References
- Abu, O. 2012. “Food Security in Nigeria and South Africa: Policies and Challenges.” Journal of Human Ecology 38 (1): 31–35. doi:10.1080/09709274.2012.11906471.
- Adesina, A. 2012. “Agricultural Transformation Agenda: Repositioning Agriculture to Drive Nigeria’s Economy.” https://queenscompany.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/2/5/38251671/agric_nigeria.pdf.
- Ameh, J. 2019. “Nigeria-Benin Border Closed to Stop Smuggling – Buhari.” Punch, August 28. https://punchng.com/nigeria-benin-border-closed-to-stop-smuggling-buhari/.
- AU (African Union). 2014. “Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods.” https://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/Malabo%20Declaration%20on%20Agriculture_2014_11%2026-.pdf.
- AU (African Union). 2015. “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want First Ten-Year Implementation Plan 2014–2023.” https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/agenda2063-first10yearimplementation.pdf.
- AU Commission. 2017. “The 13th CAADP Partnership Platform on ‘Strengthening Mutual Accountability to Achieve CAADP/Malabo Goals and Targets’: Delegates’ Brief.” https://www.nepad.org/file-download/download/public/15736.
- Badiane, O., S. P. Odjo, and F. Wouterse. 2018. “Macro-Economic Models: Comparative Analysis of Strategies and Long Term Outlook for Growth and Poverty Reduction among ECOWAS Member Countries.” In Development Policies and Policy Processes in Africa: Modeling and Evaluation, edited by C. Henning, O. Badiane, and E. Krampe, 21–48. Cham: Springer Nature.
- Beuchelt, T. D., and D. Virchow. 2012. “Food Sovereignty or the Human Right to Adequate Food: Which Concept Serves Better as International Development Policy for Global Hunger and Poverty Reduction?” Agriculture and Human Values 29 (2): 259–273. doi:10.1007/s10460-012-9355-0.
- Bini, V. 2016. “Food Security and Food Sovereignty in West Africa.” African Geographical Review 37 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/19376812.2016.1140586.
- Brzeska, J., X. Diao, S. Fan, and J. Thurlow. 2012. “African Agriculture and Development.” In Strategies and Priorities for African Agriculture: Economywide Perspectives From Country Studies, edited by X. Diao, J. Thurlow, S. Benin, and S. Fan, 1–16. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
- Capone, R., H. El Bilali, P. Debs, G. Cardone, and N. Driouech. 2014. “Food System Sustainability and Food Security: Connecting the Dots.” Journal of Food Security 2 (1): 13–22. doi:10.12691/jfs-2-1-2.
- CBN (Central Bank of Nigeria). 2011. Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report. Abuja: CBN.
- Crola, J. 2015. “ECOWAP: A Fragmented Policy.” Oxfam Briefing Paper. https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/bp-ecowap-fragmented-policy-131115-en.pdf.
- Diao, X., M. Nwafor, V. Alppuerto, K. T. Akramov, V. Rhoe, and S. Salau. 2012. “Nigeria.” In Strategies and Priorities for African Agriculture: Economywide Perspectives From Country Studies, edited by X. Diao, J. Thurlow, S. Benin, and S. Fan, 211–244. Washington, DC: International Food policy Research institute.
- Dupraz, C. L., and A. Postolle. 2013. “Food Sovereignty and Agricultural Trade Policy Commitments: How Much Leeway Do West African Nations Have?” Food Policy 38: 115–125. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.11.005.
- ECOWAS Commission. 2009. “Regional Partnership Compact for the Implementation of ECOWAP/CAADP”. http://www.oecd.org/swac/publications/44426979.pdf.
- ECOWAS Commission. 2010. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Revised Treaty. Abuja: ECOWAS Commission. https://www.ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Revised-treaty.pdf.
- ECOWAS Commission. n.d. “Regional Agricultural Policy for West Africa: ECOWAP.” https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/01_ANG-ComCEDEAO.pdf.
- FAO. 2016. “Has Ten-Year Implementation of the Regional Agriculture Policy of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAP) Contributed to Improve Nutrition?” http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5859e.pdf.
- FAO and ECA (Economic Commission for Africa). 2018. Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition: Addressing the Threat From Climate Variability and Extremes for Food Security and Nutrition. Accra: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2012. “Committee on World Food Security: Coming to Terms with Terminology.” Thirty-ninth session, Rome, Italy, 15–20 October. http://www.fao.org/3/MD776E/MD776E.pdf.
- FAO, IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), WFP (World Food Programme) and WHO (World Health Organization). 2019. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019: Safeguarding Against Economic Slowdowns and Downturns. Rome: FAO.
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources. 2008. “National Food Security Programme.” http://www.inter-reseaux.org/IMG/pdf_Food_security_Document-Nigeria.pdf.
- FMARD (Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). 2010. “ECOWAP/CAADP Process: National Agricultural Investment Plan (NAIP) 2010–2013.” http://www.inter-reseaux.org/IMG/pdf_NATIONAL_AGRIC-_INVEST-_PLAN_FINAL_AUG17.pdf.
- FMARD (Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). 2011. “Agricultural Transformation Agenda: We Will Grow Nigeria’s Agricultural Sector.” http://unaab.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Agricultural%20Transformation%20Blue%20Print.pdf.
- FMARD (Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). 2016. “The Agriculture Promotion Policy (2016–2020): Building on the Successes of the ATA, Closing Key Gaps.” https://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/2016-nigeria-agric-sector-policy-roadmap_june-15-2016_final1.pdf.
- Gadzama, I. U. 2013. “Effects of President Umaru Musa Yar’adua’s 7-Point Agenda on Agricultural Development and Food Security in Nigeria.” European Scientific Journal 9 (32): 448–462.
- Gibson, M. 2012. “Food Security-A Commentary: What is it and Why is it so Complicated?” Foods 1 (1): 18–27. doi:10.3390/foods1010018.
- Hassan, S. M., C. E. Ikuenobe, A. Jalloh, G. C. Nelson, and T. S. Thomas. 2013. “Nigeria.” In West African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis, edited by A. Jalloh, G. C. Nelson, T. S. Thomas, R. Zougmoré, and H. Roy-Macauley, 259–290. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
- Hendriks, S. L. 2018. “A Review of the Draft Federal Government of Nigeria’s National Agriculture Investment Plan (NAIP2).” Policy Research Brief 59. https://www.canr.msu.edu/fsp/publications/policy-research-briefs/policy_brief_59.pdf.
- Jalloh, A., M. D. Faye, H. Roy-Macauley, P. Sereme, R. Zougmore, T. S. Thomas, and G. C. Nelson. 2013. “Overview.” In West African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis, edited by A. Jalloh, G. C. Nelson, T. S. Thomas, R. Zougmoré, and H. Roy-Macauley, 1–36. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
- Kolavalli, S., K. Flaherty, R. Al-Hassan, and K. O. Baah. 2010. “Do Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) Processes Make A Difference to Country Commitments to Develop Agriculture? The Case of Ghana.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 01006. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.226.2918&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
- Mbow, C., M. Van Noordwijk, E. Luedeling, H. Neufeldt, P. A. Minang, and G. Kowero. 2014. “Agroforestry Solutions to Address Food Security and Climate Change Challenges in Africa.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 61–67. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.014.
- Molteldo, A., N. Troubat, M. Lokshin, and Z. Sajaia. 2014. Analyzing Food Security Using Household Survey Data: Streamlined Analysis with ADePT Software. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0133-4
- NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development). 2003. Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). Midrand: New Partnership for Africa’s Development. https://www.nepad.org/file-download/download/public/15057.
- Nwozor, A., J. S. Olanrewaju, and M. B. Ake. 2019. “National Insecurity and the Challenges of Food Security in Nigeria.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8 (4): 9–20. doi:10.36941/ajis-2019-0032.
- Nwozor, A., and S. Oshewolo. 2020. “Nigeria’s Border Closure Drama: The Critical Questions.” The Round Table 109 (1): 90–91. doi:10.1080/00358533.2020.1715106.
- Olayiwola, W., E. Osabuohien, H. Okodua, and O. Ola-David. 2015. “Economic Integration, Trade Facilitation Agricultural Exports Performance in ECOWAS Sub-Region.” In Regional Integration and Trade in Africa, edited by M. Ncube, I. Faye, and A. Verdier-Chouchane, 31–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Onuah, F. 2019. “Nigeria Closes Part of Border with Benin to Check Rice Smuggling.” Reuters, August 29. https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP.
- Popoola, N. 2018. “Nigeria Cut Food Imports, Saved $21bn in 34 Months – Emefiele.” Punch, December 3. https://punchng.com/nigeria-cut-food-imports-saved-21bn-in-34-months-emefiele/.
- Pradhan, M., and N. Rao. 2018. “Gender Justice and Food Security: The Case of Public Distribution System in India.” Progress in Development Studies 18 (4): 252–266. doi:10.1177/1464993418786795.
- ROPPA/ECDPM. n.d. “Ten Years after Maputo Declaration on Agriculture and Food Security: An Assessment of Progress in Nigeria.” https://www.roppa-afrique.org/IMG/pdf/nigeria_maputo_study_draft_final_report__kf.pdf.
- Sasson, A. 2012. “Food Security for Africa: An Urgent Global Challenge.” Agriculture & Food Security 1 (2): 1–16. doi:10.1186/2048-7010-1-2.
- Simson, R., and V. T. Tang. 2016. “Food Security in ECOWAS.” In Comparative Regionalisms for Development in the 21st Century: Insights From the Global South, edited by E. Fanta, T. M. Shaw, and V. T. Tang, 159–177. New York: Routledge.
- Smith, I. 2018. “Promoting Commercial Agriculture in Nigeria Through a Reform of the Legal and Institutional Frameworks.” African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26 (1): 64–83. doi:10.3366/ajicl.2018.0220.
- Staatz, J. M., B. Diallo, and N. Dembélé. 2017. “Policy Responses to West Africa’s Agricultural Development Challenges.” In Strengthening Regional Agricultural Integration in West Africa: Key Findings and Policy Implications, edited by J. M. Staatz, B. Diallo, and N. M. Me-Nsope, 223–239. Basel: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. https://www.syngentafoundation.org/sites/g/files/zhg576/f/strength_reg_ag_integ_w_africa_key_findings_policy_implic.pdf#page=263.
- Vance, C. 2018. “‘Food Security’ Versus Cash Transfers: Comparative Analysis of Social Security Approaches in India and Brazil.” Journal of Human Security 14 (1): 5–10. doi:10.12924/johs2018.14010005.
- Vanguard. 2017. “In Nigeria’s Steady Progress in Agriculture, Potential History in the Making.” https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/nigerias-steady-progress-agriculture-potential-history-making/.
- Zoungrana, D. T. 2013. “Who is More Protective of Food Security: The WAEMU or ECOWAS?” Bridges Africa, 2(2). http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/who-is-more-protective-of-food-security-the-waemu-or-ecowas.