Is vaccine hesitancy related to mental health after the adjustment of the zero-COVID-19 strategy in the elderly? A mediation analysis in China

References

• Taskforce for Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism for COVID-19 under the State Council and the National Health Commission of P.R. China. Scientific and Targeted Prevention and Control Measures to Optimize COVID-19 Response. Health Care Sci. 2023;2(1):1–6. doi:10.1002/hcs2.33.
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua. China focus: COVID-19 response further optimized with 10 new measures. 2022 [accessed 2023 Oct 30]. https://english.news.cn/20221207/ca014c043bf24728b8dcbc0198565fdf/c.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pacific TLRH. The end of zero-COVID-19 policy is not the end of COVID-19 for China. Lancet Regional Health. 2023;30:100702. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100702.
   Google Scholar
• Mallapaty S. China COVID wave could kill one million people, models predict. Nature. 2022. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-04502-w.
   Google Scholar
• Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi Z-L. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):141–12. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, Cummings DAT, Azman AS, Paireau J, Fontanet A, Cauchemez S, Salje H. Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2021;590(7844):140–5. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–42. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitiello A, Zovi A, Rezza G. New emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and antiviral agents. Drug Resist Updat. 2023;70:100986. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2023.100986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feikin DR, Higdon MM, Abu-Raddad LJ, Andrews N, Araos R, Goldberg Y, Groome MJ, Huppert A, O’Brien KL, Smith PG, et al. Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression. The Lancet. 2022;399(10328):924–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00152-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu G, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ai J, He L, Yuan X, Bao S, Chen X, Wang H, Cai J, et al. Geriatric risk and protective factors for serious COVID-19 outcomes among older adults in Shanghai Omicron wave. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):2045–54. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2109517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung P-H-H, Chan C-P, Jin D-Y. Lessons learned from the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Hong Kong in early 2022. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):1072–8. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2060137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Hu Y, Xu M, Chen Z, Yang W, Jiang Z, Li M, Jin H, Cui G, Chen P, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(6):803–12. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30987-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graña C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Villanueva G, Henschke N, et al. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;2023(3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015477.
   Google Scholar
• Lin C-Y, Fan C-W, Ahorsu, DK, Lin YC, Weng H-C, Griffiths MD. Associations between vaccination and quality of life among Taiwan general population: a comparison between COVID-19 vaccines and flu vaccines. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2022;18(5):2079344. doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2079344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein JR, Cassidy T, Wachter KW. Vaccinating the oldest against COVID-19 saves both the most lives and most years of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118(11):e2026322118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026322118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom DE, Cadarette D, Ferranna M. The societal value of vaccination in the age of COVID-19. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(6):1049–54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.306114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch S, Jasny E, Schmidt KE, Petsch B. New vaccine technologies to combat outbreak situations. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1963. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council. 2022 [accessed 2023 Oct 30]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/gwylflkjz224/index.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Zang S, Zhang X, Qu Z, Chen X, Hou Z. Promote COVID-19 vaccination for older adults in China. China CDC Weekly. 2022;4(37):832–4. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2022.173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin C, Yan W, Tao L, Liu M, Liu J. The association between risk perception and hesitancy toward the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine among people aged 60 years and older in China. Vaccines. 2022;10(7):1112. doi:10.3390/vaccines10071112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Nascimento M, Nunes ANG, Juchem L. “I believe in science and in all vaccines:” older adult and the intention for a vaccine against COVID-19. Asian J Soc Health Behav. 2022;5(3):108–14. doi:10.4103/shb.shb_17_22.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner AL, Porth JM, Wu Z, Boulton ML, Finlay JM, Kobayashi LC. Vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class analysis of middle-aged and older US adults. J Community Health. 2022;47(3):408–15. doi:10.1007/s10900-022-01064-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Su X, Xiao W, Wang H, Si M, Wang W, Gu X, Ma L, Li L, Zhang S, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among different population groups in China: a national multicenter online survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):153. doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07111-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33(34):4161–4. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretti-Watel P, Larson HJ, Ward JK, Schulz WS, Verger P. Vaccine hesitancy: clarifying a theoretical framework for an ambiguous notion. PLoS Curr. 2015;7:ecurrents.outbreaks.6844c80ff9f5b273f34c91f71b7fc289. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.6844c80ff9f5b273f34c91f71b7fc289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Betsch C, Bach Habersaat K, Deshevoi S, Heinemeier D, Briko N, Kostenko N, Kocik J, Böhm R, Zettler I, Wiysonge CS, et al. Sample study protocol for adapting and translating the 5C scale to assess the psychological antecedents of vaccination. BMJ Open. 2020;10(3):e034869. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsch C, Schmid P, Heinemeier D, Korn L, Holtmann C, Böhm R. Beyond confidence: development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(12):e0208601. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y, She R, Luo S, Xin M, Li L, Wang S, Ma L, Tao F, Zhang J, Zhao J, et al. Factors influencing depression and mental distress related to COVID-19 among university students in China: online cross-sectional mediation study. JMIR Ment Health. 2021;8(2):e22705. doi:10.2196/22705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Zhang Y, Long S, Fu X, Zhang X, Zhao S, Xiu S, Wang X, Lu B, Jin H, et al. Non-EPI vaccine hesitancy among Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study. Vaccines. 2021;9(7):772. doi:10.3390/vaccines9070772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JL, Mishel MH. Uncertainty in childhood illness: a synthesis of the parent and child literature. Sch Inq Nurs Pract. 2000;14:299–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEvoy PM, Mahoney AE. Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(1):112–22. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palgi Y, Bergman YS, Ben-David B, Bodner E. No psychological vaccination: vaccine hesitancy is associated with negative psychiatric outcomes among Israelis who received COVID-19 vaccination. J Affect Disord. 2021;287:352–3. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee D. The impact of Covid‐19 pandemic on elderly mental health. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;35(12):1466–7. doi:10.1002/gps.5320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng H, Xu Y, Dai J, Zhang Y, Liu B, Yang H. Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:112983. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asaoka H, Koido Y, Kawashima Y, Ikeda M, Miyamoto Y, Nishi D. Longitudinal change in depressive symptoms among healthcare professionals with and without COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy from October 2020 to June 2021 in Japan. Ind Health. 2021;60(4):387–94. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2021-0164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Y, Chen T, Liu L, Zong L. China ends its zero-COVID-19 policy: new challenges facing mental health services. Asian J Psychiatr. 2023;82:103485. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild AJ, MacKinnon DP. A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prev Sci. 2009;10(2):87–99. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0109-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XX, Dai JM, Chen H, Li XM, Chen SH, Yu Y, Zhao QW, Wang RR, Mao YM, Fu H, et al. Factors related to public COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy based on the“3Cs” model: a cross-sectional study. Fudan Univ J Med Sci. 2021;307–12.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Li C, Qian J, Cui HS, Wu W. Reliability and validity of a generalized anxiety scale in general hospital outpatients. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2010;22:200–3.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MDThe PHQ primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282:1737. doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Chiu H, Xu B, Ma Y, Jin T, Wu M, Conwell Y. Reliability and validity of the PHQ-9 for screening late-life depression in Chinese primary care. Int J Geriat Psychiatry. 2010;25(11):1127–33. doi:10.1002/gps.2442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao M, Zheng L, Wen J, Jin S, Gan Y. Coping with coronavirus disease 2019: relationships between coping strategies, benefit finding and well‐being. Stress Health. 2022;38(1):47–56. doi:10.1002/smi.3072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao M, Zheng L, Jin S, Wen J, Gan YQ. Development of the benefit finding from epidemic scale. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2021;29:529–33.
   Google Scholar
• Alimoradi Z, Lin C-Y, Ullah I, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Item response theory analysis of the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S): a systematic review. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2022;15:581–96. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S350660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C-Y, Hou W-L, Mamun MA, Aparecido da Silva J, Broche‐Pérez Y, Ullah I, Masuyama A, Wakashima K, Mailliez M, Carre A, et al. Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) across countries: measurement invariance issues. Nurs Open. 2021;8(4):1892–908. doi:10.1002/nop2.855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen I-H, Chen C-Y, Zhao K-Y, Gamble JH, Lin C-Y, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) among Chinese primary and middle schoolteachers, and their students. Curr Psychol. 2022;42(15):12557–73. doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02471-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K-C, Hou W-L, Pakpour AH, Lin C-Y, Griffiths MD. Psychometric testing of three COVID-19-related scales among people with mental illness. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20(1):324–36. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00361-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng QY, Huang CW, Jia YP, Liu T, Jia HY, Wang KC, Zhang F. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of fear of coronavirus disease 2019 scale. Acad J Second Mil Med Univ. 2021;42:778–82.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang E, Dai Z, Wang C, Hu J, Wang S, Zhang L, Fang Q. Targeting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among nurses in Shanghai: a latent profile analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:953850. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.953850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equation Model. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Shen J, Li M, Shi Y, Wang Q, Chen F, Qin H, Zhao X. The association between socio-demographics and mental distress following COVID-19 vaccination—mediation of vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines. 2022;10(10):1697. doi:10.3390/vaccines10101697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivar Behav Res. 2004;39(1):99–128. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limbu YB, Gautam RK, Pham L. The health belief model applied to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a systematic review. Vaccines. 2022;10(6):973. doi:10.3390/vaccines10060973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendau A, Plag J, Petzold MB, Ströhle A. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;97:107724. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElfish PA, Willis DE, Shah SK, Bryant-Moore K, Rojo MO, Selig JP. Sociodemographic determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, fear of infection, and protection self-efficacy. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:215013272110407. doi:10.1177/21501327211040746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Ji L, Wang Q, Yang G, Xiu S, Cui T, Shi N, Zhu L, Xu X, Jin H, et al. Understanding drivers of vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults in Jiangsu Province, China: cross-sectional survey. JMIR Form Res. 2023;7:e39994. doi:10.2196/39994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hou Z, Guo J, Lai X, Zhang H, Wang J, Hu S, Du F, Francis MR, Fang H. Influenza vaccination hesitancy and its determinants among elderly in China: a national cross-sectional study. Vaccine. 2022;40(33):4806–15. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei F, Mullooly JP, Goodman M, McCarty MC, Hanson AM, Crane B, Nordin JD. Identification and characteristics of vaccine refusers. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-9-18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiatti C, Di Rosa M, Barbadoro P, Lamura G, Di Stanislao F, Prospero E. Socioeconomic determinants of influenza vaccination among older adults in Italy. Prev Med. 2010;51(3–4):332–3. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.06.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du F, Chantler T, Francis MR, Sun FY, Zhang X, Han K, Rodewald L, Yu H, Tu S, Larson H, et al. Access to vaccination information and confidence/hesitancy towards childhood vaccination: a cross-sectional survey in China. Vaccines. 2021;9(3):201. doi:10.3390/vaccines9030201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kricorian K, Civen R, Equils O. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: misinformation and perceptions of vaccine safety. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18(1):1950504. doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1950504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Li Q, Silver Tarimo C, Wang M, Gu J, Wei W, Ma M, Zhao L, Mu Z, Miao Y, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Chinese population: a large-scale national study. Front Immunol. 2021;12:781161. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.781161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ning G, He P, Wang W. Protecting older people: a high priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. 2022;400(10354):729–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01530-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Yao Y, Wang Y, Gong J, Meng Q, Wang H, Wang W, Chen X, Zhao Y. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccination status and hesitancy among older adults in China. Nat Med. 2023;29(3):623–31. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02241-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng Z, Shan S, Zhang R. China’s COVID-19 vaccination strategy and its impact on the global pandemic. RMHP. 2021;14:4649–55. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S338701.
   Google Scholar
• National Health Commission of China. Vaccination program for the older people against covid-19. 2022 [accessed 2023 Oct 30]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/gzzcwj/202211/9bb71c9c7d664fb0bbcd2b3eaaefcf84.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Gregar J. Research design (qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications; 1994.
   Google Scholar