Long-term durability of rock-based geopolymers aged at downhole conditions for oil well cementing operations

References

• Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. [cited 2015 Jun 20]. Available from: http://factpages.npd.no/factpages/Default.aspx?culture=en&nav1=wellbore&nav2=Statistics%7cEntryYear
   Google Scholar
• Shen W, Cao L, Li Q, et al. Quantifying CO2 emissions from China’s cement industry. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015;50:1004–1012. 10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiker M, Knudsen T. Chemical shrinkage of Portland cement pastes. Cem. Concr. Res. 1982;12:603–610. 10.1016/0008-8846(82)90021-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson EB, Guillot D. Well cementing. 2nd ed. Texas, TX: Schlumberger; 2006. ISBN 10: 0 9788530 0 8.
   Google Scholar
• Shi C, Jimenez AF, Palomo A. New cements for the 21st century: the pursuit of an alternative to Portland cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 2011;41:750–763. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juenger MCG, Winnefeld F, Provis JL, et al. Advances in alternative cementitious binders. Cem. Concr. Res. 2011;41:1232–1243. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco-Torgal F, Labrincha JA, Leonelli C, et al. Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes. 1st ed. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing; 2014. ISBN: 978 1 78242 2884.
   Google Scholar
• Davidovits J. Geopolymer chemistry & applications. 3rd ed. Saint-Quentin: Institut Geopolymere; 2011. ISBN: 9782951482050.
   Google Scholar
• Provis JL, van Deventer JSJ. Geopolymers structure, processing, properties and industrial applications. 1st ed. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited; 2009. ISBN: 978-1-84569-638-2.
   Google Scholar
• Provis JL, van Deventer JSJ Alkali activated materials, state-of-the-art report. RILEM TC 224-AAM. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. ISBN: 978-94-007-7672-2.
   Google Scholar
• Singh B, Ishwarya G, Gupta M, et al. Geopolymer concrete: a review of some recent developments. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015;85:78–90. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasvi MCM, Ranjith PG, Sanjayan J. Effect of different mix compositions on apparent carbon dioxide (CO2) permeability of geopolymer: suitability as well cement for CO2 sequestration wells. Appl. Energy. 2014;114:939–948. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasvi MCM, Ranjith PG, Sanjayan J, et al. Mechanical behaviour of wellbore materials saturated in brine water with different salinity levels. Energy. 2014;66:239–249. 10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifeh M, Saasen A, Vrålstad T, et al. Experimental study on the synthesis and characterization of aplite rock-based geopolymers. J. Sustainable Cem. Based Mater. 2016;5:233–246. 10.1080/21650373.2015.1044049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifeh M, Hodne H, Korsnes RI, et al. Cap rock restoration in plug and abandonment operations; possible utilization of rock-based geopolymers for permanent zonal isolation and well plugging. Presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference; December 7–9; Doha, Qatar; 2015. IPTC-18454-MS. 10.2523/18454-MS.
   Google Scholar
• Khalifeh M, Saasen A, Vrålstad T, et al. Cap rock restoration in plug and abandonment operations; possible utilization of aplite-based geopolymers for permanent zonal isolation and well plugging. Presented at the SPE Offshore Europe Conference and Exhibition; September 8–11; Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; 2015. 10.2118/175457-MS.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM. ASTM Standards. Standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water. Designation D1141-98. 3rd ed. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Vralstad T, Todorovic J, Saasen A, et al. Long-term integrity of well cements at downhole conditions. Presented at the SPE Bergen One Day Seminar held in Bergen; 2016 April 20; Norway. SPE-180058-MS. 10.2118/180058-MS.
   Google Scholar
• NACE Standard TM0177 Standard test method, laboratory testing of metals for resistance to sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking in H₂S environments. Houston, TX: NACE International; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Oil & Gas UK. Guidelines on qualification of materials for the abandonment of wells. Issue 2. London: The United Kingdom Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Association Limited; 2015. ISBN: 1 903 004 56 X.
   Google Scholar
• Davidovits J. Geopolymer, green chemistry and sustainable development solutions. 1st ed. Saint-Quentin: Institut Geopolymere; 2005. ISBN: 2-9514820-0-0.
   Google Scholar
• Zuhua Z, Xiao Y, Huajun Z, et al. Role of water in the synthesis of calcined kaolin-based geopolymer. Appl. Clay Sci. 2009;43:218–223. 10.1016/j.clay.2008.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesse WD. Introduction to mineralogy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000. Printed in United States of America. p. 326–335. ISBN: 0-19-510691-1.
   Google Scholar
• van Deventer JSJ, San Nicolas R, Ismail I, et al. Microstructure and durability of alkali-activated materials as key parameters for standardisation. J. Sustainable Cem. Based Mater. 2015;4:116–128. 10.1080/21650373.2014.979265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Yao X, Zhu H. Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete I. Basic properties. Appl. Clay Sci. 2010;49:1–6. 10.1016/j.clay.2010.01.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecolier E, Rivereau A, Ferrer N, et al. Durability of oilwell cement formulations aged in H2S-containing fluids. J. SPE Drill. Completion. 2010;25:90–95. 10.2118/99105-PA.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORSOK D-010. Well integrity in drilling and well operations. 4th ed. Lysaker: Standard Norway; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lee NK, Lee HK. Setting and mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag concrete manufactured at room temperature. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013;47:1201–1209. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas RJ, Peethamparan S. Alkali-activated concrete: engineering properties and stress–strain behavior. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015;93:49–56. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofi M, van Deventer JSJ, Mendis PA, et al. Engineering properties of inorganic polymer concretes (IPCs). Cem. Concr. Res. 2007;37:251–257. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi C, Krivenko PV, Roy DM. Alkali-activated cements and concretes. 1st ed. Abingdon: Taylors & Francis; 2006. ISBN 10: 415-70004-3.10.4324/9780203390672
   Google Scholar
• Ismail I, Bernal SA, Provis JL, et al. Microstructural changes in alkali activated fly ash/slag geopolymers with sulfate exposure. Mater. Struct. 2013;46:361–373. 10.1617/s11527-012-9906-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar