Expanded spectrum of varicella disease and the need for vaccination in India

References

• Curran D, Doherty TM, Lecrenier N, Breuer T. Healthy ageing: herpes zoster infection and the role of zoster vaccination. NPJ Vaccines. 2023;8(1):184. doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00757-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon AA. Live attenuated varicella vaccine. Int J Infect Dis. 1997;1(3):130–8. doi:10.1016/S1201-9712(97)90075-8.
   Google Scholar
• Papaloukas O, Giannouli G, Papaevangelou V. Successes and challenges in varicella vaccine. Ther Adv Vaccines. 2014;2(2):39–55. doi:10.1177/2051013613515621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89(25):265–87. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer-8925-265-288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee YH, Choe YJ, Lee J, Kim E, Lee JY, Hong K, Yoon Y, Kim Y-K. Global varicella vaccination programs. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(12):555–62. doi:10.3345/cep.2021.01564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh G, Song S, Choi E, Lee PB, Nahm FS. Recombinant zoster vaccine (Shingrix®): a new option for the prevention of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Korean J Pain. 2020;33(3):201–207. doi:10.3344/kjp.2020.33.3.201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbecke R, Cohen JI, Oxman MN. Herpes zoster vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(Supplement_4):S429–S442. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, Cohrs RJ, Gershon MD, Gilden D, Grose C, Hambleton S, Kennedy PGE, Oxman MN, et al. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1(1):15016. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weller TH. Varicella and herpes zoster: changing concepts of the natural history, control, and importance of a not-so-benign virus(First of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1983;309(22):1362–1368. doi:10.1056/NEJM198312013092205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy PGE. The spectrum of neurological manifestations of varicella–zoster virus reactivation. Viruses. 2023;15(8):1663. doi:10.3390/v15081663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JH, Ho JD, Chen YH, Lin HC. Increased risk of stroke after a herpes zoster attack: a population-based follow-up study. Stroke. 2009;40(11):3443–3448. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.562017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HC, Chien CW, Ho JD. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and the risk of stroke: a population-based follow-up study. Neurology. 2010;74(10):792–797. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d31e5c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilden DH, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, LaGuardia JJ, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ. Neurologic complications of the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(9):635–645. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003023420906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel MA, Bubak AN. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(suppl_2):S107–S112. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagel MA, Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16(6):407. doi:10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilden D, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):731–740. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70134-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilden D, Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R. The variegate neurological manifestations of varicella zoster virus infection. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;13(9):374. doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0374-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashour A, Obeidat K, Azrieh B, Alsaud A, Yassin M. An association of varicella zoster virus, facial palsy, and meningitis in a young immunocompetent male. Case Rep Neurol. 2020;12(1):136–139. doi:10.1159/000506192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arumugam I, Srikanth P, Mani M, et al. Varicella Zoster Virus: Old Virus - Newer Diverse Diseases. SSRN. 2023. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4617056
   Google Scholar
• Gershon AA, Chen J, Gershon MD. A model of lytic, latent, and reactivating varicella-zoster virus infections in isolated enteric neurons. J Infect Dis. 2008;197 Suppl 2:S61–S65. doi:10.1086/522149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen JJ, Gershon AA, Li Z, Cowles RA, Gershon MD. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and establishes latency in enteric neurons. J Neurovirol. 2011;17(6):578–589. doi:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon M, Gershon A. Varicella-Zoster virus and the enteric nervous system. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(suppl_2):S113–S119. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao M, Gershon MD. The bowel and beyond: the enteric nervous system in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(9):517–528. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krones E, Petritsch W, Valentin T, Durchschein F, Gorkiewicz G. Visceral dissemination of herpes zoster with multiple ulcers in the upper gastrointestinal tract of an apparently immunocompetent patient. Endoscopy. 2012;44(S 02):E302–E303. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1309926.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Windster JD, Ouwendijk WJD, Sloots CEJ, Verjans GMGM, Verdijk RM. Ileocolic intussusception as the presenting symptom of primary enteric varicella-zoster virus infection in a 7-month-old infant. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(2):305–318. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen G, Baden RP, Cheifetz AS. Varicella zoster virus infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(12):2392–2403. doi:10.1002/ibd.22950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee L. Review of varicella zoster seroepidemiology in India and south‐east Asia. Tropical Med Int Health. 1998;3(11):886–890. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00316.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balraj V, John TJ. An epidemic of varicella in rural southern India. J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;97(2):113–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh AEN, Choi EH, Chokephaibulkit K, Choudhury J, Kuter B, Lee PI, Marshall H, Kim JO, Wolfson LJ. Burden of varicella in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic literature review. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(5):475–93. doi:10.1080/14760584.2019.1594781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehal N, Krishan K, Kanchan T, Singh J. Public-funded immunisation: key to varicella control in India. Lancet. 2015;386(10011):2389–2390. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01190-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrikar S, Bhatti VK, Suryam V, Kotwal A, Basannar DR, Khera A, Kashyap S, Sharma A. Health technology assessment of varicella vaccine in the armed forces. Med J Armed Forces India. 2022;78(2):213–220. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.06.010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• San Martin P, Aunhachoke K, Batac MCF, Lodrono-Lim K, Kwanthitinan C, Santoso D, Fonseka T, Nguyen M, Guzman-Holst A. Systematic literature review of herpes zoster disease burden in Southeast Asia. Infect Dis Ther. 2023;12(6):1553–1578. doi:10.1007/s40121-023-00822-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aunhachoke K, Bussaratid V, Chirachanakul P, Chua‐Intra B, Dhitavat J, Jaisathaporn K, Kaewkungwal J, Kampirapap K, Khuhaprema T, Pairayayutakul K., et al. Measuring herpes zoster, zoster‐associated pain, post‐herpetic neuralgia‐associated loss of quality of life, and healthcare utilization and costs in Thailand. Int J Dermatology. 2011;50(4):428–435. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04715.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Hsu TY, Chan R, Kawai K, Acosta CJ, Walia A, Pan JY. Clinical and economic burden of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in patients from the National Skin Centre, Singapore. Dermatol Sin. 2015;33(4):201–5. doi:10.1016/j.dsi.2015.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean-Jasmin LML, Lynette SC, Stefan M, Kai CS, Chew FT, Wah LB. Economic burden of varicella in Singapore–a cost benefit estimate of implementation of a routine varicella vaccination. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004;35(3):693–696.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tseng HF, Tan HF, Chang CK. Varicella epidemiology and cost-effectiveness analysis of universal varicella vaccination program in Taiwan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36(6):1450–1458.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forbes H, Douglas I, Finn A, Breuer J, Bhaskaran K, Smeeth L, Packer S, Langan SM, Mansfield KE, Marlow R, et al. Risk of herpes zoster after exposure to varicella to explore the exogenous boosting hypothesis: self controlled case series study using UK electronic healthcare data. BMJ. Published online 2020 Jan 22:l6987. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gershon AA. Is chickenpox so bad, what do we know about immunity to varicella zoster virus, and what does it tell us about the future? J Infect. 2017;74:S27–S33. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30188-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller NH, Gilden DH, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus infection: clinical features, molecular pathogenesis of disease, and latency. Neurol Clin. 2008;26(3):675–697. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan D, Wang W, Cheng T. Current methods for the detection of antibodies of varicella-zoster virus: a review. Microorganisms. 2023;11(2):519. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11020519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel MA, Forghani B, Mahalingam R, Wellish MC, Cohrs RJ, Russman AN, Katzan I, Lin R, Gardner CJ, Gilden DH, et al. The value of detecting anti-VZV IgG antibody in CSF to diagnose VZV vasculopathy. Neurology. 2007;68(13):1069–1073. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000258549.13334.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin M, Marti M, Kambhampati A, Jeram SM, Seward JF. Global varicella vaccine effectiveness: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016;137(3):e20153741. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanni P, Gershon A, Gershon M, Kulcsár A, Papaevangelou V, Rentier B, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Usonis V, Vesikari T, Weil-Olivier C, et al. Primary versus secondary failure after varicella vaccination: implications for interval between 2 doses. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(7):e305–e313. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31828b7def.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooling KL, Guo A, Patel M, Lee GM, Moore K, Belongia EA, Harpaz R. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices for use of herpes zoster vaccines. Am J Transplant. 2018;18(3):756–762. doi:10.1111/ajt.14683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhave SY. Controversies in chicken–pox immunization. Indian J Pediatr. 2003;70(6):503–507. doi:10.1007/BF02723143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verma R, Bairwa M, Chawla S, Prinja S, Rajput M. Should the chickenpox vaccine be included in the national immunization schedule in India? Hum Vaccin. 2011;7(8):874–877. doi:10.4161/hv.7.8.15685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul Y. Dose of varicella vaccine. Indian Pediatr. 2001;38(4):427–428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas SK. The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago and London: II. University of Chicago Press; 1992.
   Google Scholar