Limestone calcined clay cement: mechanical properties, crystallography, and microstructure development

References

• Antiohos S, Maganari K, Tsimas S. Evaluation of blends of high and low calcium fly ashes for use as supplementary cementing materials. Cem Concr Compos. 2005;27(3):349–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berriel SS, Favierb A, Domíngueza ER, et al. Assessing the environmental and economic potential of limestone calcined clay cement in Cuba. J Cleaner Prod. 2016;124:361–369.
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency and The Cement Sustainability Initiative. Technology roadmap: low-carbon transition in the cement industry. Paris: International Energy Agency; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze SE, Rickert J. Suitability of natural calcined clays as supplementary cementitious material. Cem Concr Compos. 2019;95:92–97.
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Report No. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf (UNFCCC, 2015)
   Google Scholar
• Department for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy. In: Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, editor. IMPLEMENTING THE END OF UNABATED COAL BY 2025: government response to unabated coal closure consultation. London: Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy; 2018
   Google Scholar
• Sui, H., Zhang, Q., Sagoe-Crentsil, K., & Duan, W. (2019). The investigation of limestone calcined clay cement: A review. In: WEC2019: World Engineers Convention 2019. Melbourne: Engineers Australia, 2019: 750-763. Engineers Australia. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.966386125686210
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener K, Martirena F, Bishnoi S, et al. Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3). Cem Concr Res. 2018;114:49–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Bishnoi S, Martirena F, et al. Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: a state-of-the-art review. Cem Concr Res. 2021;149:106564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai RG, Gettu R, Santhanam M, et al. Service life and life cycle assessment of reinforced concrete systems with limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). Cem Concr Res. 2019;118:111–119.
   Google Scholar
• Marangu JM. Effects of sulfuric acid attack on hydrated calcined clay–limestone cement mortars. J Sustain Cement-Based Mater. 2021;10(5):257–271.
   Google Scholar
• Antoni M, Rossen J, Martirena F, et al. Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone. Cem Concr Res. 2012;42(12):1579–1589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraghechi H, Avet F, Wong H, et al. Performance of limestone calcined clay cement (LC 3) with various kaolinite contents with respect to chloride transport. Mater Struct. 2018;51(5):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Avet F, Scrivener K. Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). Cem Concr Res. 2018;107:124–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhandapani Y, Santhanam M, Kaladharan G, et al. Towards ternary binders involving limestone additions—a review. Cem Concr Res. 2021;143:106396.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal IM, Shirani S, Cuesta A, et al. Phase and microstructure evolutions in LC3 binders by multi-technique approach including synchrotron microtomography. Constr Build Mater. 2021;300:124054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrivener, K. (1988). The Use Of Backscattered Electron Microscopy And Image Analysis To Study The Porosity Of Cement Paste. MRS Proceedings, 137, 129-140. doi:10.1557/PROC-137-129
   Google Scholar
• Sahu S, Badger S, Thaulow N, et al. Determination of water–cement ratio of hardened concrete by scanning electron microscopy. Cem Concr Compos. 2004;26(8):987–992.
   Google Scholar
• Willis KL, Abell AB, Lange DA. Image-based characterization of cement pore structure using wood’s metal intrusion. Cem Concr Res. 1998;28(12):1695–1705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franus W, Panek R, Wdowin M. SEM investigation of microstructures in hydration products of Portland cement. 2nd international multidisciplinary microscopy and microanalysis congress. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Vafaei M, Allahverdi A, Dong P, et al. Durability performance of geopolymer cement based on fly ash and calcium aluminate cement in mild concentration acid solutions. J Sustain Cement-Based Mater. 2019;8(5):290–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan S, Emmanuel AC, Bishnoi S. Hydration and phase assemblage of ternary cements with calcined clay and limestone. Constr Build Mater. 2019;222:64–72.
   Google Scholar
• Avet F, Boehm-Courjault E, Scrivener K. Investigation of CASH composition, morphology and density in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). Cem Concr Res. 2019;115:70–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin R-S, Han Y, Wang X-Y. Macro–meso–micro experimental studies of calcined clay limestone cement (LC3) paste subjected to elevated temperature. Cem Concr Compos. 2021;116:103871.
   Google Scholar
• Klaver J, Hemes S, Houben M, et al. The connectivity of pore space in mudstones: insights from high‐pressure wood’s metal injection, BIB‐SEM imaging, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Geofluids. 2015;15(4):577–591.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd RR, Provis JL, Smeaton KJ, et al. Spatial distribution of pores in fly ash-based inorganic polymer gels visualised by wood’s metal intrusion. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2009;126(1–2):32–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yio M, Wong H, Buenfeld N. 3D monte carlo simulation of backscattered electron signal variation across pore-solid boundaries in cement-based materials. Cem Concr Res. 2016;89:320–331.
   Google Scholar
• Chen SJ, Li WG, Ruan CK, et al. Pore shape analysis using centrifuge driven metal intrusion: indication on porosimetry equations, hydration and packing. Constr Build Mater. 2017;154:95–104.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Chen SJ, Basquiroto de Souza F, et al. Exfoliation and dispersion of boron nitride nanosheets to enhance ordinary Portland cement paste. Nanoscale. 2018;10(3):1004–1014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu Y, Li YA, Ruan CK, et al. Transformation of pore structure in consolidated silty clay: new insights from quantitative pore profile analysis. Constr Build Mater. 2018;186:615–625.
   Google Scholar
• MatWeb, 2015 L. MatWeb, I.C., 2015. Indalloy® 19 In-Bi-Sn Fusible Alloy. MatWeb material property database.
   Google Scholar
• Lange DA, Jennings HM, Shah SP. Image analysis techniques for characterization of pore structure of cement-based materials. Cem Concr Res. 1994;24(5):841–853.
   Google Scholar
• Noor EEM, Sharif NM, Yew CK, et al. Wettability and strength of in–Bi–Sn lead-free solder alloy on copper substrate. J Alloys Compd. 2010;507(1):290–296.
   Google Scholar
• En B. 197-1, Cement-part 1: composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. London: BSI; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• BSI, BS EN 196-1: 2005: methods of testing cement. Determination of strength. London: BSI; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Li X, Snellings R, Antoni M, et al. Reactivity tests for supplementary cementitious materials: RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 1. Mater Struct. 2018;51(6):1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Tironi A, Trezza MA, Scian AN, et al. Assessment of pozzolanic activity of different calcined clays. Cem Concr Compos. 2013;37:319–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washburn EW. Note on a method of determining the distribution of pore sizes in a porous material. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1921;7(4):115–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bostanabad R, Zhang Y, Li X, et al. Computational microstructure characterization and reconstruction: Review of the state-of-the-art techniques. Prog Mater Sci. 2018;95:1–41.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Chen SJ, Sagoe-Crentsil K, et al. Evolution of tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration based on image analysis of microstructural observations obtained via field’s metal intrusion. Mater Charact. 2021;181:111457.
   Google Scholar
• Cang R, Xu Y, Chen S, et al. Microstructure representation and reconstruction of heterogeneous materials via deep belief network for computational material design. J Mech Design. 2017;139(7):071404.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Chen SJ, Sagoe-Crentsil K, et al. Predicting the permeability of consolidated silty clay via digital soil reconstruction. Comput Geotech. 2021;140:104468.
   Google Scholar
• Ridler T, Calvard S. Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernet. 1978;8(8):630–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong H, Head M, Buenfeld N. Pore segmentation of cement-based materials from backscattered electron images. Cem Concr Res. 2006;36(6):1083–1090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Chen SJ, Sagoe-Crentsil K, et al. Digital concrete modelling: an alternative approach to microstructural pore analysis of cement hydrates. Construct Build Mater. 2021;303:124558.
   Google Scholar
• Lin J, Liu Y, Sui H, et al. Microstructure of graphene oxide–silica-reinforced OPC composites: image-based characterization and nano-identification through deep learning. Cem Concr Res. 2022;154:106737.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez RC, Woods RE, Eddins SL. Digital image processing using MATLAB. 3rd ed. Knoxville (TN): Gatesmark Publishing; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Boomgaard R, Van Balen R. Methods for fast morphological image transforms using bitmapped binary images. CVGIP: Graph Model Image Proc. 1992;54(3):252–258.
   Google Scholar
• Promentilla MAB, Sugiyama T, Hitomi T, et al. Quantification of tortuosity in hardened cement pastes using synchrotron-based X-ray computed microtomography. Cem Concr Res. 2009;39(6):548–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui TB, Wang B. Industrial effort on limestone calcined clay cement in China. Int Anal Rev. 2019;3(56):12–20.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph S, Bishnoi S, Maity S. An economic analysis of the production of limestone calcined clay cement in India. Indian Concr J. 2016;90(11):22–27.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Yao Y. A study on creep and drying shrinkage of high performance concrete. Cem Concr Res. 2001;31(8):1203–1206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad SH, Shah SP. Structural properties of high strength concrete and its implications for precast prestressed concrete. PCIJ. 1985;30(6):92–119.
   Google Scholar
• Institute, A.C. State-of-the-art report on high-strength concrete. Farmington Hills (MI): American Concrete Institute; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Committe A. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-95) and commentary (ACI 318R-95). Farmington Hills (MI): American Concrete Institute; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• TS 500, T.S. Requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures. Ankara, Turkey: Institute of Turkish Standard; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener K, Avet F, Maraghechi H, et al. Impacting factors and properties of limestone calcined clay cements (LC3). Green Mater. 2019;7(1):3–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandra V, Chun-Mei Z. Hydration kinetics and microstructural development in the 3 CaO. Al 2 O 3-CaSO 4. 2H 2 O-CaCO 3-H 2 O system. Mater Struct. 1986;19(6):437–444.
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran V. Admixture and addition interactions in the cement-water system. Cemento, 83 (1) (1986), pp. 13–38
   Google Scholar
• Zunino F, Scrivener K. The reaction between metakaolin and limestone and its effect in porosity refinement and mechanical properties. Cem Concr Res. 2021;140:106307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Z, Wang D, Chen A, et al. A study on ITZ percolation threshold in mortar with ellipsoidal aggregate particles. Comput. Concr. 2018;22:551–561.
   Google Scholar
• Vernet C. Mechanisms of limestone fillers reactions in the system {C3A–CSH2–CH–CC–H}: competition between calcium monocarbo- and monosulfo-aluminate hydrates formation Proceeding of the 9th International Congress of Cement Chemistry, V, India (1992), pp. 430-436. 13-38
   Google Scholar
• Zeng Q, Li K, Fen-chong T, et al. Determination of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction extents for fly-ash cement pastes. Constr Build Mater. 2012;27(1):560–569.
   Google Scholar
• Sato T, Diallo F. Seeding effect of nano-CaCO3 on the hydration of tricalcium silicate. Transport Res Rec. 2010;2141(1):61–67.
   Google Scholar
• Shi Z, Ferreiro S, Lothenbach B, et al. Sulfate resistance of calcined clay–limestone–Portland cements. Cem Concr Res. 2019;116:238–251.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivener KL, Bentur A, Pratt P. Quantitative characterization of the transition zone in high strength concretes. Adv Cem Res. 1988;1(4):230–237.
   Google Scholar
• Prokopski G, Halbiniak J. Interfacial transition zone in cementitious materials. Cem Concr Res. 2000;30(4):579–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrivener KL, Crumbie AK, Laugesen P. The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between cement paste and aggregate in concrete. Interface Sci. 2004;12(4):411–421.
   Google Scholar
• Leon CAL. New perspectives in mercury porosimetry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 1998;76:341–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar