Impact of the mineralogical composition of natural pozzolan on properties of resultant geopolymers

References

• Robayo-Salazar R, Mejía-Arcila J, Mejía de Gutiérrez R, et al. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of an alkali-activated binary concrete based on natural volcanic pozzolan: a comparative analysis to OPC concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2018;176:103–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deventer JSJ, San Nicolas R, Ismail I, et al. Microstructure and durability of alkali-activated materials as key parameters for standardization. J Sustain Cem Mater. 2015;4(2):116–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luukkonen T, Abdollahnejad Z, Ohenoja K, et al. Suitability of commercial superplasticizers for one-part alkali-activated blast-furnace slag mortar. J Sustain Cem Mater. 2019;8(4):244–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firdous R, Stephan D, Djobo JNY. Natural pozzolan based geopolymers: a review on mechanical, microstructural and durability characteristics. Constr Build Mater. 2018;190:1251–1263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodr M, Law DW, Gunasekara C, et al. Compressive strength and microstructure evolution of low calcium brown coal fly ash-based geopolymer. J Sustain Cem Mater. 2020;9(1):17–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagath Singh GVP, Subramaniam KVL. Effect of active components on strength development in alkali-activated low calcium fly ash cements. J Sustain Cem Mater. 2019;8(1):1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewlett PC, Lea FM, editors. Lea's chemistry of cement and concrete. 4th ed. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Bondar D, Lynsdale CJ, Milestone NB, et al. Effect of type, form, and dosage of activators on strength of alkali-activated natural pozzolans. Cem Concr Compos. 2011;33(2):251–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firdous R, Stephan D, Jin Y. Investigation of rhenish and bavarian trass as geopolymer precursor. 20th International Conference of Building Materials – Ibausil; 2018 Sept 12–14; Weimar, Germany: A. Finger – Institut für Baustoffkunde, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar; 2018. p. 617–624.
   Google Scholar
• Khalifeh M, Saasen A, Vrålstad T, et al. Experimental study on the synthesis and characterization of aplite rock-based geopolymers. J Sustain Cem Mater. 2016;5(4):233–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firdous R, Stephan D. Effect of silica modulus on the geopolymerization activity of natural pozzolans. Constr Build Mater. 2019;219:31–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemougna PN, Chinje Melo UF, Delplancke M-P, et al. Influence of the chemical and mineralogical composition on the reactivity of volcanic ashes during alkali activation. Ceram Int. 2014;40(1):811–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djon Li Ndjock BI, Elimbi A, Cyr M. Rational utilization of volcanic ashes based on factors affecting their alkaline activation. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2017;463:31–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snellings R, Mertens G, Elsen J. Supplementary cementitious materials. Rev Mineral Geochem. 2012;74(1):211–278.
   Google Scholar
• Firdous R, Stephan D. Influence of heat treatment and mechanical activation on reactivity of natural pozzolan for geopolymer synthesis. In: Caprai V, Brouwers HJH, editors. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference of Sustainable Building Materials (ICSBM 2019); 2019 Aug 12–15; Eindhoven, The Netherlands; 2019. Vol. 2, ID 057:138–155, ISBN (print):978-90-386-4911-5, Forthcoming.
   Google Scholar
• Kani EN, Allahverdi A, Provis JL. Efflorescence control in geopolymer binders based on natural pozzolan. Cem Concr Compos. 2012;34(1):25–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Provis JL, Ma X, et al. Efflorescence and subflorescence induced microstructural and mechanical evolution in fly ash-based geopolymers. Cem Concr Compos. 2018;92:165–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi C, Krivenko PV, Roy D. Alkali-activated cements and concretes. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis Group; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Provis JL, Reid A, et al. Fly ash-based geopolymers: the relationship between composition, pore structure and efflorescence. Cem Concr Res. 2014;64:30–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer GW. Stress from crystallization of salt. Cem Concr Res. 2004;34(9):1613–1624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EN 196-6. Methods of testing cement – Part 6: determination of fineness. Brussels: CEN; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Jasmund K, Hentschel G. Seltene Mineralparagenesen in den Kalksteineinschlüssen der Lava des Ettringer Bellerberges bei Mayen (Eifel). Beiträge Mineral Petrogr. 1964;10:296–314.
   Google Scholar
• Schwiete H-E, Ludwig U, Wigger K-H. Die Konstitution einiger rheinischer und bayrischer Trasse. Köln Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag; 1961.
   Google Scholar
• Liebig E, Althaus E. Pozzolanic activity of volcanic tuff and suevite: effects of calcination. Cem Concr Res. 1998;28(4):567–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig U, Schwiete HE. Untersuchungen an Deutschen Trassen. Silicates Ind. 1963;28(10):439–447.
   Google Scholar
• EN 196-3. Method of testing cement - Part 3: determination of setting times and soundness. Brussels: CEN; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Villagrán-Zaccardi YA, Vollpracht A, Gruyaert E, et al. Recommendation of RILEM TC 238-SCM: determination of the degree of reaction of siliceous fly ash and slag in hydrated cement paste by the selective dissolution method. Mater Struct. 2018;51:835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis JL, et al. Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. J Mater Sci. 2007;42(9):2917–2933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharzouni A, Joussein E, Samet B, et al. The effect of an activation solution with siliceous species on the chemical reactivity and mechanical properties of geopolymers. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 2015;73(1):250–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provis JL, van Deventer JSJ, editors. Geopolymers: structure, processing, properties and industrial applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC; Oxford: Woodhead; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Cwirzen A, Provis JL, Penttala V, et al. The effect of limestone on sodium hydroxide-activated metakaolin-based geopolymers. Constr Build Mater. 2014;66:53–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cwirzen A, Metsäpelto L, Habermehl-Cwirzen K. Interaction of magnesia with limestone-metakaolin-calcium hydroxide ternary alkali-activated systems. Adv Mat Sci Eng. 2018;2018:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Provis JL, Wang H, et al. Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 2. Thermodynamics of sodium silicate activation of metakaolin. Thermochim Acta. 2013;565:163–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Z, Vollpracht A. Isothermal calorimetry and in-situ XRD study of the NaOH activated fly ash, metakaolin and slag. Cem Concr Res. 2018;103:110–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakharev T. Geopolymeric materials prepared using Class F fly ash and elevated temperature curing. Cem Concr Res. 2005;35(6):1224–1232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal SA, Provis JL, Brice DG, et al. Accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated binders significantly underestimates service life: the role of pore solution chemistry. Cem Concr Res. 2012;42(10):1317–1326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovits J. Geopolymer chemistry and applications. Saint-Quentin, France: Institut Géopolymère; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal SA, Juenger MCG, Ke X, et al. Characterization of supplementary cementitious materials by thermal analysis. Mater Struct. 2017;50:570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrivener K, Snellings R, Lothenbach B, editors. A practical guide to microstructural analysis of cementitious materials. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ben Haha M, Le Saout G, Winnefeld F, et al. Influence of activator type on hydration kinetics, hydrate assemblage and microstructural development of alkali activated blast-furnace slags. Cem Concr Res. 2011;41(3):301–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnefeld F, Ben Haha M, Le Saout G, et al. Influence of slag composition on the hydration of alkali-activated slags. J Sustain Cem Mater. 2015;4(2):85–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnefeld F, Leemann A, Lucuk M, et al. Assessment of phase formation in alkali activated low and high calcium fly ashes in building materials. Constr Build Mater. 2010;24(6):1086–1093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J-W, Lee H-G. Thermal and carbothermic decomposition of Na2CO3 and Li2CO3. Metall Mater Trans B. 2001;32(1):17–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega-Zavala DE, Santana-Carrillo JL, Burciaga-Díaz O, et al. An initial study on alkali activated limestone binders. Cem Concr Res. 2019;120:267–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajuelo Rodriguez E, Garbev K, Merz D, et al. Thermal stability of C-S-H phases and applicability of Richardson and Groves' and Richardson C-(A)-S-H(I) models to synthetic C-S-H. Cem Concr Res. 2017;93:45–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal SA, Provis JL, Green DJ. Durability of alkali-activated materials: progress and perspectives. J Am Ceram Soc. 2014;97(4):997–1008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens G, Snellings R, van Balen K, et al. Pozzolanic reactions of common natural zeolites with lime and parameters affecting their reactivity. Cem Concr Res. 2009;39(3):233–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, van Deventer JSJ. The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate minerals. Int J Miner Process. 2000;59(3):247–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baykara H, Cornejo MH, Murillo R, et al. Preparation, characterization and reaction kinetics of green cement: ecuadorian natural mordenite-based geopolymers. Mater Struct. 2017;50:188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar