Bio-processing of algal bio-refinery: a review on current advances and future perspectives

References

• Pimentel D, Marklein A, Toth MA, et al. Food versus biofuels: environmental and economic costs. Hum Ecol. 2009;37:1.
   Google Scholar
• Hariskos I, Posten C. Biorefinery of microalgae – opportunities and constraints for different production scenarios. Biotechnol J. 2014;9:739–752.
   Google Scholar
• Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D, et al. Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103:11206–11210.
   Google Scholar
• Ajanovic A. Biofuels versus food production: does biofuels production increase food prices? Energy. 2011;36:2070–2076.
   Google Scholar
• Dias MOS, Junqueira TL, Cavalett O, et al. Cogeneration in integrated first and second generation ethanol from sugarcane. Chem Eng Res Des. 2013;91:1411–1417.
   Google Scholar
• Abels C, Carstensen F, Wessling M. Membrane processes in biorefinery applications. J Memb Sci. 2013;444:285–317.
   Google Scholar
• Menon V, Rao M. Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2012;38:522–550.
   Google Scholar
• Lee RA, Lavoie J-M. From first- to third-generation biofuels: challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Anim Front. 2013;3:6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Gour RS, Bairagi M, Garlapati VK, et al. Enhanced microalgal lipid production with media engineering of potassium nitrate as a nitrogen source. Bioengineered. 2018;9:98–107.
   Google Scholar
• Ji M-K, Abou-Shanab RAI, Kim S-H, et al. Cultivation of microalgae species in tertiary municipal wastewater supplemented with CO2 for nutrient removal and biomass production. Ecol Eng. 2013;58:142–148.
   Google Scholar
• Dillschneider R, Steinweg C, Rosello-Sastre R, et al. Biofuels from microalgae: photoconversion efficiency during lipid accumulation. Bioresour Technol. 2013;142:647–654.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae — A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010;14:557–577.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel Acien Fernandez F, González-López CV, Fernández Sevilla JM, et al. Conversion of CO 2 into biomass by microalgae: how realistic a contribution may it be to significant CO 2 removal?. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;96:577–586.
   Google Scholar
• Suganya T, Varman M, Masjuki HH, et al. Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: A biorefinery approach. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2016;55:909–941.
   Google Scholar
• Show KY, Yan Y, Ling M, et al. Hydrogen production from algal biomass – advances, challenges and prospects. Bioresour Technol. 2018;257:290–300.
   Google Scholar
• Melis A, Zhang L, Forestier M, et al. Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evolution in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 2000;122:127–136.
   Google Scholar
• Raheem A, Wan Azlina WAKG, Taufiq Yap YH, et al. Optimization of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris for syngas production using central composite design. RSC Adv. 2015;5:71805–71815.
   Google Scholar
• Goyal HB, Seal D, Saxena RC. Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2008;12:504–517.
   Google Scholar
• Kadam K. Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiring. Energy. 2002;27:905–922.
   Google Scholar
• Cabanelas ITD, Arbib Z, Chinalia FA, et al. From waste to energy: microalgae production in wastewater and glycerol. Appl Energy. 2013;109:283–290.
   Google Scholar
• Baicha Z, Salar-García MJ, Ortiz-Martínez VM, et al. A critical review on microalgae as an alternative source for bioenergy production: A promising low cost substrate for microbial fuel cells. Fuel Process Technol. 2016;154:104–116.
   Google Scholar
• Cheah WY, Show PL, Ling TC, et al. Biosequestration of atmospheric CO2 and flue gas-containing CO2 by microalgae. Bioresour Technol. 2015;184:190–201.
   Google Scholar
• Khoo HH, Koh CY, Shaik MS, et al. Bioenergy co-products derived from microalgae biomass via thermochemical conversion – life cycle energy balances and CO2 emissions. Bioresour Technol. 2013;143:298–307.
   Google Scholar
• Vanthoor-Koopmans M, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ, et al. Biorefinery of microalgae for food and fuel. Bioresour Technol. 2013;135:142–149.
   Google Scholar
• Wayne K, Ying J, Loke P, et al. Bioresource Technology Microalgae biorefinery : high value products perspectives. Bioresour Technol. 2017;229:53–62.
   Google Scholar
• Jaswir I. Anti-inflammatory compounds of macro algae origin: A review. J Med Plants Res. 2011;5:7146–7154.
   Google Scholar
• Jha D, Jain V, Sharma B, et al. Microalgae-based Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals: an Emerging Field with Immense Market Potential. Chem Bio Eng Rev. 2017;4:257–272.
   Google Scholar
• Begum H, Yusoff FMD, Banerjee S, et al. Availability and Utilization of Pigments from Microalgae. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56:2209–2222.
   Google Scholar
• Yen H-W, Hu I-C, Chen C-Y, et al. Microalgae-based biorefinery – from biofuels to natural products. Bioresour Technol. 2013;135:166–174.
   Google Scholar
• Wichuk K, Brynjólfsson S, Fu W. Biotechnological production of value-added carotenoids from microalgae. Bioengineered. 2014;5:204–208.
   Google Scholar
• Juan JC, Kartika DA, Wu TY, et al. Biodiesel production from jatropha oil by catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: an overview. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:452–460.
   Google Scholar
• González-Delgado Á-D, Kafarov V. MICROALGAE BASED BIOREFINERY: ISSUES TO CONSIDER. Tecnol Y Futur. 2011;4:5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Benemann J. Microalgae for Biofuels and Animal Feeds. Energies. 2013;6:5869–5886.
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Lin L, Lu H, et al. Microalgae cultivation and culture medium recycling by a two-stage cultivation system. Front Environ Sci Eng. 2018;12:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Hsia S-Y, Yang S-K. Enhancing Algal Growth by Stimulation with LED Lighting and Ultrasound. J Nanomater. 2015;2015:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Aravantinou AF, Manariotis ID. Effect of operating conditions on Chlorococcum sp. growth and lipid production. J Environ Chem Eng. 2016;4:1217–1223.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob-Lopes E, Merida LGR, Queiroz MI, et al. Microalgae biorefineries. In: Jacob-Lopez E, Zepka LQ, editos. Biomass Production and Uses. InTech Open; 2015. p. 81–106.
   Google Scholar
• Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, et al. Commercial applications of microalgae. J Biosci Bioeng. 2006;101:87–96.
   Google Scholar
• Gouveia L, Batista AP, Sousa I, et al. In: Papadopoulos KN, editor. Microalgae in novel food product. In: Food chemistry research developments. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2008. p. 1–37.
   Google Scholar
• Mata TM, Nio Martins AA, Caetano NS. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2009;14:217–232.
   Google Scholar
• Bruton T. A review of the potential of marine algae as a source of biofuel in Ireland. Ireland: Sustainable Energy Ireland; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Cai T, Park SY, Li Y. Nutrient recovery from wastewater streams by microalgae: status and prospects. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2013;19:360–369.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Horsman M, Wang B, et al. Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;81:629–636.
   Google Scholar
• Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Jarvis E, et al. Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J. 2008;54:621–639.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Fang X, Zhu X-L, et al. Microbial lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus O3 grown in fed-batch culture. Biomass Bioenergy. 2011;35:1906–1911.
   Google Scholar
• Fakas S, Papanikolaou S, Batsos A, et al. Evaluating renewable carbon sources as substrates for single cell oil production by Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina. Biomass Bioenergy. 2009;33:573–580.
   Google Scholar
• Kwak HS, Kim JYH, Woo HM, et al. Synergistic effect of multiple stress conditions for improving microalgal lipid production. Algal Res. 2016;19:215–224.
   Google Scholar
• Adam F, Abert-Vian M, Peltier G, et al. “Solvent-free” ultrasound-assisted extraction of lipids from fresh microalgae cells: A green, clean and scalable process. Bioresour Technol. 2012;114:457–465.
   Google Scholar
• Biller P, Friedman C, Ross AB. Hydrothermal microwave processing of microalgae as a pre-treatment and extraction technique for bio-fuels and bio-products. Bioresour Technol. 2013;136:188–195.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández D, Solana M, Riaño B, et al. Biofuels from microalgae: lipid extraction and methane production from the residual biomass in a biorefinery approach. Bioresour Technol. 2014;170:370–378.
   Google Scholar
• Mendes RL, Reis AD, Palavra AF. Supercritical CO2 extraction of γ-linolenic acid and other lipids from Arthrospira (Spirulina)maxima: comparison with organic solvent extraction. Food Chem. 2006;99:57–63.
   Google Scholar
• Lin H, Wang Q, Shen Q, et al. Genetic engineering of microorganisms for biodiesel production. Bioengineered. 2013;4:292–304.
   Google Scholar
• Muthukumaran C, Sharmila G, Manojkumar N, et al. Optimization and kinetic modeling of biodiesel production. Ref Modul Mater Sci Mater Eng. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Chen C-L, Change J-S, Huang -C-C, et al. A novel biodiesel production method consisting of oil extraction and transesterification from wet microalgae. Energy Procedia. 2014;61:1294–1297.
   Google Scholar
• Huang GH, Chen F, Wei D, et al. Biodiesel production by microalgal biotechnology. Appl Energy. 2010;87:38–46.
   Google Scholar
• Surendhiran D, Razack Sirajunnisa A, Vijay M. An alternative method for production of microalgal biodiesel using novel Bacillus lipase. Biotechnology. 2015;5:715–725.
   Google Scholar
• Behzadi S, Farid MM. Review: examining the use of different feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng. 2007;2:480–486.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Dubé MA, McLean DD, et al. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment. Bioresour Technol. 2003;89:1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Dubé MA, McLean DD, et al. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour Technol. 2003;90:229–240.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gerpen J. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol. 2005;86:1097–1107.
   Google Scholar
• Goff MJ, Bauer NS, Lopes S, et al. Acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2004;81:415–420.
   Google Scholar
• Wahlen BD, Willis RM, Seefeldt LC. Biodiesel production by simultaneous extraction and conversion of total lipids from microalgae, cyanobacteria, and wild mixed-cultures. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:2724–2730.
   Google Scholar
• Tran D-T, Yeh K-L, Chen C-L, et al. Enzymatic transesterification of microalgal oil from Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 for biodiesel synthesis using immobilized Burkholderia lipase. Bioresour Technol. 2012;108:119–127.
   Google Scholar
• Tran D-T, Chen C-L. Effect of solvents and oil content on direct transesterification of wet oil-bearing microalgal biomass of Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 for biodiesel synthesis using immobilized lipase as the biocatalyst. Bioresour Technol. 2013;135:213–221.
   Google Scholar
• Eyster KM. The membrane and lipids as integral participants in signal transduction: lipid signal transduction for the non-lipid biochemist. Adv Physiol Educ. 2007;31:5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Holdt SL, Kraan S. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. J Appl Phycol. 2011;23:543–597.
   Google Scholar
• García JL, de Vicente M, Galán B. Microalgae, old sustainable food and fashion nutraceuticals. Microb Biotechnol. 2017;10:1017–1024.
   Google Scholar
• Caporgno MP, Mathys A. Trends in microalgae incorporation into innovative food products with potential health benefits. Front Nutr. 2018;5:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Vaz B Da S, Moreira JB, Morais MG, et al. Microalgae as a new source of bioactive compounds in food supplements. Curr Opin Food Sci. 2016;7:73–77.
   Google Scholar
• Sun GY, Simonyi A, Fritsche KL, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): an essential nutrient and a nutraceutical for brain health and diseases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids. 2018;136:3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Echeverría F, Valenzuela R, Catalina Hernandez-Rodas M, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fundamental fatty acid for the brain: new dietary sources. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids. 2017;124:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Adarme-Vega TC, Lim DKY, Timmins M, et al. Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. Microb Cell Fact. 2012;11:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Rossoll D, Bermúdez R, Hauss H, et al. Ocean acidification-induced food quality deterioration constrains trophic transfer. PLoS One. 2012;7:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ryckebosch E, Bruneel C, Termote-Verhalle R, et al. Nutritional evaluation of microalgae oils rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as an alternative for fish oil. Food Chem. 2014;160:393–400.
   Google Scholar
• Chochois V, Dauvillée D, Beyly A, et al. Hydrogen production in chlamydomonas: photosystem ii-dependent and -independent pathways differ in their requirement for starch metabolism. Plant Physiol. 2009;151:631–640.
   Google Scholar
• Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6:317–333.
   Google Scholar
• Park JK, Kim Z-H, Lee CG, et al. Characterization and immunostimulating activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Haematococcus lacustris. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2011;16:1090–1098.
   Google Scholar
• Tannin-Spitz T, Bergman M, van-Moppes D, et al. Antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide of the red microalga Porphyridium sp.. J Appl Phycol. 2005;17:215–222.
   Google Scholar
• Matsui MS, Muizzuddin N, Arad S, et al. Sulfated polysaccharides from red microalgae have antiinflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2003;104:13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Kim M, Yim JH, Kim S-Y, et al. In vitro inhibition of influenza A virus infection by marine microalga-derived sulfated polysaccharide p-KG03. Antiviral Res. 2012;93:253–259.
   Google Scholar
• Miranda JR, Passarinho PC, Gouveia L. Bioethanol production from Scenedesmus obliquus sugars: the influence of photobioreactors and culture conditions on biomass production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;96:555–564.
   Google Scholar
• Chen C-Y, Zhao X-Q, Yen H-W, et al. Microalgae-based carbohydrates for biofuel production. Biochem Eng J. 2013;78:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Simas-Rodrigues C, Villela HDM, Martins AP, et al. Microalgae for economic applications: advantages and perspectives for bioethanol. J Exp Bot. 2015;66:4097–4108.
   Google Scholar
• Ueno Y, Kurano N, Miyachi S. Ethanol production by dark fermentation in the marine green alga, Chlorococcum littorale. J Ferment Bioeng. 1998;86:38–43.
   Google Scholar
• Markou G, Angelidaki I, Georgakakis D. Microalgal carbohydrates: an overview of the factors influencing carbohydrates production, and of main bioconversion technologies for production of biofuels. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;96:631–645.
   Google Scholar
• Hirano A, Ueda R, Hirayama S, et al. CO2 fixation and ethanol production with microalgal photosynthesis and intracellular anaerobic fermentation. Energy. 1997;22:137–142.
   Google Scholar
• Arad S (Malis). Levy-Ontman O. Red microalgal cell-wall polysaccharides: biotechnological aspects. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2010;21:358–364.
   Google Scholar
• Bleakley S, Hayes M. Algal proteins: extraction, application, and challenges concerning production. Foods. 2017;6:1–34.
   Google Scholar
• De Vries M, De Boer IJM. Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments. Livest Sci. 2009;128:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• van Krimpen MM, Bikker P, van der Meer IM, et al. Cultivation, processing and nutritional aspects for pigs and poultry of European protein sources as alternatives for imported soybean products [Internet]. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Smetana S, Sandmann M, Rohn S, et al. Autotrophic and heterotrophic microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation for food and feed: life cycle assessment. Bioresour Technol. 2017;245:162–170.
   Google Scholar
• Koyande AK, Chew KW, Lim J, et al. Optimization of protein extraction from Chlorella Vulgaris via novel sugaring‐out assisted liquid biphasic electric flotation system. Eng Life Sci. 2019;1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Bjornsson WJ, MacDougall KM, Melanson JE, et al. Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extractions for the recovery of triacylglycerols from microalgae: a practical tool for algal biofuels research. J Appl Phycol. 2012;24:547–555.
   Google Scholar
• Faried M, Samer M, Abdelsalam E, et al. Biodiesel production from microalgae: processes, technologies and recent advancements. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017;79:893–913.
   Google Scholar
• Barsanti L, Gualtieri P. Is exploitation of microalgae economically and energetically sustainable? Algal Res. 2018;31:107–115.
   Google Scholar
• Jorquera O, Kiperstok A, Sales EA, et al. Comparative energy life-cycle analyses of microalgal biomass production in open ponds and photobioreactors. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101:1406–1413.
   Google Scholar
• Tredici MR, Bassi N, Prussi M, et al. Energy balance of algal biomass production in a 1-ha “Green Wall Panel” plant: how to produce algal biomass in a closed reactor achieving a high Net Energy Ratio. Appl Energy. 2015;154:1103–1111.
   Google Scholar
• Bennion EP, Ginosar DM, Moses J, et al. Lifecycle assessment of microalgae to biofuel: comparison of thermochemical processing pathways. Appl Energy. 2015;154:1062–1071.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury R, Franchetti M. Life cycle energy demand from algal biofuel generated from nutrients present in the dairy waste. Sustain Prod Consum. 2017;9:22–27.
   Google Scholar
• Soh L, Montazeri M, Haznedaroglu BZ, et al. Evaluating microalgal integrated biorefinery schemes: empirical controlled growth studies and life cycle assessment. Bioresour Technol. 2014;151:19–27.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman J, Pate RC, Drennen T, et al. Techno-economic assessment of open microalgae production systems. Algal Res. 2017;23:51–57.
   Google Scholar
• Dasan YK, Lam MK, Yusup S, et al. Life cycle evaluation of microalgae biofuels production: effect of cultivation system on energy, carbon emission and cost balance analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2019;688:112–128.
   Google Scholar
• T Lam GP, Vermuë MH, Eppink MHM, et al. Multi-product microalgae biorefineries: from concept towards reality. Trends Biotechnol. 2018;36:216–227.
   Google Scholar
• Gifuni I, Pollio A, Safi C, et al. Current bottlenecks and challenges of the microalgal biorefinery. Trends Biotechnol. 2019;37:242–252.
   Google Scholar
• Lupatini AL, de Oliveira Bispo L, Colla LM, et al. Protein and carbohydrate extraction from S. platensis biomass by ultrasound and mechanical agitation. Food Res Int. 2017;99:1028–1035.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert-López B, Mendiola JA, van Den Broek LAM, et al. Green compressed fluid technologies for downstream processing of Scenedesmus obliquus in a biorefinery approach. Algal Res. 2017;24:111–121.
   Google Scholar
• Dong T, Knoshaug EP, Davis R, et al. Combined algal processing: A novel integrated biorefinery process to produce algal biofuels and bioproducts. Algal Res. 2016;19:316–323.
   Google Scholar
• Misra N, Panda PK, Parida BK, et al. Way forward to achieve sustainable and cost-effective biofuel production from microalgae: a review. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2016;13:2735–2756.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad Ansari F, Shriwastav A, Kumar Gupta S, et al. Exploration of microalgae biorefinery by optimizing sequential extraction of major metabolites from scenedesmus obliquus. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2017;56:3407–3412.
   Google Scholar
• van der Spiegel M, Noordam MY, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2013;12:662–678.
   Google Scholar
• Vigani M, Parisi C, Rodríguez-Cerezo E, et al. Food and feed products from micro-algae: market opportunities and challenges for the EU. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2015;42:81–92.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz JS, Olivieri G, De Vree J, et al. Towards industrial products from microalgae. Energy Environ Sci. 2016;9:3034–3036.
   Google Scholar
• Chacón-Lee TL, González-Mariño GE. Microalgae for “Healthy” Foods—possibilities and Challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2010;9:655–675.
   Google Scholar
• Fasaei F, Bitter JH, Slegers PM, et al. Techno-economic evaluation of microalgae harvesting and dewatering systems. Algal Res. 2018;31:347–362.
   Google Scholar
• Xu L, Weathers PJ, Xiong X-R, et al. Microalgal bioreactors: challenges and opportunities. Eng Life Sci. 2009;9:178–189.
   Google Scholar
• Wang B, Lan CQ, Horsman M. Closed photobioreactors for production of microalgal biomasses. Biotechnol Adv. 2012;30:904–912.
   Google Scholar
• Glemser M, Heining M, Schmidt J, et al. Application of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in cultivation of phototrophic microalgae: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;100:1077–1088.
   Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Huang Y, Liao Q, et al. Enhancement of microalgae production by embedding hollow light guides to a flat-plate photobioreactor. Bioresour Technol. 2016;207:31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Gouveia L, Raymundo A, Batista AP, et al. Chlorella vulgaris and Haematococcus pluvialis biomass as colouring and antioxidant in food emulsions. Eur Food Res Technol. 2005;222:362.
   Google Scholar
• Raymundo A, Gouveia L, Batista AP, et al. Fat mimetic capacity of Chlorella vulgaris biomass in oil-in-water food emulsions stabilized by pea protein. Food Res Int. 2005;38:961–965.
   Google Scholar
• Beheshtipour H, Mortazavian AM, Mohammadi R, et al. Supplementation of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris Algae into Probiotic Fermented Milks. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2013;12:144–154.
   Google Scholar
• Varga L, Szigeti J, Ková R, et al. Influence of a Spirulina platensis Biomass on the Microflora of Fermented ABT Milks During Storage (R1). J Dairy Sci. 2002;85:1031–1038.
   Google Scholar
• Fradique M, Batista AP, Nunes MC, et al. Incorporation of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina maxima biomass in pasta products. Part 1: preparation and evaluation. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90:1656–1664.
   Google Scholar
• Peng W, Wu Q, Tu P. Effects of temperature and holding time on production of renewable fuels from pyrolysis of Chlorella protothecoides. J Appl Phycol. 2000;12:147–152.
   Google Scholar
• Pan P, Hu C, Yang W, et al. The direct pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of Nannochloropsis sp. residue for renewable bio-oils. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101:4593–4599.
   Google Scholar
• Vardon DR, Sharma BK, Blazina GV, et al. Thermochemical conversion of raw and defatted algal biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction and slow pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol. 2012;109:178–187.
   Google Scholar
• Grierson S, Strezov V, Shah P. Properties of oil and char derived from slow pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chui. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:8232–8240.
   Google Scholar
• Grierson S, Strezov V, Ellem G, et al. Thermal characterisation of microalgae under slow pyrolysis conditions. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2009;85:118–123.
   Google Scholar
• Miao X, Wu Q. High yield bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis by metabolic controlling of Chlorella protothecoides. J Biotechnol. 2004;110:85–93.
   Google Scholar
• Miao X, Wu Q, Yang C. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2004;71:855–863.
   Google Scholar
• Du Z, Li Y, Wang X, et al. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of microalgae for biofuel production. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:48904896.
   Google Scholar
• Hu Z, Ma X, Chen C. A study on experimental characteristic of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of microalgae. Bioresour Technol. 2012;107:487–493.
   Google Scholar
• Biller P, Ross AB. Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:215–225.
   Google Scholar
• Zou S, Wu Y, Yang M, et al. Production and characterization of bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta cake. Energy. 2010;35:5406–5411.
   Google Scholar
• Brown TM, Duan P, Savage PE. Hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification of Nannochloropsis sp. Energy Fuels. 2010;24:3639–3646.
   Google Scholar
• Becker EW Microalgae for human and animal nutrition [Internet]. In: Richmond A, Emeritus, Hu Q, editors. Handbook of microalgal culture. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013. p. 461–503.
   Google Scholar
• Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P, Bonos E. Microalgae: A novel ingredient in nutrition. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011;62:794–799.
   Google Scholar
• Martins A, Caetano NS, Mata TM. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications : A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2010;14:217–232.
   Google Scholar
• Cerón-García MC, Macías-Sánchez MD, Sánchez-Mirón A, et al. A process for biodiesel production involving the heterotrophic fermentation of Chlorella protothecoides with glycerol as the carbon source. Appl Energy. 2013;103:341–349.
   Google Scholar
• Feng P, Deng Z, Fan L, et al. Lipid accumulation and growth characteristics of Chlorella zofingiensis under different nitrate and phosphate concentrations. J Biosci Bioeng. 2012;114:405–410.
   Google Scholar
• Dragone G, Fernandes BD, Abreu AP, et al. Nutrient limitation as a strategy for increasing starch accumulation in microalgae. Appl Energy. 2011;88:3331–3335.
   Google Scholar
• Batista AP, Bandarra N, Raymundo A, et al. Microalgae biomass - a potential ingredient for the food industry. In: EFFoST/EHED Joint Conference. Lisbon, Portugal: 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Koyande AK, Chew KW, Rambabu K, et al. Microalgae: A potential alternative to health supplementation for humans. Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2019;8:16–24.
   Google Scholar
• Guzmán S, Gato A, Lamela M, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide from Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phyther Res. 2003;17:665–670.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed ZA. Polysaccharides as a protective response against microcystin-induced oxidative stress in Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda and their possible significance in the aquatic ecosystem. Ecotoxicology. 2008;17:504.
   Google Scholar
• Lee C-K, Kim HS, Nam JR, et al. Anti-picornavirus activity and other antiviral activity of sulfated exopolysaccharide from the marine microalga gyrodinium impudicum strain KG03. Antiviral Res. 2009;82:A40.
   Google Scholar
• Chen B, You W, Huang J, et al. Isolation and antioxidant property of the extracellular polysaccharide from Rhodella reticulata. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;26:833–840.
   Google Scholar
• Söyler N, Goldfarb JL, Ceylan S, et al. Renewable fuels from pyrolysis of Dunaliella tertiolecta: an alternative approach to biochemical conversions of microalgae. Energy. 2017;120:907–914.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert-López B, Mendiola JA, Fontecha J, et al. Downstream processing of Isochrysis galbana: a step towards microalgal biorefinery. Green Chem. 2015;17:4599–4609.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Liu Y, Cheng JJ, et al. Biological potential of microalgae in China for biorefinery-based production of biofuels and high value compounds. N Biotechnol. 2015;32:588–596.
   Google Scholar
• Nobre BP, Villalobos F, Barragán BE, et al. A biorefinery from Nannochloropsis sp. microalga – extraction of oils and pigments. Production of biohydrogen from the leftover biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2013;135:128–136.
   Google Scholar
• Posada JA, Brentner LB, Ramirez A, et al. Conceptual design of sustainable integrated microalgae biorefineries: parametric analysis of energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and techno-economics. Algal Res. 2016;17:113–131.
   Google Scholar
• Naresh Kumar A, Min B, Venkata Mohan S. Defatted algal biomass as feedstock for short chain carboxylic acids and biohydrogen production in the biorefinery format. Bioresour Technol. 2018;269:408–416.
   Google Scholar