CEA vaccines

References

• Duffy MJ. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer: is it clinically useful? Clin Chem. 2001;47(4):624–13. doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.4.624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold P, Freedman SO. Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. J Exp Med. 1965;122(3):467–81. doi:10.1084/jem.122.3.467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall C, Clarke L, Pal A, Buchwald P, Eglinton T, Wakeman C, Frizelle F. A review of the role of carcinoembryonic antigen in clinical practice. Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35(6):294–305. doi:10.3393/ac.2019.11.13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kankanala VL, Mukkamalla SKR Carcinoembryonic antigen. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Hensel JA, Khattar V, Ashton R, Ponnazhagan S. Recombinant AAV-CEA tumor vaccine in combination with an immune adjuvant breaks tolerance and provides protective immunity. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2019;12:41–8. doi:10.1016/j.omto.2018.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zi-Yang Y, Kaixun Z, Dongling L, Zhou Y, Chengbin Z, Jimei C, Caojin Z. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels are increased with pulmonary output in pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(11):300060520964378. doi:10.1177/0300060520964378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth T, Soeth E, Czubayko F, Juhl H. Inhibition of endogenous carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) increases the apoptotic rate of colon cancer cells and inhibits metastatic tumor growth. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2002;19(2):155–60. doi:10.1023/A:1014566127493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordoñez C, Screaton RA, Ilantzis C, Stanners CP. Human carcinoembryonic antigen functions as a general inhibitor of anoikis1. Cancer Res. 2000;60:3419–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Hirakawa E, Mori S, Hamada Y, Kawaguchi N, Matsuura N. Cleavage of carcinoembryonic antigen induces metastatic potential in colorectal carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;333(1):223–9. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarstrom S, Shively JE, Paxton RJ, Beatty BG, Larsson A, Ghosh R, Bormer O, Buchegger F, Mach JP, Burtin P, et al. Antigenic sites in carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res. 1989;49(17):4852–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Montaño WR, López-Basave HN, Castillo-Morales A, Castillo-Morales C, Sánchez-Trejo K, Catalán R, Díaz-Romero C, Lino-Silva LS, Maliachi-Díaz A, Ruiz-García E, et al. Persistent high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen after tumor resection are associated with poorer survival outcomes in patients with resected colon cancer. BMC Cancer. 2023;23(1):678. doi:10.1186/s12885-023-11126-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson BD, Shinkins B, Pathiraja I, Roberts NW, James TJ, Mallett S, Perera R, Primrose JN, Mant D. Blood CEA levels for detecting recurrent colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(12):Cd011134. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011134.pub2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nien FJ, Chang TC. Biomarkers of medullary thyroid cancer in the prediction of cure after thyroidectomy. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015;114(9):793–4. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2013.06.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasralla A, Lee J, Dang J, Turner S. Elevated preoperative CEA is associated with subclinical nodal involvement and worse survival in stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;15(1):318. doi:10.1186/s13019-020-01353-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo YS, Zheng MY, Huang MF, Miao CC, Yang LH, Huang TW, Chou Y-T. Association of divergent carcinoembryonic antigen patterns and lung cancer progression. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2066. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59031-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana A, Shore S, Raraty MG, Vinjamuri S, Evans JE, Smith CT, Lane S, Chauhan S, Bosonnet L, Garvey C, et al. Randomised phase I/II trial assessing the safety and efficacy of radiolabelled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen I(131) KAb201 antibodies given intra-arterially or intravenously in patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:66. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-9-66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzah A, Bedard PL, Hierro C, Kang YK, Abdul Razak A, Ryu MH, Demers B, Fagniez N, Henry C, Hospitel M, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of the anti-CEACAM5-DM4 antibody–drug conjugate tusamitamab ravtansine (SAR408701) in patients with advanced solid tumors: first-in-human dose-escalation study. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(4):416–25. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JL, Hawkins MJ, Tsang KY, Richmond E, Pedicano JE, Zhu MZ, Schlom J. Phase I study in cancer patients of a replication-defective avipox recombinant vaccine that expresses human carcinoembryonic antigen. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(1):332–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.1999.17.1.332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall J. Carcinoembryonic antigen-based vaccines. Semin Oncol. 2003;30(3 Suppl 8):30–6. doi:10.1016/S0093-7754(03)00233-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Saha A, Foon KA, Chatterjee SK. Carcinoembryonic antigen transgenic mouse models for immunotherapy and development of cancer vaccines. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2008;Chapter 20:20.8.1–.8.12. doi:10.1002/0471142735.im2008s80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori F, Giannetti P, Peruzzi D, Lazzaro D, Giampaoli S, Kaufman HL, Ciliberto G, La Monica N, Aurisicchio L. A therapeutic cancer vaccine targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in intestinal carcinomas. Hum Gene Ther. 2009;20(2):125–36. doi:10.1089/hum.2008.116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgaller ML, Bei R, Schlom J, Poole DJ, Robbins PF. Baculovirus recombinants expressing the human carcinoembryonic antigen gene. Cancer Res. 1993;53:2154–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bei R, Guptill V, Masuelli L, Kashmiri SV, Muraro R, Frati L, Schlom J, Kantor J. The use of a cationic liposome formulation (DOTAP) mixed with a recombinant tumor-associated antigen to induce immune responses and protective immunity in mice. J Immunother. 1998;21(3):159–69. doi:10.1097/00002371-199805000-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo SJ, Kim CH, Park MY, Kim HS, Sohn HJ, Park JS, Kim H-J, Oh S-T, Kim T-G. Co-administration of carcinoembryonic antigen and HIV TAT fusion protein with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide induces potent antitumor immunity. Cancer Sci. 2008;99(5):1034–9. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00760.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai S, Wan T, Wang B, Zhou X, Xiu F, Chen T, Wu Y, Cao X. More efficient induction of HLA-A*0201-restricted and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)–specific CTL response by immunization with exosomes prepared from heat-stressed CEA-positive tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(20):7554–63. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergati M, Intrivici C, Huen NY, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Strategies for cancer vaccine development. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:1–13. doi:10.1155/2010/596432.
   Google Scholar
• Huarte E, Sarobe P, Lu J, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Dotor J, Ruiz M, Prieto J, Celis E, Borrás-Cuesta F. Enhancing immunogenicity of a CTL epitope from carcinoembryonic antigen by selective amino acid replacements. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:2336–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang KY, Zhu M, Nieroda CA, Correale P, Zaremba S, Hamilton JM, Cole D, Lam C, Schlom J. Phenotypic stability of a cytotoxic T-cell line directed against an immunodominant epitope of human carcinoembryonic antigen. Clin Cancer Res. 1997;3:2439–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaremba S, Barzaga E, Zhu M, Soares N, Tsang KY, Schlom J. Identification of an enhancer agonist cytotoxic T lymphocyte peptide from human carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res. 1997;57:4570–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar E, Zaremba S, Arlen PM, Tsang KY, Schlom J. Agonist peptide from a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope of human carcinoembryonic antigen stimulates production of tc1-type cytokines and increases tyrosine phosphorylation more efficiently than cognate peptide. Int J Cancer. 2000;85(6):829–38. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000315)85:6<829:AID-IJC16>3.0.CO;2-K.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palena C, Arlen P, Zeytin H, Greiner JW, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Enhanced expression of lymphotactin by CD8+ T cells is selectively induced by enhancer agonist peptides of tumor-associated antigens. Cytokine. 2003;24(4):128–42. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2003.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia W, Zhang T, Huang H, Feng H, Wang S, Guo Z, Luo Z, Ji X, Cheng X, Zhao R, et al. Colorectal cancer vaccines: the current scenario and future prospects. Front Immunol. 2022;13:942235. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.942235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samanci A, Yi Q, Fagerberg J, Strigård K, Smith G, Rudén U, Wahren B, Mellstedt H. Pharmacological administration of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor is of significant importance for the induction of a strong humoral and cellular response in patients immunized with recombinant carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1998;47(3):131–42. doi:10.1007/s002620050513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullenhag GJ, Frödin JE, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Lidströmer N, Strigård K, Eriksson E, Choudhury A, Nilsson B, Rossmann ED, Mosolits S, et al. Durable carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in colorectal carcinoma patients vaccinated with recombinant CEA and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(10):3273–81. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staff C, Magnusson CG, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Mosolits S, Liljefors M, Frödin JE, Wahrén B, Mellstedt H, Ullenhag GJ. Induction of IgM, IgA and IgE antibodies in colorectal cancer patients vaccinated with a recombinant CEA protein. J Clin Immunol. 2012;32(4):855–65. doi:10.1007/s10875-012-9662-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Y, O’Hagan D, Zhou H, Singh M, Ulmer J, Reisfeld RA, Primus, FJ, Xiang, R. Plasmid DNA encoding human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) adsorbed onto cationic microparticles induces protective immunity against colon cancer in CEA-transgenic mice. Vaccine. 2003;21(17–18):1938–47. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00821-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson S, Engström G, Winberg G, Hinkula J, Wahren B. Responses of mice immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Vaccine. 2006;24(21):4572–5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson S, Ek M, Wahren B, Stout R, Liu M, Hallermalm K. Intracellular targeting of CEA results in Th1-type antibody responses following intradermal genetic vaccination by a needle-free jet injection device. ScientificWorldjournal. 2007;7:987–99. doi:10.1100/tsw.2007.138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li D, Hua S, Fan Y, Xu S, Duan X, Liu L, Che Y, Li S, Tan Y. DNA vaccine expressing repeated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)625–667 induces strong immunity in mice. Immunol Lett. 2011;135(1–2):124–8. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2010.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima J, Jenkins C, Guerrero A, Triozzi PL, Shaw DR, Strong TV. A DNA vaccine encoding genetic fusions of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Vaccine. 2005;23(10):1273–83. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou ZF, Peretz Y, Chang Y, Miao DS, Li X, Prud’homme GJ. Intramuscular gene transfer of soluble B7.1/IgG(1) fusion cDNA induces potent antitumor immunity as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination. Cancer Gene Ther. 2003;10(6):491–9. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song K, Chang Y, Prud’homme GJ. IL-12 plasmid-enhanced DNA vaccination against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) studied in immune-gene knockout mice. Gene Ther. 2000;7(18):1527–35. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3301274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bråve A, Hallengärd D, Gudmundsdotter L, Stout R, Walters R, Wahren B, Hallermalm K. Late administration of plasmid DNA by intradermal electroporation efficiently boosts DNA-primed T and B cell responses to carcinoembryonic antigen. Vaccine. 2009;27(28):3692–6. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes A, Vandermeulen G, Préat V. Cancer DNA vaccines: current preclinical and clinical developments and future perspectives. J Exp Clin Canc Res. 2019;38(1):146. doi:10.1186/s13046-019-1154-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwilas AR, Donahue RN, Tsang KY, Hodge JW. Immune consequences of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that synergize with cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Microenviron. 2015;2(1). doi:10.14800/ccm.677.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiang R, Primus FJ, Ruehlmann JM, Niethammer AG, Silletti S, Lode HN, Dolman CS, Gillies SD, Reisfeld RA. A dual-function DNA vaccine encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and CD40 ligand trimer induces T cell-mediated protective immunity against colon cancer in carcinoembryonic antigen-transgenic mice. J Immunol. 2001;167(8):4560–5. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niethammer AG, Primus FJ, Xiang R, Dolman CS, Ruehlmann JM, Ba Y, Gillies SD, Reisfeld RA. An oral DNA vaccine against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) prevents growth and dissemination of Lewis lung carcinoma in CEA transgenic mice. Vaccine. 2001;20(3–4):421–9. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00362-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies SD, Lan Y, Wesolowski JS, Qian X, Reisfeld RA, Holden S, Super M, Lo K-M. Antibody-IL-12 fusion proteins are effective in SCID mouse models of prostate and colon carcinoma metastases. J Immunol. 1998;160(12):6195–203. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.6195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang R, Silletti S, Lode HN, Dolman CS, Ruehlmann JM, Niethammer AG, Pertl U, Gillies SD, Primus FJ, Reisfeld RA, et al. Protective immunity against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) induced by an oral DNA vaccine in CEA-transgenic mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(3 Suppl):856s–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conry RM, Curiel DT, Strong TV, Moore SE, Allen KO, Barlow DL, Shaw DR, LoBuglio AF. Safety and immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and hepatitis B surface antigen in colorectal carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:2782–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutsiak ME, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SV, Schlom J, Sabzevari H. Inhibition of CD4(+)25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood. 2005;105(7):2862–8. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-06-2410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruter J, Barnett BG, Kryczek I, Brumlik MJ, Daniel BJ, Coukos G, Zou, W, Curiel, TJ. Altering regulatory T cell function in cancer immunotherapy: a novel means to boost the efficacy of cancer vaccines. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2009;14(5):1761–70. doi:10.2741/3338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staff C, Mozaffari F, Haller BK, Wahren B, Liljefors M. A Phase I safety study of plasmid DNA immunization targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer patients. Vaccine. 2011;29(39):6817–22. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittig SM, Haentschel M, Weimer KJ, Heine A, Muller MR, Brugger W, Horger MS, Maksimovic O, Stenzl A, Hoerr I, et al. Intradermal vaccinations with RNA coding for TAA generate CD8+ and CD4+ immune responses and induce clinical benefit in vaccinated patients. Mol Ther. 2011;19(5):990–9. doi:10.1038/mt.2010.289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann KJ, Mander A, Cazaly A, Chudley L, Stasakova J, Thirdborough S, King A, Lloyd-Evans P, Buxton E, Edwards C, et al. Targeting carcinoembryonic antigen with DNA vaccination: on-target adverse events link with immunologic and clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(19):4827–36. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierini S, Perales-Linares R, Uribe-Herranz M, Pol JG, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Facciabene A, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: DNA-based vaccines for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6(12):e1398878. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1398878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantor J, Irvine K, Abrams S, Kaufman H, DiPietro J, Schlom J. Antitumor activity and immune responses induced by a recombinant carcinoembryonic antigen-vaccinia virus vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84(14):1084–91. doi:10.1093/jnci/84.14.1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge JW, Schlom J. Comparative studies of a retrovirus versus a poxvirus vector in whole tumor-cell vaccines. Cancer Res. 1999;59:5106–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mehren M, Arlen P, Tsang KY, Rogatko A, Meropol N, Cooper HS, Davey M, McLaughlin S, Schlom J, Weiner LM. Pilot study of a dual gene recombinant avipox vaccine containing both carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and B7.1 transgenes in patients with recurrent CEA-expressing adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:2219–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang KY, Zaremba S, Nieroda CA, Zhu MZ, Hamilton JM, Schlom J. Generation of human cytotoxic T cells specific for human carcinoembryonic antigen epitopes from patients immunized with recombinant vaccinia-CEA vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(13):982–90. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.13.982.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodge JW, McLaughlin JP, Kantor JA, Schlom J. Diversified prime and boost protocols using recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant non-replicating avian pox virus to enhance T-cell immunity and antitumor responses. Vaccine. 1997;15(6–7):759–68. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(96)00238-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osada T, Yang XY, Hartman ZC, Glass O, Hodges BL, Niedzwiecki D, Morse MA, Lyerly HK, Amalfitano A, Clay TM, et al. Optimization of vaccine responses with an E1, E2b and E3-deleted Ad5 vector circumvents pre-existing anti-vector immunity. Cancer Gene Ther. 2009;16(9):673–82. doi:10.1038/cgt.2009.17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang D-C, Shi Z, Curiel DT. Vaccination onto bare skin. Nature. 1997;388(6644):729–30. doi:10.1038/41917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bei R, Kantor J, Kashmiri SV, Abrams S, Schlom J. Enhanced immune responses and anti-tumor activity by baculovirus recombinant carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in mice primed with the recombinant vaccinia CEA. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol. 1994;16(4):275–82. doi:10.1097/00002371-199411000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabitzsch ES, Xu Y, Balint JP Jr., Hartman ZC, Lyerly HK, Jones FR. Anti-tumor immunotherapy despite immunity to adenovirus using a novel adenoviral vector Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010;59(7):1131–5. doi:10.1007/s00262-010-0847-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Chaudhry A, Gabitzsch ES, Hobeika AC, Osada T, Clay TM, Amalfitano A, Burnett BK, Devi GR, Hsu DS, et al. Novel adenoviral vector induces T-cell responses despite anti-adenoviral neutralizing antibodies in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013;62(8):1293–301. doi:10.1007/s00262-013-1400-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ZC, Wei J, Glass OK, Guo H, Lei G, Yang XY, Osada T, Hobeika A, Delcayre A, Le Pecq J-B, et al. Increasing vaccine potency through exosome antigen targeting. Vaccine. 2011;29(50):9361–7. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciabene A, Aurisicchio L, Elia L, Palombo F, Mennuni C, Ciliberto G, Monica NL. DNA and adenoviral vectors encoding carcinoembryonic antigen fused to immunoenhancing sequences augment antigen-specific immune response and confer tumor protection. Hum Gene Ther. 2006;17(1):81–92. doi:10.1089/hum.2006.17.81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facciabene A, Aurisicchio L, Elia L, Palombo F, Mennuni C, Ciliberto G, La Monica N. Vectors encoding carcinoembryonic antigen fused to the B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin elicit antigen-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. Vaccine. 2007;26(1):47–58. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Wang S, Yang H, Wu J, Li S, Qiao G, Wang S, Wang X, Zhou X, Osada T, et al. Impact of synchronized anti-PD-1 with Ad-CEA vaccination on inhibition of colon cancer growth. Immunotherapy. 2019;11(11):953–66. doi:10.2217/imt-2019-0055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayerossadat N, Maedeh T, Ali PA. Viral and nonviral delivery systems for gene delivery. Adv Biomed Res. 2012;1(1):27. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.98152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotin RM, Linden RM, Berns KI. Characterization of a preferred site on human chromosome 19q for integration of adeno-associated virus DNA by non-homologous recombination. EMBO J. 1992;11(13):5071–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05614.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermonat PL. Adeno-associated virus inhibits human papillomavirus type 16: a viral interaction implicated in cervical cancer. Cancer Res. 1994;54:2278–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triozzi PL, Aldrich W, Ponnazhagan S. Inhibition and promotion of tumor growth with adeno-associated virus carcinoembryonic antigen vaccine and Toll-like receptor agonists. Cancer Gene Ther. 2011;18(12):850–8. doi:10.1038/cgt.2011.54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di L, Zhu Y, Jia J, Yu J, Song G, Zhang J, Che L, Yang H, Han Y, Ma B, et al. Clinical safety of induced CTL infusion through recombinant adeno-associated virus-transfected dendritic cell vaccination in Chinese cancer patients. Clin Transl Oncol. 2012;14(9):675–81. doi:10.1007/s12094-012-0854-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Mukerjee S, Biddle W, Foon KA, Köhler H. Murine monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody as a potential network antigen for human carcinoembryonic antigen. J Immunol. 1990;145(8):2758–65. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.145.8.2758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pervin S, Chakraborty M, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Zeytin H, Foon KA, Chatterjee SK. Induction of antitumor immunity by an anti-idiotype antibody mimicking carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res. 1997;57:728–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha A, Baral RN, Chatterjee SK, Mohanty K, Pal S, Foon KA, Primus FJ, Krieg AM, Weiner GJ, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, et al. CpG oligonucleotides enhance the tumor antigen-specific immune response of an anti-idiotype antibody-based vaccine strategy in CEA transgenic mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006;55(5):515–27. doi:10.1007/s00262-005-0009-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losman MJ, Novick KE, Goldenberg DM, Monestier M. Mimicry of a carcinoembryonic antigen epitope by a rat monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. Int J Cancer. 1994;56(4):580–4. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910560419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwegler C, Dorn-Beineke A, Nittka S, Stocking C, Neumaier M. Monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody 6G6.C4 fused to GM-CSF is capable of breaking tolerance to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in CEA-transgenic mice. Cancer Res. 2005;65(5):1925–33. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatari GC, Takeshita D, Parise CB, Soares FA, de Moraes JZ, Han SW. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mimicry by an anti-idiotypic scFv isolated from anti-id 6.C4 hybridoma. J Biotechnol. 2007;127(4):615–25. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti BF, Ferreira CP, de Vasconcelos JRC, Han SW. scFv6.C4 DNA vaccine with fragment C of tetanus toxin increases protective immunity against CEA-expressing tumor. Gene Ther. 2019;26(10):441–54. doi:10.1038/s41434-019-0062-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti BF, Ferreira CP, Vasconcelos JRC, Han SW. Adjuvant properties of IFN-γ and GM-CSF in the scFv6.C4 DNA vaccine against CEA-expressing tumors. Gene Ther. 2023;30(1–2):41–50. doi:10.1038/s41434-021-00270-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denapoli PMA, Zanetti BF, dos Santos AA, de Moraes JZ, Han SW. Preventive DNA vaccination against CEA-expressing tumors with anti-idiotypic scFv6.C4 DNA in CEA-expressing transgenic mice. Cancer Immunol Immun. 2017;66(3):333–42. doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1940-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Crosby EJ, Force J, Osada T, Hobeika AC, Hartman ZC, Berglund P, Smith J, Lyerly HK. Clinical trials of self-replicating RNA-based cancer vaccines. Cancer Gene Ther. 2023;30(6):803–11. doi:10.1038/s41417-023-00587-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Hobeika AC, Osada T, Berglund P, Hubby B, Negri S, Niedzwiecki D, Devi GR, Burnett BK, Clay TM, et al. An alphavirus vector overcomes the presence of neutralizing antibodies and elevated numbers of Tregs to induce immune responses in humans with advanced cancer. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(9):3234–41. doi:10.1172/JCI42672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osada T, Berglund P, Morse MA, Hubby B, Lewis W, Niedzwiecki D, Yang XY, Hobeika A, Burnett B, Devi GR, et al. Co-delivery of antigen and IL-12 by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles enhances antigen-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012;61(11):1941–51. doi:10.1007/s00262-012-1248-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers AL, Krewet JA, Shah MR. Tumor immunity and prolonged survival following combined adenovirus-HSP72 and CEA-plasmid vaccination. Vaccine. 2005;23(27):3565–71. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JL, Hoyer RJ, Toomey MA, Faraguna K, Chang P, Richmond E, Pedicano JE, Gehan E, Peck RA, Arlen P, et al. Phase I study in advanced cancer patients of a diversified prime-and-boost vaccination protocol using recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant nonreplicating avipox virus to elicit anti–carcinoembryonic antigen immune responses. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(23):3964–73. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.23.3964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall J, Tsang K, Arlen P, Ley L, Slack R, Toomey M, Chang P, Schlom J, editors. Phase I trial to determine the toxicity and immunologic efficacy of the addition of GM-CSF (GM) and IL-2 to the combination of vaccinia–CEA (V) and ALVAC–CEA (A) administered as a prime and boost in patients (PTS) with advanced CEA-bearing cancers. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2001; San Franciso, CA USA.
   Google Scholar
• Schlom J, Sabzevari H, Grosenbach DW, Hodge JW. A triad of costimulatory molecules synergize to amplify T-cell activation in both vector-based and vector-infected dendritic cell vaccines. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2003;31(2):193–228. doi:10.1081/BIO-120020178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarts WM, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Vector-based vaccine/cytokine combination therapy to enhance induction of immune responses to a self-antigen and antitumor activity. Cancer Res. 2002;62:5770–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM, Beetham PK, Tsang KY, Slack R, Hodge JW, Doren S, Grosenbach DW, Hwang J, et al. Phase I study of sequential vaccinations with fowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM alone and sequentially with vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM, with and without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in patients with carcinoembryonic antigen–expressing carcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(4):720–31. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.10.206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan MC, Jochems C, Donahue RN, Richards J, Karpa V, Foust E, Paul B, Brooks T, Tridandapani S, Olencki T, et al. A phase I study of recombinant (r) vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM and rFowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM vaccines with GM-CSF and IFN-α-2b in patients with CEA-expressing carcinomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016;65(11):1353–64. doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1893-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman HL, Kim-Schulze S, Manson K, DeRaffele G, Mitcham J, Seo KS, Kim DW, Marshall J. Poxvirus-based vaccine therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Transl Med. 2007;5(1):60. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-5-60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gatti-Mays ME, Redman JM, Donahue RN, Palena C, Madan RA, Karzai F, Bilusic M, Sater HA, Marté JL, Cordes LM, et al. A Phase I trial using a multitargeted recombinant adenovirus 5 (CEA/MUC1/Brachyury)-based immunotherapy vaccine regimen in patients with advanced cancer. Oncologist. 2020;25(6):479–e899. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti-Mays ME, Strauss J, Donahue RN, Palena C, Del Rivero J, Redman JM, Madan RA, Marté JL, Cordes LM, Lamping E, et al. A phase I dose-escalation trial of BN-CV301, a recombinant poxviral vaccine targeting MUC1 and CEA with costimulatory molecules. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(16):4933–44. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman J, Gandhy S, Gatti-Mays M, Sater HA, Tsai Y, Donahue R, Cordes L, Steinberg S, Marte J, McMahon S, et al. SO-28 a randomized phase II trial of mFOLFOX6-based standard of care alone or in combination with Ad-CEA vaccine plus avelumab in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:S227. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.043.
   Google Scholar
• Redman JM, Tsai YT, Weinberg BA, Donahue RN, Gandhy S, Gatti-Mays ME, Abdul Sater H, Bilusic M, Cordes L, Steinberg SM, et al. A randomized phase II trial of mFOLFOX6 + bevacizumab alone or with AdCEA vaccine + avelumab immunotherapy for untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2022;27(3):198–209. doi:10.1093/oncolo/oyab046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Wan T, Zhou X, Wang B, Yang F, Li N, Chen G, Dai S, Liu S, Zhang M, et al. Hsp70-like protein 1 fusion protein enhances induction of carcinoembryonic antigen–specific CD8+ CTL response by dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res. 2005;65(11):4947–54. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Deng Y, Coleman D, Hull S, Kitrell-Fisher E, Nair S, Schlom J, Ryback ME, Lyerly HK. A phase I study of active immunotherapy with carcinoembryonic antigen peptide (CAP-1)-pulsed, autologous human cultured dendritic cells in patients with metastatic malignancies expressing carcinoembryonic antigen. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5:1331–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu KJ, Chao TY, Chang JY, Cheng AL, Ch’ang HJ, Kao WY, Wu Y-C, Yu W-L, Chung T-R, Whang-Peng J, et al. A phase I clinical study of immunotherapy for advanced colorectal cancers using carcinoembryonic antigen-pulsed dendritic cells mixed with tetanus toxoid and subsequent IL-2 treatment. J Biomed Sci. 2016;23(1):64. doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0279-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buijs PR, Verhagen JH, van Eijck CH, van den Hoogen BG. Oncolytic viruses: from bench to bedside with a focus on safety. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(7):1573–84. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1037058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SG, Park MY, Kim CH, Sohn HJ, Kim HS, Park JS, Kim H-J, Oh S-T, Kim T-G. Modification of CEA with both CRT and TAT PTD induces potent anti-tumor immune responses in RNA-pulsed DC vaccination. Vaccine. 2008;26(50):6433–40. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Nair SK, Mosca PJ, Hobeika AC, Clay TM, Deng Y, Boczkowski D, Proia A, Neidzwiecki D, Clavien# P-A, et al. Immunotherapy with autologous, human dendritic cells transfected with carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA. Cancer Invest. 2003;21(3):341–9. doi:10.1081/CNV-120018224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha A, Chatterjee SK, Foon KA, Celis E, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M. Therapy of established tumors in a novel murine model transgenic for human carcinoembryonic antigen and HLA-A2 with a combination of anti-idiotype vaccine and CTL peptides of carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res. 2007;67(6):2881–92. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh ST, Kim CH, Park MY, Won EH, Sohn HJ, Cho HI, Kang W-K, Hong Y-K, Kim T-G. Dendritic cells transduced with recombinant adenoviruses induce more efficient anti-tumor immunity than dendritic cells pulsed with peptide. Vaccine. 2006;24(15):2860–8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojima T, Iwahashi M, Nakamura M, Matsuda K, Nakamori M, Ueda K, Naka T, Ishida K, Primus FJ, Yamaue H, et al. Successful cancer vaccine therapy for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing colon cancer using genetically modified dendritic cells that express CEA and T helper-type 1 cytokines in CEA transgenic mice. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(3):585–93. doi:10.1002/ijc.22298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Hobeika AC, Osada T, Serra D, Niedzwiecki D, Lyerly HK, Clay TM. Depletion of human regulatory T cells specifically enhances antigen-specific immune responses to cancer vaccines. Blood. 2008;112(3):610–8. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01-135319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitadani J, Ojima T, Iwamoto H, Tabata H, Nakamori M, Nakamura M, Hayata K, Katsuda M, Miyajima M, Yamaue H, et al. Cancer vaccine therapy using carcinoembryonic antigen - expressing dendritic cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4569. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23120-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chavda VP, Yao Q, Vora LK, Apostolopoulos V, Patel CA, Bezbaruah R, Patel AB, Chen Z-S. Fast-track development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: the shots that saved the world. Front Immunol. 2022;13:961198. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.961198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezbaruah R, Chavda VP, Nongrang L, Alom S, Deka K, Kalita T, Ali F, Bhattacharjee B, Vora L. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems for vaccines. Vaccines. 2022;10(11):1946. doi:10.3390/vaccines10111946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavda VP, Apostolopoulos V. Mosaic receptor binding domain nanoparticles: towards fourth-generation vaccination. Nanomedicine. 2023;18(19):1223–6. doi:10.2217/nnm-2022-0316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Liu C, Barnes S, Grizzle W, Miller D, Zhang H-G, et al. A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol Ther. 2010;18(9):1606–14. doi:10.1038/mt.2010.105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai S, Wei D, Wu Z, Zhou X, Wei X, Huang H, Li G. Phase I clinical trial of autologous ascites-derived exosomes combined with GM-CSF for colorectal cancer. Mol Ther. 2008;16(4):782–90. doi:10.1038/mt.2008.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocsfalvi G, Mammadova R, Ramos Juarez Ana P, Bokka R, Trepiccione F, Capasso G. COVID-19 and extracellular vesicles: an intriguing interplay. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45(5):661–70. doi:10.1159/000511402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Popowski KD, Zhu D, de Juan Abad BL, Wang X, Liu M, Lutz H, De Naeyer N, DeMarco CT, Denny TN, et al. Exosomes decorated with a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain as an inhalable COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Biomed Eng. 2022;6(7):791–805. doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00902-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrulio CA, Kaufman HL. Development of the PANVAC-VF vaccine for pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2006;5(1):9–19. doi:10.1586/14760584.5.1.9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skipper, M. Research highlights. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(8):578. doi:10.1038/nrc1428.
   Google Scholar
• Crosby EJ, Hobeika AC, Niedzwiecki D, Rushing C, Hsu D, Berglund P, Smith J, Osada T, Gwin III WR, Hartman ZC, et al. Long-term survival of patients with stage III colon cancer treated with VRP-CEA(6D), an alphavirus vector that increases the CD8+ effector memory T cell to Treg ratio. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e001662. doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-001662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti R, Chang Y, Song K, Prud’homme GJ. Plasmids encoding membrane-bound IL-4 or IL-12 strongly costimulate DNA vaccination against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Vaccine. 2004;22(9–10):1199–205. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos R, van Duikeren S, van Hall T, Lauwen MM, Parrington M, Berinstein NL, McNeil B, Melief CJM, Verbeek JS, van der Burg SH, et al. Characterization of antigen-specific immune responses induced by canarypox virus vaccines. J Immunol. 2007;179(9):6115–22. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehm AL, Higgins J, Franzusoff A, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Concurrent vaccination with two distinct vaccine platforms targeting the same antigen generates phenotypically and functionally distinct T-cell populations. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010;59(3):397–408. doi:10.1007/s00262-009-0759-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang XP, Yang DC, Elliott RL, Head JF. Vaccination with a mixed vaccine of autogenous and allogeneic breast cancer cells and tumor associated antigens CA15-3, CEA and CA125–results in immune and clinical responses in breast cancer patients. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2000;15(5):495–505. doi:10.1089/cbr.2000.15.495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu MZ, Marshall J, Cole D, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Specific cytolytic T-cell responses to human CEA from patients immunized with recombinant avipox-CEA vaccine. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:24–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hörig H, Lee DS, Conkright W, Divito J, Hasson H, LaMare M, Rivera A, Park D, Tine J, Guito K, et al. Phase I clinical trial of a recombinant canarypoxvirus (ALVAC) vaccine expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen and the B7.1 co-stimulatory molecule. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2000;49(9):504–14. doi:10.1007/s002620000146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulley JL, Madan RA, Tsang KY, Arlen PM, Camphausen K, Mohebtash M, Kamrava M, Schlom J, Citrin D. A pilot safety trial investigating a vector-based vaccine targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in combination with radiotherapy in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies metastatic to the liver. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011;11(11):1409–18. doi:10.1517/14712598.2011.615741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanis E, Hartmann LC, Cliby WA, Long HJ, Peethambaram PP, Barrette BA, Kaur JS, Haluska PJ, Aderca I, Zollman PJ, et al. Phase I trial of intraperitoneal administration of an oncolytic measles virus strain engineered to express carcinoembryonic antigen for recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70(3):875–82. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong L, Hou Y, Rivas A, Benike C, Yuen A, Fisher GA, Davis MM, Engleman EG. Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(15):8809–14. doi:10.1073/pnas.141226398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar