627
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Adsorption and dispersion capability of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers: a review

, , , , , & show all

References

  • Spiratos N, Page N, Mailvaganam M. Superplasticizers for concrete fundamentals, technology and practice, handy chemicals. Canada; 2006.
  • Sun N, Chang W, Wang L, et al. Effects of the chemical structure of polycarboxy-ether superplasticizer on its performance in sulphoaluminate cement. J Disper Sci Technol. 2011;32(6):795–798.
  • Wen X, Feng L, Hu D, et al. Effect of side-chain length in polycarboxylic superplasticizer on the early-age performance of cement-based materials. Constr Build Mater. 2019;211:26–32.
  • Ma Y, Bai J, Shi C, et al. Effect of PCEs with different structures on hydration and properties of cementitious materials with low water-to-binder ratio. Cem Concr Res. 2021;142:106343.
  • Guan J, Liu X, Lai G, et al. Effect of sulfonation modification of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on tolerance enhancement in sulfate. Constr Build Mater. 2021;273:122095.
  • Dalas F, Nonat A, Pourchet S, et al. Tailoring the anionic function and the side chains of comb-like superplasticizers to improve their adsorption. Cem Concr Res. 2015;67:21–30.
  • Stecher J, Plank J. Novel concrete superplasticizers based on phosphate esters. Cem Concr Res. 2019;119:36–43.
  • Chen J, Zhang S, Zhang S, et al. Design and performance test of snowflake antifouling polycarboxylate water reducer. J Build Mater. 2019;22:54–59.
  • Liu X, Guan J, Lai G, et al. Novel designs of polycarboxylate superplasticizers for improving resistance in clay-contaminated concrete. J Ind Eng Chem. 2017;55:80–90.
  • Lin X, Pang H, Wei D, et al. Effect of the cross-linker structure of cross-linked polycarboxylate superplasticizers on the behavior of cementitious mixtures. Colloid Surf A. 2021;608:125437.
  • Lin X, Liao B, Zhang J, et al. Synthesis and characterization of high-performance cross-linked polycarboxylate superplasticizers. Constr Build Mater. 2019;210:162–171.
  • Aïtcin P, Flatt R. Science and technology of concrete admixtures. Woodhead Publishing; 2015.
  • Plank J, Sachsenhauser B. Impact of molecular structure on zeta potential and adsorbed conformation of α-allyl-ω-methoxypolyethylene glycol-maleic anhydride superplasticizers. ACT. 2006;4(2):233–239.
  • Yoshioka K, Tazawa E, Kawai K, et al. Adsorption characteristics of superplasticizers on cement component minerals. Cem Concr Res. 2002;32(10):1507–1513.
  • Zhang L, Miao X, Kong X, et al. Retardation effect of PCE superplasticizers with different architectures and their impacts on early strength of cement mortar. Cem Concr Compos. 2019;104:103369.
  • Li C, Feng N, Li Y, et al. Effects of polyethlene oxide chains on the performance of polycarboxylate-type water-reducers. Cem Concr Res. 2005;35(5):867–873.
  • Yamada K, Takahashi T, Hanehara S, et al. Effects of the chemical structure on the properties of polycarboxylate-type superplasticizer. Cem Concr Res. 2000;30(2):197–207.
  • Wu B, Chun B-W, Gu L, et al. Effect of Ca2+ ion concentration on adsorption of poly(carboxylate ether)-based (PCE) superplasticizer on mica. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018;527:195–201.
  • Plank J, Sachsenhauser B. Experimental determination of the effective anionic charge density of polycarboxylate superplasticizers in cement pore solution. Cem Concr Res. 2009;39(1):1–5.
  • Ran Q, Somasundaran P, Miao C, et al. Effect of the length of the side chains of comb-like copolymer dispersants on dispersion and rheological properties of concentrated cement suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009;336(2):624–633.
  • Liu J, Ran Q, Miao C, et al. Effects of grafting densities of comb-like copolymer on the dispersion properties of concentrated cement suspensions. Mater Trans. 2012;53(3):553–558.
  • Plank J, Sachsenhauser B, Reese J. Experimental determination of the thermodynamic parameters affecting the adsorption behaviour and dispersion effectiveness of PCE superplasticizers. Cem Concr Res. 2010;40(5):699–709.
  • Ran Q, Wang X, Shu X, et al. Effects of sequence structure of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on the dispersion behavior of cement paste. J Disper Sci Technol. 2016;37(3):431–441.
  • Li S, Pang H, Zhang J, et al. Synthesis and performance of a novel amphoteric polycarboxylate superplasticizer with hydrolysable ester group. Colloid Surf A. 2019;564:78–88.
  • Tang X, Zhao C, Yang Y, et al. Amphoteric polycarboxylate superplasticizers with enhanced clay tolerance: preparation, performance and mechanism. Constr Build Mater. 2020;252:119052.
  • Madsen F, Peppas N. Complexation graft copolymer networks: swelling properties, calcium binding and proteolytic enzyme inhibition. Biomaterials. 1999;20(18):1701–1708.
  • Borget P, Galmiche L, Meins JL, et al. Microstructural characterisation and behaviour in different salt solutions of sodium polymethacrylate-g-PEO comb copolymers. Colloid Surf A. 2005;260(1–3):173–182.
  • Sha S, Wang M, Shi C, et al. Influence of the structures of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on its performance in cement-based materials-A review. Constr Build Mater. 2020;233:117257.
  • Lv S, Ju H, Qiu C, et al. Effects of connection mode between carboxyl groups and main chains on polycarboxylate superplasticizer properties. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;128(6):3925–3932.
  • Vovk A, Vock G, Usherov-Marshak A. Regularities of hydration and structure formation of cement pastes in presence of superplasticizers with different molecular mass. ACI Symposium Paper. 1997;173:763–780.
  • Wang Z, Lu Z, Lu F, et al. Effect of side chain density of comb-shaped structure on performance of polycarboxylate superplasticizer. J Chin Ceram Soc. 2012;40:1570–1575.
  • Plank J, Pöllmann K, Zouaoui N, et al. Synthesis and performance of methacrylic ester based polycarboxylate superplasticizers possessing hydroxy terminated poly(ethylene glycol) side chains. Cem Conc Res. 2008;38(10):1210–1216.
  • Winnefeld F, Becker S, Pakusch J, et al. Effects of the molecular architecture of comb-shaped superplasticizers on their performance in cementitious systems. Cem Concr Compos. 2007;29(4):251–262.
  • Peng X, Li X, Li Z. Evaluation of the dispersing properties of polycarboxylate-type superplasticizers with different molecular weight in cement systems. J Disper Technol. 2013;34(9):1265–1272.
  • Alonso M, Palacios M, Puertas F. Effect of polycarboxylate–ether admixtures on calcium aluminate cement pastes. Part 1: compatibility studies. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52(49):17323–17329.
  • Alonso M, Palacios M, Puertas F. Compatibility between polycarboxylate-based admixtures and blended-cement pastes. Cem Concr Compos. 2013;35(1):151–162.
  • Perche F. Adsorption de polycarboxylates et de lignosulfonates sur poudre modele et ciments. Switzerland; Lausanne, EPFL;2004.
  • Plank J, Schroefl C, Gruber M, et al. Effectiveness of polycarboxylate superplasticizers in ultra-high strength concrete: the importance of PCE compatibility with silica fume. ACT. 2009;7(1):5–12.
  • Uchikawa H, Sawaki D, Hanehara S. Influence of kind and added timing of organic admixture on the composition, structure and property of fresh cement paste. Cem Concr Res. 1995;25(2):353–364.
  • Habbaba A, Lange A, Plank J. Synthesis and performance of a modified polycarboxylate dispersant for concrete possessing enhanced cement compatibility. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;129(1):346–353.
  • He Y, Zhang X, Shui L, et al. Effects of PCEs with various carboxylic densities and functional groups on the fluidity and hydration performances of cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2019;202:656–668.
  • Ran Q, Somasundaran P, Miao C, et al. Adsorption mechanism of comb polymer dispersants at the cement/water interface. J Disper Sci Technol. 2010;31(6):790–798.
  • Kinoshita M, Nawa T, Iida M, et al. Effect of chemical structure on fluidizing mechanism of concrete superplasticizer containing polyethylene oxide graft chains. 6th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete; 2000. p. 163–180.
  • Guo W, Sun N, Qin J, et al. Synthesis and properties of an amphoteric polycarboxylic acid-based superplasticizer used in sulfoaluminate cement. J Appl Polym Sci. 2012;125(1):283–290.
  • Zhang Y, Kong X, Lu Z, et al. Effects of the charge characteristics of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on the adsorption and the retardation in cement pastes. Cem Concr Res. 2015;67:184–196.
  • Jolicoeur C, Simard M. Chemical admixture-cement interactions: phenomenology and physico-chemical concepts. Cem Concr Compos. 1998;20(2–3):87–101.
  • Gu P, Ramachandran V, Beaudoin J, et al. Electrochemical behavior of Portland cement pastes containing phosphonates. Adv Cem Based Mater. 1995;2(5):182–188.
  • Fan W, Stoffelbach F, Rieger J, et al. A new class of organosilane-modified polycarboxylate superplasticizers with low sulfate sensitivity. Cem Concr Res. 2012;42(1):166–172.
  • He Y, Zhang X, Hooton R. Effects of organosilane-modified polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the fluidity and hydration properties of cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2017;132:112–123.
  • Erzengin S, Kaya K, Perçin Özkorucuklu S, et al. The properties of cement systems superplasticized with methacrylic ester-based polycarboxylates. Constr Build Mater. 2018;166:96–109.
  • Tan H, Guo Y, Ma B, et al. Adsorbing behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in the presence of the ester group in side chain. J Disper Sci Technol. 2017;38(5):743–749.
  • Kong X, Hou S, Shi Z. Influences of functional monomers on performance of polycarboxylate superplasticizer. J Build Mater. 2014;17:1–8.
  • Qiu X, Peng X, Yi C, et al. Effect of side chains and sulfonic groups on the performance of polycarboxylate-type superplasticizers in concentrated cement suspensions. J Disper Sci Technol. 2011;32(2):203–212.
  • Ran Q, Ma J, Wang T, et al. Synthesis, characterization and dispersion properties of a series of bis(phosphonic acid)amino-terminated polymers. Colloid Polym Sci. 2016;294(1):189–198.
  • Lu Z, Kong X, Liu H, et al. Interaction of silylated superplasticizers with cementitious materials. J Appl Polym Sci. 2016;133:44161.
  • Bürge C, Bürge T, Mäder U, et al. Cement admixture for improved slump life, EP1136508 A1, 2001.
  • Lorenz K, Kraus A, Vickers T Jr., et al. Copolymer admixture system for workability retention of cementitious compositions. Trostberg, DE: Construction Research & Technology GmbH; 2013.
  • Zhao H, Wang Y, Yang Y, et al. Effect of hydrophobic groups on the adsorption conformation of modified polycarboxylate superplasticizer investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. Appl Surf Sci. 2017;407:8–15.
  • Richter F, Winkler EW, CalciumbindevermöGen D. Das calciumbindevermögen/calcium binding. Tenside Surfact Det. 1987;24(4):213–216.
  • Plank J, Sakai E, Miao CW, et al. Chemical admixtures — chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability. Cem Concr Res. 2015;78:81–99.
  • Schröfl C, Gruber M, Plank J. Preferential adsorption of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on cement and silica fume in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Cem Concr Res. 2012;42:1401-1408.
  • Houst Y, Bowen P, Perche F, et al. Design and function of novel superplasticizers for more durable high performance concrete (superplast project). Cem Concr Res. 2008;38(10):1197–1209.
  • Xiong W, Wang D, Zuo Y, et al. Influence of side chain structure on dispersion-adsorption properties of polycarboxylate superplasticizer. New Build Mater. 2008;35:35–38.
  • Ran Q, Liu J, Yang Y, et al. Effect of molecular weight of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on its dispersion, adsorption, and hydration of a cementitious system. J Mater Civ Eng. 2016;28(5):04015184.
  • Li S, Yu Q, Wei J, et al. Effects of molecular mass and its distribution on adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate water reducers. J Chin Ceram Soc. 2011;39:80–86.
  • Flatt R, Houst Y, Bowen P, et al. Analysis of superplasticizers used in concrete. Analusis. 1998;26(2):28–35.
  • Aubouy M. Organization of polymers at interfaces. Phys Rev E. 1997;56(3):3370–3377.
  • Janardhan R, Gedam P, Sampathkumaran P. The effect of polymer molecular weight in the adsorption process. J Colloid Interface Sci. 1990;140(2):391–400.
  • Lei L, Chan H. Investigation into the molecular design and plasticizing effectiveness of HPEG-based polycarboxylate superplasticizers in alkali-activated slag. Cem Concr Res. 2020;136:106150.
  • Liu J, Yang Y, Zhang Q, et al. Effect of slow-released polycarboxylate superplasticizers with different molecular weight on the dispersion, adsorption, and hydration of cement paste. Adv Cem Res. 2017;30:1–21.
  • Chandra S, Björnström J. Influence of cement and superplasticizers type and dosage on the fluidity of cement mortars—part I. Cem Concr Res. 2002;32(10):1605–1611.
  • Zingg A, Winnefeld F, Holzer L, et al. Interaction of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers with cements containing different C3A amounts. Cem Concr Compos. 2009;31(3):153–162.
  • Alonso M, Palacios M, Puertas F, et al. Effect of polycarboxylate admixture structure on cement paste rheology. Mater de Constr. 2007;57:65–81.
  • Burgos-Montes O, Palacios M, Rivilla P, et al. Compatibility between superplasticizer admixtures and cements with mineral additions. Constr Build Mater. 2012;31:300–309.
  • Lee S, Kim H, Sakai E, et al. Effect of particle size distribution of fly ash–cement system on the fluidity of cement pastes. Cem Concr Res. 2003;33(5):763–768.
  • Palacios M, Puertas F, Bowen P, et al. Effect of PCs superplasticizers on the rheological properties and hydration process of slag-blended cement pastes. J Mater Sci. 2009;44(10):2714–2723.
  • Tong K, Song X, Sun S, et al. Molecular dynamics study of linear and comb-like polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution: effect of Ca2+ ions. Mol Phys. 2014;112(16):2176–2183.
  • Chai L, Goldberg R, Kampf N, et al. Selective adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide) onto a charged surface mediated by alkali metal ions. Langmuir. 2008;24(4):1570–1576.
  • Chai L, Klein J. Role of ion ligands in the attachment of poly(ethylene oxide) to a charged surface. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;127(4):1104–1105.
  • Jiang L, Kong X, Lu Z, et al. Preparation of amphoteric polycarboxylate superplasticizers and their performances in cementitious system. J Appl Polym Sci. 2015;132:78–87.
  • Kuhl T, Berman A, Hui S, et al. Crossover from depletion attraction to adsorption: polyethylene glycol induced electrostatic repulsion between lipid bilayers. Macromolecules. 1998;31(23):8258–8263.
  • Yamada K, Hanehara S. Interaction mechanism of cement and superplasticizers - The roles of polymer adsorption and ionic conditions of aqueous phase. Concr Sci Eng. 2001;3:135–145.
  • Yamada K, Ogawa S, Hanehara S. Controlling of the adsorption and dispersing force of polycarboxylate-type superplasticizer by sulfate ion concentration in aqueous phase. Cem Concr Res. 2001;31(3):375–383.
  • Marchon D, Sulser U, Eberhardt A, et al. Molecular design of comb-shaped polycarboxylate dispersants for environmentally friendly concrete. Soft Matter. 2013;9(45):10719–10728.
  • Flatt R, Schober I. 7 - Superplasticizers and the rheology of concrete. In: Roussel N, editor. Understanding the rheology of concrete. Woodhead Publishing; 2012. p.144–208.
  • Zhao H, Yang Y, Shu X, et al. The binding of calcium ion with different groups of superplasticizers studied by three DFT methods, B3LYP, M06-2X and M06. Comput Mater Sci. 2018;152:43–50.
  • Plank J, Vlad D, Brandl A, et al. Colloidal chemistry examination of the steric effect of polycarboxylate superplasticizers. Cem Int. 2005;3:100–110.
  • Flatt R, Schober I, Raphael E, et al. Conformation of adsorbed comb copolymer dispersants. Langmuir. 2009;25:845–855.
  • Li Z, Peng J. Adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on cement particles. AMM. 2013;405–408:2834–2838.
  • Kirby G, Lewis J. Comb polymer architecture effects on the rheological property evolution of concentrated cement suspensions. J Am Ceram Soc. 2004;87(9):1643–1652.
  • Shu X, Zhao H, Wang X, et al. Effect of hydrophobic units of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the flow behavior of cement paste. J Disper Sci Technol. 2017;38:256–264.
  • Gay C, Raphaël E. Comb-like polymers inside nanoscale pores. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2001;94:229–236.
  • Vovk GAVAI, Usherov-Marshak AV. Regularities of hydration and structure formation of cement pastes in the presence of superplasticizers with different molecular mass. Vol. 173. ACI Symposium Publication; 1997.p. 763–780.
  • Tian H, Kong X, Su T, et al. Comparative study of two PCE superplasticizers with varied charge density in Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement systems. Cem Concr Res. 2019;115:43–58.
  • Li Y, Yang C, Zhang Y, et al. Study on dispersion, adsorption and flow retaining behaviors of cement mortars with TPEG-type polyether kind polycarboxylate superplasticizers. Constr Build Mater. 2014;64:324–332.
  • Xu Z, Hadjichristidis N, Fetters L, et al. Structure/chain-flexibility relationships of polymers, physical properties of polymers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1995. p. 1–50.
  • Tian H, Kong X, Miao X, et al. A new insight into the working mechanism of PCE emphasizing the interaction between PCE and Ca2+ in fresh cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2021;275:122133.
  • Zingg A, Winnefeld F, Holzer L, et al. Adsorption of polyelectrolytes and its influence on the rheology, zeta potential, and microstructure of various cement and hydrate phases. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2008;323:301–312.
  • Ran Q, Song F, Wang T, et al. Effect of the different hydrophobic groups of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on the properties in cement mortars. Polym Compos. 2015;38:1783–1791.
  • Huang Z, Yang Y, Ran Q, et al. Preparing hyperbranched polycarboxylate superplasticizers possessing excellent viscosity-reducing performance through in situ redox initialized polymerization method. Cem Concr Compos. 2018;93:323–330.
  • Ao L, Zhao W, Lei Q, et al. Synthesis of a novel polycarboxylate superplasticizer with hyperbranched structure. ChemistrySelect. 2018;3:13493–13496.
  • Shu X, Ran Q, Liu J, et al. Tailoring the solution conformation of polycarboxylate superplasticizer toward the improvement of dispersing performance in cement paste. Constr Build Mater. 2016;116:289–298.
  • Horikoshi K, Hata K, Kawabata N, et al. Vibrational spectra and conformation of polyethylene glycol complexed with calcium and magnesium chlorides. J Mol Struct. 1990;239:33–42.
  • Yang Z, Yu M, Liu Y, et al. Synthesis and performance of an environmentally friendly polycarboxylate superplasticizer based on modified poly(aspartic acid). Constr Build Mater. 2019;202:154–161.
  • Kim J, Tian Y. Thermodynamic and structural evidence for reduced hydrogen bonding among water molecules near small hydrophobic solutes. J Phys Chem B. 2015;119:12108–12116.
  • Shu X, Wang Y, Yang Y, et al. Rheological properties of cement pastes with polycarboxylate superplasticizers of varied backbone stiffness. J Mater Civil Eng. 2019;31:04019092.
  • Juenger M, Winnefeld F, Provis J, et al. Advances in alternative cementitious binders. Cem Concr Res. 2011;41:1232–1243.
  • Bullerjahn F, Schmitt D, Haha MB. Effect of raw mix design and of clinkering process on the formation and mineralogical composition of (ternesite) belite calcium sulphoaluminate ferrite clinker. Cem Concr Res. 2014;59:87–95.
  • Chen J, Wu S. Simultaneous adsorption of copper ions and humic acid onto an activated carbon. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2004;280:334–342.
  • Dobrynin A, Rubinstein M. Theory of polyelectrolytes in solutions and at surfaces. Prog Polym Sci. 2005;30:1049–1118.
  • Pergushov D, Buchhammer H, Lunkwitz K. Effect of a low-molecular-weight salt on colloidal dispersions of interpolyelectrolyte complexes. Colloid Polym Sci. 1999;277:101–107.
  • Flatt R, Houst Y. A simplified view on chemical effects perturbing the action of superplasticizers. Cem Concr Res. 2001;31:1169–1176.
  • Ma J, Orgass M, Tue N. Influence of addition method of suplerplasticizer on the properties of fresh UHPC. 2nd International Symposium on Ultra High Performance ConcreteKassel; 2008; Germany.
  • Plank J, Keller H, Andres PR, et al. Novel organo-mineral phases obtained by intercalation of maleic anhydride–allyl ether copolymers into layered calcium aluminum hydrates. Inorg Chim Acta. 2006;359:4901–4908.
  • Zhang Y, Kong X. Correlations of the dispersing capability of NSF and PCE types of superplasticizer and their impacts on cement hydration with the adsorption in fresh cement pastes. Cem Concr Res. 2015;69:1–9.
  • Ferrari L, Kaufmann J, Winnefeld F, et al. Interaction of cement model systems with superplasticizers investigated by atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, and adsorption measurements. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010;347:15–24.
  • Qian S, Yao Y, Wang Z, et al. Synthesis, characterization and working mechanism of a novel polycarboxylate superplasticizer for concrete possessing reduced viscosity. Constr Build Mater. 2018;169:452–461.
  • Sakai E, Yamada K, Ohta A. Molecular structure and dispersion-adsorption mechanisms of comb-type superplasticizers used in Japan. ACT. 2003;1:16–25.
  • Peng X, Yi C, Deng Y, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of polycarboxylate-type superplasticizers with different carboxylic contents used in a cement system. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater. 2011;60:923–938.
  • Sch€Ober I, Flatt R. Optimizing polycaboxylate polymers Proceedings 8th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in ConcreteSorrento, ACI; 2006. p. 169–184.
  • Felekoğlu B, Sarıkahya H. Effect of chemical structure of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers on workability retention of self-compacting concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2008;22:1972–1980.
  • Habbaba A, Dai Z, Plank J. Formation of organo-mineral phases at early addition of superplasticizers: the role of alkali sulfates and C3A content. Cem Concr Res. 2014;59:112–117.
  • Liu J, Wang K, Zhang Q, et al. Influence of superplasticizer dosage on the viscosity of cement paste with low water-binder ratio. Constr Build Mater. 2017;149:359–366.
  • Flatt R, Bowen P. Electrostatic repulsion between particles in cement suspensions: domain of validity of linearized Poisson–Boltzmann equation for nonideal electrolytes. Cem Concr Res. 2003;33:781–791.
  • K M, O K. Performance of methacrylic water-soluble graft polymers with different types of cement Proceedings International Conference on the Role of Admixtures in High Performance Concrete, RILEM; 1999. p. 34–47.
  • Vickers T, Farrington S, Bury J, et al. Influence of dispersant structure and mixing speed on concrete slump retention. Cem Concr Res. 2005;35:1882–1890.
  • Ushiro M, Atarashi D, Kawakami H, et al. The effect of superplasticizer present in pore solution on flowability of low water-to-powder cement paste. Cem Sci Concr Technol. 2013;67:102–107.
  • Matsuzawa K, Shimazaki D, Kawakami H, et al. Effect of non-adsorbed superplasticizer molecules on fluidity of cement paste at low water-powder ratio. Cem Concr Compos. 2019;97:218–225.
  • Sakai E, Yamada T, Atarashi D, et al. Flow mechanisms of ultra-high-strength cement paste with silica fume. Cem Sci Concr Technol. 2006;60:32–38.
  • Lange A, Plank J. Contribution of non-adsorbing polymers to cement dispersion. Cem Concr Res. 2016;79:131–136.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.