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/pharmaceutical-quality-resources/current-good-manufacturing-practice-cgmp-regulations.
- Lam E, McCarthy A, Brennan M. Vaccine-Preventable diseases in humanitarian emergencies among refugee and internally-displaced populations. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(11):2627–2636. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1096457.
- Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, et al. National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Aug 21;69(33):1109–1116. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6933a1.
- Takahashi S, Metcalf CJ, Ferrari MJ, et al. Reduced vaccination and the risk of measles and other childhood infections post-Ebola. Science. 2015 Mar 13;347(6227):1240–1242. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3438.
- Fernandez-Garcia MD, Majumdar M, Kebe O, et al. Emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses during ebola virus disease outbreak, Guinea, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 ;24(1):65–74. doi:10.3201/eid2401.171174.
- Health care in danger: violent incidents affecting the delivery of health care, January 2012 to December 2013; 2014. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-4196.pdf.
- Kraemer MUG, Pigott DM, Hill SC, et al. Dynamics of conflict during the Ebola outbreak in the democratic republic of the Congo 2018-2019. BMC Med. 2020 Apr 27;18(1):113. doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01574-1.
- Ebola Response Workers Are Killed in Congo. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/28/world/africa/ebola-congo.html.
- Hajj and Umrah Health Requirements. The embassy of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia; [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.saudiembassy.net/hajj-and-umrah-health-requirements.
- Carnell MA, Guyon AB. Nutritional status, migration, mortality, and measles vaccine coverage during the 1983-1985 drought period: Timbuktu, Mali. J Trop Pediatr. 1990 ;36(3):109–113. doi:10.1093/tropej/36.3.109.
- World Migration Report. International Organization for Migration (IOM); 2020 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2020-interactive/.
- Bennett KJ, Pumkam C, Probst JC. Rural-Urban differences in the location of influenza vaccine administration. Vaccine. 2011 Aug 11;29(35):5970–5977. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.038.
- Vaccinating People in Puerto Rico. Centers for disease control and prevention; Updated 2021 Aug 30 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/health-departments/features/puerto-rico.html.
- Ali AQ. Enhancing immunization programmes in Yemen. UNICEF; [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.unicef.org/yemen/stories/enhancing-immunization-programmes-yemen.
- Kasereka MC, Sawatzky J, Hawkes MT. Ebola epidemic in war-torn democratic republic of Congo, 2018: acceptability and patient satisfaction of the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus - zaire ebolavirus vaccine. Vaccine. 2019 Apr 10;37(16):2174–2178. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.004.
- Electronic immunization registries in low- and middle-income countries; 2021. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59bc3457ccc5c5890fe7cacd/t/60aee1bfd163646306fb924c/1622073794356/Digital+Square+EIR+Landscape_Final.pdf.
- Rogers AB, Barrie MB, Fallah MP, Kelly JD. Equitable and feasible distribution of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for all in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Jun 28;105(2):278–280. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-0264.
- Risk communication and community engagement preparedness and readiness framework: Ebola response in the democratic republic of the Congo in North Kivu. World health organization; [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514828.
- Acceptance and demand. World health organization; [accessed 2022 Mar 1. https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization/demand.
- Kuppalli K, Brett-Major DM, Smith TC. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: we need to start now. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(2):ofaa658. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa658.
- Drexler M. The troubled history of vaccines and conflict zones. National public radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/08/29/1031007332/the-troubled-history-of-vaccines-and-conflict-zones.
- Siegler AJ, Luisi N, Hall EW, et al. Trajectory of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy over time and association of initial vaccine hesitancy with subsequent vaccination. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2126882. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26882.
- Monte LM. Household pulse survey shows many don’t trust COVID vaccine, worry about side effects. United States census bureau; 2021 Dec 28 [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/12/who-are-the-adults-not-vaccinated-against-covid.html.
- Haruna Umar KL. Nigeria’s Boko Haram extremists hamper polio eradication. AP News; 2018 Apr 16. https://apnews.com/article/3f27aea190ae418483d0eb281eeb97d8.
- Omer SB, Benjamin RM, Brewer NT, et al. Promoting COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: recommendations from the lancet commission on vaccine refusal, acceptance, and demand in the USA. Lancet. 2021 Dec 11;398(10317):2186–2192. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02507-1.
- Wynia ALTCVLMLKKDCFAFSMDB-MM. Uncertainty, scarcity and transparency: public health ethics and risk communication in a pandemic; 2022.
- Uddin MN, Roni MA. Challenges of storage and stability of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Sep 17;9(9). doi:10.3390/vaccines9091033.
- Hansen LJJ, Daoussi R, Vervaet C, Remon JP, De Beer TRM. Freeze-Drying of live virus vaccines: a review. Vaccine. 2015 Oct 13;33(42):5507–5519. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.085.
- Roukens AHE, van Halem K, de Visser AW, Visser LG. Long-term protection after fractional-dose yellow fever vaccination: follow-up study of a randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Dec 4;169(11):761–765. doi:10.7326/M18-1529.
- Roukens AH, Vossen AC, Bredenbeek PJ, van Dissel JT, Visser LG. Intradermally administered yellow fever vaccine at reduced dose induces a protective immune response: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. PLoS One. 2008 Apr 23;3(4):e1993. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001993.
- Casey RM, Harris JB, Ahuka-Mundeke S, et al. Immunogenicity of fractional-dose vaccine during a yellow fever outbreak - final report. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 1;381(5):444–454. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1710430.
- Pezzoli L; Oral Cholera Vaccine Working Group of the Global Task Force on Cholera C. Global oral cholera vaccine use, 2013-2018. Vaccine. 2020 Feb 29;38(Suppl 1):A132–A140. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.086.
- Maxmen A. The fight to manufacture COVID vaccines in lower-income countries. Nature. 2021;597(7877):455–457. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02383-z.
- U.S. Export Control. International trade administration; [accessed 2022 Mar 1]. https://www.trade.gov/us-export-controls .
- Andrew PD. A nation battling flu, and short vaccine supplies; 2009 Oct 25. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/health/26flu.html.
- MPP welcomes WHO announcement of the first COVID-19 mRNA vaccine technology transfer hub to be established in South Africa. Medicines patent pool; 2021 Jun 22. https://medicinespatentpool.org/news-publications-post/who-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-tech-transfer-hub-sa.
- Pfizer and The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP). Sign licensing agreement for COVID-19 oral antiviral treatment candidate to expand access in low- and middle-income countries; 2021 Nov 16. https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-medicines-patent-pool-mpp-sign-licensing.
- Aboulenein A. Merck signs pact to broaden generic manufacturing of COVID-19 pill. Reuters; 2021 Oct 27. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/merck-signs-pact-broaden-generic-manufacturing-covid-19-pill-2021-10-27/.
- Guerrier G, Guerra J, Fermon F, Talkibing WB, Sekkenes J, Grais RF. Outbreak response immunisation: the experience of Chad during recurrent measles epidemics in 2005 and 2010. Int Health. 2011 ;3(4):226–230. doi:10.1016/j.inhe.2011.06.003.
- Marinova L, Kojouharova M, Mihneva Z. An ongoing measles outbreak in Bulgaria, 2009. Euro Surveill. Jul 2 2009;14(26).
- Muscat M, Marinova L, Mankertz A, et al. The measles outbreak in Bulgaria, 2009-2011: an epidemiological assessment and lessons learnt. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(9):30152. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.9.30152.
- Mbaeyi C, Moran T, Wadood Z, et al. Stopping a polio outbreak in the midst of war: lessons from Syria. Vaccine. 2021 Jun 23;39(28):3717–3723. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.045.
- Federspiel F, Ali M. The cholera outbreak in Yemen: lessons learned and way forward. BMC Public Health. 2018 Dec 4;18(1):1338. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6227-6.
- Sodjinou VD, Douba A, Nimpa MM, Masembe YV, Randria M, Ndiaye CF. Madagascar 2018-2019 measles outbreak response: main strategic areas. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;37:20. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.20.24530.
- Mitiku AD, Argaw MD, Desta BF, et al. Pertussis outbreak in southern Ethiopia: challenges of detection, management, and response. BMC Public Health. 2020 Aug 11;20(1):1223. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09303-2.
- Jean Baptiste AE, Wagai J, Luce R, et al. Measles outbreak in complex emergency: estimating vaccine effectiveness and evaluation of the vaccination campaign in Borno State, Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2019;21(1):437. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10436-1.
- Ebola Virus Disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. External situation report 98; 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332654/SITREP_EVD_DRC_20200623-eng.pdf.
- How local communities made polio vaccination possible despite the fear of COVID-19. https://www.afro.who.int/news/how-local-communities-made-polio-vaccination-possible-despite-fear-covid-19.