References
- Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7–34.
- Arnold M, et al. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017;66(4):683–691.
- Calonge N, et al. Recommendations from the EGAPP Working Group: can testing of tumor tissue for mutations in EGFR pathway downstream effector genes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer improve health outcomes by guiding decisions regarding anti-EGFR therapy? Genet Med. 2013;15(7):517–527.
- Siegel RL, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(3):145–164.
- Bray F, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.
- Bray F, et al. Erratum: global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Ca Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(4):313.
- Organization WH. Saudi Arabia Cancer Country Profile. 2014.
- Alyabsi M, et al. Colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia as the proof-of-principle model for implementing strategies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in healthcare. EPMA Journal. 2020;11(1):119–131.
- Council S. health, Cancer Incidence Report. Saudi Arabia, Saudi Cancer Registry. 2014. p. 53–54.
- Haya S, Al-Eid S. Cancer incidence report, Saudi Arabia. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Health, Saudi Cancer Registry, 2014. 2010. 14. 103.
- Al‐Eid H, Arteh S. Cancer incidence report Saudi Arabia 2004. Riyadh: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Health, Saudi Cancer Registry. 2008.
- Siegel RL, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(3):177–193.
- Ahnen DJ, et al. The increasing incidence of young-onset colorectal cancer: a call to action. in Mayo Clinic Proceeding. Elsevier; 2014.
- Imperiale TF. The rising prevalence of early-onset colorectal cancer: ready and FIT to tackle? Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;86(5):900–902.
- McKay A, et al. Does young age influence the prognosis of colorectal cancer: a population-based analysis. World J Surg Oncol. 2014;12(1):1–10.
- Golubnitschaja O, et al. Medicine in the early twenty-first century: paradigm and anticipation-EPMA position paper 2016. EPMA Journal. 2016;7(1):1–13.
- Golubnitschaja O, Costigliola V. General report & recommendations in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine 2012: white paper of the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine. EPMA Journal. 2012;3(1):1–53.
- Peeters M, et al. Prevalence of RAS mutations and individual variation patterns among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51(13):1704–1713.
- Organization WH. Strategy for cancer prevention and control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. 2009.
- Grady WM, Carethers JM. Genomic and epigenetic instability in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(4):1079–1099.
- Cox AD, et al. Drugging the undruggable RAS: mission possible? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13(11):828–851.
- Lea I, et al. Genetic pathways and mutation profiles of human cancers: site-and exposure-specific patterns. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28(9):1851–1858.
- Rajagopalan H, et al. RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status. Nature. 2002;418(6901):934.
- Takayama T, et al. Analysis of K-ras, APC, and β-catenin in aberrant crypt foci in sporadic adenoma, cancer, and familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(3):599–611.
- Vogelstein B, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(9):525–532.
- Schubbert S, Shannon K, Bollag G. Hyperactive Ras in developmental disorders and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7(4):295–308.
- Mor A, Philips MR. Compartmentalized ras/mapk signaling. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24(1):771–800.
- Edkins S, et al. Recurrent KRAS codon 146 mutations in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2006;5(8):928–932.
- Bos JL. Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res. 1989;49(17):4682–4689.
- Yoon HH, et al. KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations in relation to disease-free survival in braf–wild-type stage III colon cancers from an adjuvant chemotherapy trial (n0147 alliance). Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(11):3033–3043.
- Modest DP, et al. Outcome according to KRAS-, NRAS-and BRAF-mutation as well as KRAS mutation variants: pooled analysis of five randomized trials in metastatic colorectal cancer by the AIO colorectal cancer study group. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(9):1746–1753.
- Taieb J, et al. Prognostic effect of BRAF and KRAS mutations in patients with stage III colon cancer treated with leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin with or without cetuximab: a post hoc analysis of the PETACC-8 trial. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(5):643–653.
- Schulten H-J, et al. Mutational screening of RET, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(12):4179–4183.
- Waterhouse A, et al. SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(W1):W296–W303.
- Poux S, et al. On expert curation and scalability: uniProtKB/Swiss-Prot as a case study. Bioinformatics. 2017;33(21):3454–3460.
- Bienert S, et al. The SWISS-MODEL Repository—new features and functionality. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45(D1):D313–D319.
- Steinegger M, et al. HH-suite3 for fast remote homology detection and deep protein annotation. BMC Bioinformatics. 2019;20(1):1–15.
- Mirdita M, et al. Uniclust databases of clustered and deeply annotated protein sequences and alignments. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45(D1):D170–D176.
- Studer G, et al. QMEANDisCo—distance constraints applied on model quality estimation. Bioinformatics. 2020;36(6):1765–1771.
- Chen VB, et al. MolProbity: all-atom structure validation for macromolecular crystallography. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 2010;66(1):12–21.
- Bertoni M, et al. Modeling protein quaternary structure of homo-and hetero-oligomers beyond binary interactions by homology. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–15.
- Ramachandran GN, et al. Stereochemistry of polypeptide chain configurations. J Mol Biol. 1963;7(1):95–99.
- Ittisoponpisan S, et al. Can predicted protein 3D structures provide reliable insights into whether missense variants are disease associated? J Mol Biol. 2019;431(11):2197–2212.
- Duffy MJ. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer: is it clinically useful? Clin Chem. 2001;47(4):624–630.
- Park S-H, et al. Prognostic significance of serum and tissue carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with gastric adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res Treat. 2008;40(1):16.
- Camacho C, et al. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009;10(1):1–9.
- Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. cell. 1990;61(5):759–767.
- Samuels Y, Velculescu VE. Oncogenic mutations of PIK3CA in human cancers. Cell Cycle. 2004;3(10):1221–1224.
- Wood LD, et al. The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science. 2007;318(5853):1108–1113.
- Leary RJ, et al. Integrated analysis of homozygous deletions, focal amplifications, and sequence alterations in breast and colorectal cancers. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2008;105(42):16224–16229.
- Sirisena ND, et al. The pattern of KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective audit from Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):1–5.
- Muñoz-Maldonado C, Zimmer Y, Medová M. A comparative analysis of individual RAS mutations in cancer biology. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1088.
- Finkelstein SD, et al. Genotypic classification of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Biologic behavior correlates with K‐ras‐2 mutation type. Cancer. 1993;71(12):3827–3838.
- Arrington AK, et al. Prognostic and predictive roles of KRAS mutation in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(10):12153–12168.
- Andreyev H, et al. Kirsten ras mutations in patients with colorectal cancer: the ‘RASCAL II’study. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(5):692–696.
- Murtaza BN, et al. Identification of a novel mutation in codon 31 of Kirstein rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue in colon cancer: another evidence of non-canonical mutational pathway. Pakistan J zool. 2012;44:1671–1676.
- Narikiyo M, et al. Molecular association of functioning stroma with carcinoma cells in the ovary: a preliminary study. Oncol Lett. 2019;17(3):3562–3568.