1,983
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Coronavirus – Research Article

Are psychological status and trust in information related to vaccine hesitancy during COVID-19 pandemic? A latent class and mediation analyses in Italy

, , ORCID Icon, , &
Article: 2157622 | Received 22 Sep 2022, Accepted 01 Dec 2022, Published online: 26 Dec 2022

References

  • Hiscott J, Alexandridi M, Muscolini M, Tassone E, Palermo E, Soultsioti M, Zevini A. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020 Jun;53:1–9 . Epub 2020 May 28. PMID: 32487439; PMCID: PMC7254014. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.010.
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020 Mar 14;395(10227):912–20. Epub 2020 Feb 26. PMID: 32112714; PMCID: PMC7158942. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
  • Rodríguez-Rey R, Garrido-Hernansaiz H, Collado S. Psychological impact and associated factors during the initial stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among the general population in Spain. Front Psychol. 2020 Jun 23;11:1540. PMID: 32655463; PMCID: PMC7325630.Ro. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01540.
  • Perra N. Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review. Phys Rep. 2021;913:1–52. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.02.001.
  • Nguyen LKN, Howick S, McLafferty D, Anderson GH, Pravinkumar SJ, Van Der Meer R, Megiddo I. Evaluating intervention strategies in controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread in care homes: an agent-based model [published correction appears in Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022 May;43(5):685]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(9):1060–70. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.1369.
  • Samanlioglu F, Kaya BE. Evaluation of the COVID-19 pandemic intervention strategies with Hesitant F-AHP. J Healthc Eng. 2020 Aug 20;2020:8835258. PMID: 32850105; PMCID: PMC7441437. doi:10.1155/2020/8835258.
  • Reno C, Sanmarchi F, Stoto MA, Fantini MP, Lenzi J, Golinelli D. The impact of health policies and vaccine rollout on the COVID-19 pandemic waves in Italy. Health Policy Technol. 2022 Jun;11(2):100604. Epub 2022 Feb 15. PMID: 35186670; PMCID: PMC8843325. doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100604.
  • Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, Chen-Li D, Iacobucci M, Ho R, Majeed A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55–64. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001.
  • Bonati M, Campi R, Segre G. Psychological impact of the quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general European adult population: a systematic review of the evidence. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2022 Apr 27;31:e27. PMID: 35475479; PMCID: PMC9069583. doi:10.1017/S2045796022000051.
  • Steinert JI, Sternberg H, Prince H, Fasolo B, Galizzi MM, Büthe T, Veltri GA. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in eight European countries: prevalence, determinants, and heterogeneity. Sci Adv. 2022 Apr 29;8(17):eabm9825. Epub 2022 Apr 27. PMID: 35476432; PMCID: PMC9045608. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm9825.
  • Zheng C, Shao W, Chen X, Zhang B, Wang G, Zhang W. Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: a literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;114:252–60 . Epub 2021 Nov 17. PMID: 34800687; PMCID: PMC8595975. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.009.
  • Mohammed I, Nauman A, Paul P, Ganesan S, Chen K-H, Jalil SMS, Jaouni SH, Kawas H, Khan WA, Vattoth AL, et al. The efficacy and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines in reducing infection, severity, hospitalization, and mortality: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18(1):2027160. doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2027160.
  • Watson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, Hogan AB, Winskill P, Ghani AC. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(9):1293–302. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00320-6.
  • Deb P, Furceri D, Jimenez D, Kothari S, Ostry JD, Tawk N. The effects of COVID-19 vaccines on economic activity. Swiss J Econ Stat. 2022;158(1):3. doi:10.1186/s41937-021-00082-0.
  • Zheng YB, Sun J, Liu L, Zhao Y-M, Yan W, Yuan K, Su S-Z, Lu Z-A, Huang Y-T, Liu L, et al. COVID-19 vaccine-related psychological stress among general public in China. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 7;12:774504. Published 2021 Dec 7. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774504
  • Nguyen M. The psychological benefits of COVID-19 vaccination. Adv Public Health. 2021;2021:9, Article ID 1718800. doi:10.1155/2021/1718800.
  • World Health Organization. Achieving 70% COVID-19 immunization coverage by Mid-2022. [accessed 2022 Sep 2]. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-12-2021-achieving-70-covid-19-immunization-coverage-by-mid-2022.
  • Paetzold J, Kimpel J, Bates K, Hummer M, Krammer F, von Laer D, Winner H. Impacts of rapid mass vaccination against SARS-CoV2 in an early variant of concern hotspot. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):612. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28233-8.
  • Niazi SK. Making COVID-19 mRNA vaccines accessible: challenges resolved. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2022 Jun 17;21(9):1–14. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35695469. doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2089121.
  • Marinus R, Mofid S, Mpandzou M, Kühler TC. Rolling reviews during COVID-19: the European Union experience in a global context. Clin Ther. 2022 Mar;44(3):352–63. Epub 2022 Jan 10. PMID: 35123802; PMCID: PMC8743449. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.01.001.
  • Lee SK, Sun J, Jang S, Connelly S. Misinformation of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):13681. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17430-6.
  • Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. Report of the SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy. 2014 Nov 12 [accessed 2022 Sep 2]. https://www.asset-scienceinsociety.eu/sites/default/files/sage_working_group_revised_report_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. Ten Threats to global health in 2019. [accessed 2022 Sep 2] https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.
  • MacDonald NE; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015 Aug 14;33(34):4161–64. Epub 2015 Apr 17. PMID: 25896383. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036.
  • Betsch C, Böhm R, Chapman GB. Using behavioral insights to increase vaccination policy effectiveness. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci. 2015;2(1):61–73. doi:10.1177/2372732215600716.
  • Thomson A, Robinson K, Vallée-Tourangeau G. The 5as: a practical taxonomy for the determinants of vaccine uptake. Vaccine. 2016 Feb 17;34(8):1018–24. Epub 2015 Dec 7. PMID: 26672676. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.065.
  • Larson HJ, de Figueiredo A, Xiahong Z, Schulz WS, Verger P, Johnston IG, Cook AR, Jones NS. The state of vaccine confidence 2016: global insights through a 67-country survey. EBioMedicine. 2016 Oct;12:295–301. Epub 2016 Sep 13. PMID: 27658738; PMCID: PMC5078590. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042.
  • Betsch C, Schmid P, Heinemeier D, Korn L, Holtmann C, Bo ̈hm R, Angelillo IF. Beyond confidence: development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208601. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208601.
  • World Health Organization. Understanding the behavioural and social drivers of vaccine uptake WHO position paper – May 2022. Weekly epidemiological record. Vol. 97. 2022 May 20 [accessed 2022 Sep 2]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9720-209-224.
  • World Health Organization. Behavioural and social drivers of vaccination: tools and practical guidance for achieving high uptake. Geneva. 2022 [accessed 2022 Sep 2]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/354459/9789240049680-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Salomoni MG, Di Valerio Z, Gabrielli E, Montalti M, Tedesco D, Guaraldi F, Gori D. Hesitant or not hesitant? A systematic review on global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in different populations. Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Aug 6;9(8):873. PMID: 34452000; PMCID: PMC8402447. doi:10.3390/vaccines9080873.
  • Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M, Hasell J, Appel C, Giattino C, Rodés-Guirao L. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nature Human Behav. 2021;5(7): 947–5. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8.
  • Wang Q, Hu S, Du F, Zang S, Xing Y, Qu Z, Zhang X, Lin L, Hou Z. Mapping global acceptance and uptake of COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Commun Med. 2022;2(1):113. doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00177-6.
  • Larson HJ, Clarke RM, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Levine Z, Schulz WS, Paterson P. Measuring trust in vaccination: a systematic review. Human Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2018 July 3;14(7):1599–609. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1459252.
  • Goldenberg MJ. Vaccine hesitancy: public trust, expertise, and the war on science. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press; 2021.
  • Pivetti M, Melotti G, Bonomo M, Hakoköngäs E. Conspiracy beliefs and acceptance of COVID-vaccine: an exploratory study in Italy. Soc Sci. 2021;10(3):108. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030108.
  • Anakpo G, Mishi S. Hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccines: rapid systematic review of the measurement, predictors, and preventive strategies. Human Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2022;18(5):5. doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2074716.
  • Bendau A, Plag J, Petzold MB, Ströhle A. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Aug;97:107724 . Epub 2021 Apr 27. PMID: 33951558; PMCID: PMC8078903. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107724.
  • Murphy J, Vallières F, Bentall RP, Shevlin M, McBride O, Hartman TK, McKay R, Bennett K, Mason L, Gibson-Miller J, et al. Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 4;12(1):29. PMID: 33397962; PMCID: PMC7782692. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20226-9.
  • Reno C, Maietti E, Di Valerio Z, Montalti M, Fantini MP, Gori D. Vaccine hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination: investigating the role of information sources through a mediation analysis. Infect Dis Rep. 2021 Aug 12;13(3):712–23. PMID: 34449654; PMCID: PMC8395997. doi:10.3390/idr13030066.
  • Zarbo C, Candini V, Ferrari C, D’Addazio M, Calamandrei G, Starace F, Caserotti M, Gavaruzzi T, Lotto L, Tasso A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Italy: predictors of acceptance, fence sitting and refusal of the COVID-19 vaccination. Front Public Health. 2022;10:873098. Published 2022 Apr 29. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.873098.
  • Sturgis P, Brunton-Smith I, Jackson J. Trust in science, social consensus and vaccine confidence. Nat Hum Behav. 2021;5(11):1528–34. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01115-7.
  • Bentler PM, Chou CH. Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods Res. 1987;16(1):78–117. doi:10.1177/0049124187016001004.
  • Tein JY, Coxe S, Cham H. Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis. Struct Equ Modeling. 2013 Oct 1;20(4):640–57. PMID: 24489457; PMCID: PMC3904803. doi:10.1080/10705511.2013.824781.
  • Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull. 1990;422(107):238–46, 423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
  • Tucker LR, Lewis C. A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor 424 analysis. Psychometrika. 1973;38(1):1–10. doi:10.1007/BF02291170 425.
  • Steiger JH, Lind J. Statistically-based tests for the number of common factors. 426 Paper presented at the Annual Spring Meeting of the Psychometric Society; 1980; Iowa City, 427
  • Li‐tze H, Peter MB. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure 428 analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, structural equation modeling: a 429. Multidisciplinary J. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
  • Linzer DA, Lewis JB. poLCA: an R package for polytomous variable latent class analysis. J Stat Softw. 2011;42(10):1–29. doi:10.18637/jss.v042.i10.
  • Fox J. Structural equation modeling with the sem package in R. Struct Equ Model. 2006;13(3):465–86. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1303_7.
  • Dratva J, Zysset A, Schlatter N, von Wyl A, Huber M, Volken T. Swiss university students’ risk perception and general anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 13;17(20):7433. PMID: 33066008; PMCID: PMC7599649. doi:10.3390/ijerph17207433.
  • Horn V, Semmler M, Schweppe C. Older people in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic: the least, the more, and the most affected. J Popul Ageing. 2021 Dec 13:1–22. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34925638; PMCID: PMC8666192. doi:10.1007/s12062-021-09352-4.
  • Wang PW, Chen YL, Chang YP, Wu CF, Lu WH, Yen CF. Sources of COVID-19-related information in people with various levels of risk perception and preventive behaviors in Taiwan: a latent profile analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):2091. Published 2021 Feb 21. doi:10.3390/ijerph18042091.
  • Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Mar 6;33(2):e100213. Erratum in: Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Apr 27;33(2):e100213corr1. PMID: 32215365; PMCID: PMC7061893. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
  • Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, Roma P. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 2;17(9):3165. PMID: 32370116; PMCID: PMC7246819. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165.
  • Dalla C, Antoniou K, Drossopoulou G, Xagoraris M, Kokras N, Sfikakis A, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Chronic mild stress impact: are females more vulnerable? Neuroscience. 2005;135(3):703–14. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.068.
  • Verma R, Balhara YP, Gupta CS. Gender differences in stress response: role of developmental and biological determinants. Ind Psychiatry J. 2011 Jan;20(1):4–10. PMID: 22969173; PMCID: PMC3425245. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.98407.
  • Sandanger I, Nygård JF, Sørensen T, Moum T. Is women’s mental health more susceptible than men’s to the influence of surrounding stress? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39(3):177–84. doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0728-6.
  • Beck F, Léger D, Fressard L, Peretti-Watel P, Verger P, Group C. Covid-19 health crisis and lockdown associated with high level of sleep complaints and hypnotic uptake at the population level. J Sleep Res. 2021 Feb;30(1):e13119. Epub 2020 Jun 28. PMID: 32596936; PMCID: PMC7361195. doi:10.1111/jsr.13119.
  • Prati G. Mental health and its psychosocial predictors during national quarantine in Italy against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Anxiety Stress Coping. 2021 Mar;34(2):145–56. Epub 2020 Dec 22. PMID: 33350343. doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1861253.
  • Santana CLA, Manfrinato CV, Souza PRP, Marino A, Condé VF, Stedefeldt E, Tomita LY, Do Carmo Franco M. Psychological distress, low-income, and socio-economic vulnerability in the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health. 2021 Oct;199:42–45. Epub 2021 Aug 27. PMID: 34537575; PMCID: PMC8390360. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.016.
  • Falcone R, Ansani A, Colì E, Marini M, Sapienza A, Castelfranchi C, Paglieri F. Trusting COVID-19 vaccines as individual and social goal. Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 8;12(1):9470. PMID: 35676518; PMCID: PMC9176163. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13675-3.
  • Siegrist M. Trust and risk perception: a critical review of the literature. Risk Analysis. 2021 Mar;41(3):480–90. PMID:31046144. doi:10.1111/risa.13325.
  • Gilles I, Le Pogam MA, Perriraz M, Bangerter A, Green EGT, Staerklé C, Krings F, Wagner-Egger P, Peytremann-Bridevaux I. Trust in institutions and the COVID-19 threat: a cross-sectional study on the public perception of official recommendations and of othering in Switzerland. Int J Public Health. 2022 Jan 10;66:1604223. PMID: 35095384; PMCID: PMC8790817. doi:10.3389/ijph.2021.1604223.
  • Caserotti M, Gavaruzzi T, Girardi P, Tasso A, Buizza C, Candini V, Zarbo C, Chiarotti F, Brescianini S, Calamandrei G, et al. Who is likely to vacillate in their COVID-19 vaccination decision? Free-riding intention and post-positive reluctance. Prev Med. 2022 Jan;154:106885 . Epub 2021 Nov 12. PMID: 34774880; PMCID: PMC8585567. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106885.
  • Hornsey MJ. Reasons why people may refuse COVID-19 vaccination (and what can be done about it). World Psychiatry. 2022 Jun;21(2):217–18. PMID: 35524590; PMCID: PMC9077616. doi:10.1002/wps.20990.
  • Lee JJ, Kang KA, Wang MP, Zhao SZ, Wong JYH, O’Connor S, Yang SC, Shin S. Associations between COVID-19 misinformation exposure and belief with COVID-19 knowledge and preventive behaviors: cross-sectional online study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Nov 13;22(11):e22205. PMID: 33048825; PMCID: PMC7669362. doi:10.2196/22205.
  • Duplaga M. The determinants of conspiracy beliefs related to the COVID-19 pandemic in a nationally representative sample of internet users. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):7818. doi:10.3390/ijerph17217818.
  • Gabriel Salvador Casara B, Suitner C, Jetten J. The impact of economic inequality on conspiracy beliefs. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2022;98:104245. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104245.
  • Schwarzinger M, Watson V, Arwidson P, Alla F, Luchini S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a representative working-age population in France: a survey experiment based on vaccine characteristics. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(4):e210–21. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00012-8.
  • Montalti M, Di Valerio Z, Rallo F, Squillace L, Costantino C, Tomasello F, Mauro GL, Stillo M, Perrone P, Resi D, et al. Attitudes toward the SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccination in the metropolitan cities of Bologna and Palermo, Italy. Vaccines. 2021;9(10):1200. doi:10.3390/vaccines9101200.
  • Savoia E, Harriman NW, Piltch-Loeb R, Bonetti M, Toffolutti V, Testa MA. Exploring the association between misinformation endorsement, opinions on the government response, risk perception, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the US, Canada, and Italy. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Apr 23;10(5):671. PMID: 35632427; PMCID: PMC9147457. doi:10.3390/vaccines10050671.
  • Chen YL, Lin YJ, Chang YP, Chou WJ, Yen CF. Differences in sources of information, risk perception, and cognitive appraisals between people with various latent classes of motivation to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and previous seasonal influenza vaccination: Facebook survey study with latent profile analysis in Taiwan. Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Oct 19;9(10):1203. PMID: 34696311; PMCID: PMC8538554. doi:10.3390/vaccines9101203.