Is productive capacity a key factor to reduce inequalities in South America?

References

• Adão, Rodrigo. 2015. Worker Heterogeneity, Wage Inequality, and International Trade: Theory and Evidence from Brazil. Job Market Paper. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Adão, Rodrigo, Costas Arkolakis, and Federico Esposito. 2019. “Spatial Linkages, Global Shocks, and Local Labor Markets: Theory and Evidence.” NBER Working Paper No. 25544.
   Google Scholar
• Alfes, Kerstin, Catherine Truss, Emma Soane, Chris Rees, and Mark Gatenby. 2010. Creating an Engaged Workforce: Findings from the Kingston Employee Engagement Consortium Project. London: Study of Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Alves, Guillermo, Verónica Amarante, Gonzalo Salas, and Andrea Vigorito. 2012. “La desigualdad del ingreso en Uruguay entre 1986 y 2009.” Instituto de Economía (IECON) Documentos de Trabajo No. 12-03.
   Google Scholar
• Amarante, Verónica. 2016. “Income Inequality in Latin America: A Factor Component Analysis.” Review of Income and Wealth 62: S4–S21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarante, Verónica, and Maira Colacce. 2018. “More Unequal or Less? A Review of Global, Regional and National Income Inequality.” CEPAL Review 124 (1): 7–32.
   Google Scholar
• Arcidiácono, Malena. 2015. “Salario Mínimo y Distribución salarial: Evidencia para Argentina 2003.” CEDLAS Working Papers No. 0192.
   Google Scholar
• Atasoy, Hilal. 2013. “The Effects of Broadband Internet Expansion on Labor Market Outcomes.” ILR Review 66 (2): 315–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo, João, Maria Dávalos, Carolina Diaz-Bonilla, Bernardo Atuesta, and Raul Castañeda. 2013. “Fifteen Years of Inequality in Latin America: How Have Labor Markets Helped?” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6384.
   Google Scholar
• Barro, Robert, and Jong-Wha Lee. 2013. “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010.” Journal of Development Economics 104: 184–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, Ricardo, Mirela de Carvalho, Samuel Franco, and Rosane Mendonça. 2006. “Uma Análise das Principais Causas da Queda Recente na Desigualdade de Renda Brasileira.” Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada – IPEA Discussion Papers No. 1203.
   Google Scholar
• Beccaria, Luis, Roxana Maurizio, and Gustavo Vázquez. 2015. “Recent Decline in Wage Inequality and Formalization of the Labour Market in Argentina.” International Review of Applied Economics 29 (5): 677–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2015.1054369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, Gary. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. Chicago (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Belman, Dale, and Paul Wolfson. 2016. “What Does the Minimum Wage Do in Developing Countries? A Review of Studies and Methodologies.” ILO Working Papers: Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 62.
   Google Scholar
• Benguria, Felipe, Felipe Saffie, and Sergio Urzúa. 2018. “The Transmission of Commodity Price Super-Cycles.” NBER Working Paper No. 24560.
   Google Scholar
• Bérgolo, Marcelo, and Guillermo Cruces. 2011. “Labor Informality and the Incentive Effects of Social Security: Evidence from a Health Reform in Uruguay.” IDB Working Paper No. 3829.
   Google Scholar
• Bertranou, Fabio, and Roxana Maurizio, eds. 2011. Trabajadores independientes, mercado laboral e informalidad en Argentina. Buenos Aires.
   Google Scholar
• Bertscheck, Irene. 2012. “ICT, Internet and Worker Productivity.” In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, edited by Palgrave Macmillan. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2941-1
   Google Scholar
• Calvert, Sandra, Victoria Rideout, Jennifer Woolard, Rachel Barr, and Gabrielle Strouse. 2005. “Age, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Patterns in Early Computer Use: A National Survey.” American Behavioral Scientist 48 (5): 590–607. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764204271508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo, and Fernando Rios-Avila. 2017. “On the Determinants of Changes in Wage Inequality in Urban Bolivia.” Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 18 (4): 464–496. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2017.1353350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova, Luis, and Javier Alejo. 2015. “El efecto de la negociación colectiva sobre la distribución de los ingresos laborales: Evidencia empírica para Argentina en los años dos mil.” ILO Documento de trabajo No. 8.
   Google Scholar
• CEDLAS. 2019. Socio-Economic Database for Latin American and the Caribbean, SEDLAC (Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies, CEDLAS, and The World Bank). Database.
   Google Scholar
• Chao, Fengqing, Danzhen You, Jon Pedersen, Lucia Hug, and Leontine Alkema. 2018. “National and Regional Under-5 Mortality Rate by Economic Status for Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Assessment.” The Lancet Global Health 6 (5): e535–e547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton, J., D. Díaz-Fuentes, and J. Revuelta. 2020. “Falling Inequality in Latin America: The Role of Fiscal Policy.” Journal of Latin American Studies 52 (2): 317–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cord, Louise, Oscar Barriga-Cabanillas, Leonardo Lucchetti, Carlos Rodríguez-Castelán, Liliana Sousa, and Daniel Valderrama. 2017. “Inequality Stagnation in Latin America in the Aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis.” Review of Development Economics 21 (1): 157–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12260.
   Google Scholar
• Cranmer, Sue. 2006. “Children and Young People’s Uses of the Internet for Homework.” Learning, Media and Technology 31 (3): 301–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439880600893358.
   Google Scholar
• Cunha, Flavio, and James Heckman. 2007. “Identifying and Estimating the Distributions of Ex Post and Ex Ante Returns to Schooling.” Labour Economics 14 (6): 870–893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.06.002.
   Google Scholar
• De la Torre, Augusto, Alain Ize, Guillermo Beylis, and Daniel Lederman. 2015. Jobs, Wages, and the Latin American Slowdown: Main Report. Washington, DC: Study on behalf of World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• De Los Ríos, Carlos. 2010. Impacto del uso de Internet en el Bienestar de los Hogares Peruanos: Evidencia de un panel de hogares 2007–2009. DIRSI. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www.dirsi.net/sites/default/files/DIRSI-Impacto%20del%20Uso%20de%20Internet%20en%20el%20Bienestar%20de%20los%20Hogares%20Peruanos.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Draca, Mirko, Sadun Rafaella, and Van Reenen John. 2007. “Productivity and ICTs: A Review of Evidence.” In The Oxford Handbook of Information and Communication Technologies, edited by R. Mansell, C. Avgerou, D. Quah, and R. Silverstone, 100–147. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Easterly, William. 2005. “National Policies and Economic Growth: A Reappraisal.” In Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf, 1015–1059. Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández, Manuel, and Julián Messina. 2018. “Skill Premium, Labor Supply, and Changes in the Structure of Wages in Latin America.” Journal of Development Economics 135: 555–573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.08.012.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, Francisco, Sergio Firpo, and Julián Messina. 2017. “Ageing Poorly? Accounting for the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil, 1995–2012.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8018.
   Google Scholar
• Fiszbein, Ariel, Clemencia Cosentino, and Belén Cumsille. 2016. The Skills Development Challenge in Latin America: Diagnosing the Problems and Identifying Public Policy Solutions. Washington, DC: Study on behalf of Inter-American Dialogue and Mathematica Policy Research.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser Institute. 2019. Economic Freedom. Database.
   Google Scholar
• Galbraith, James. 2016. “Cause: of Changing Inequality in the World.” Intereconomics 51: 55–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-016-0577-z.
   Google Scholar
• Gasparini, Leoneardo, Sebastian Galiani, Guillermo Cruces, and Pablo Acosta. 2011. “Educational Upgrading and Returns to Skills in Latin America: Evidence from a Supply-Demand Framework, 1990–2010.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5921.
   Google Scholar
• Gasparini, Leonardo, and Nora Lustig. 2011. “The Rise and Fall of Income Inequality in Latin America.” Documento de Trabajo No. 118, Universidad de La Plata, Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS).
   Google Scholar
• Grau, Nicolás, Jorge Miranda, and Esteban Puentes. 2018. “The Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Wages.” University of Chile, Department of Economics Working Paper No. 466.
   Google Scholar
• Guzmán, Wilson. 2018. “The Impact of the National Minimum Wage Policy on Wage Inequality in Ecuador.” Paper presented at the VI International Congress on Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, Dominik, Miguel Guevara, Cristian Jara-Figueroa, Manuel Aristarán, and César Hidalgo. 2017. “Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions and Income Inequality.” World Development 93: 75–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfand, Steven, Rudi Rocha, and Henrique Vinhais. 2009. “Pobreza e Desigualdade de Renda no Brasil Rural: Uma Análise da Queda Recente.” Pesquisa e planejamento econômico 39 (1): 59–80.
   Google Scholar
• Herrero-Olarte, S. 2019. “La influencia de la productividad y de los factores de producción en las exportaciones de manufacturas sudamericanas.” Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies 19 (2): 79–98.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Martha, and Sandfort Jodi. 1995. “Effects of Childhood Poverty on Productivity Later in Life: Implications for Public Policy.” Children and Youth Services Review 17 (1-2): 91–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-7409(95)00005-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inter-American Development Bank. 2019. Harmonized Household Surveys of Latin America and the Caribbean (CMAEH). Database.
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund. 2019. Primary Commodity Price System. Database.
   Google Scholar
• Izquierdo, Alejandro, Rudy Loo-Kung, and Liliana Rojas-Suárez. 2013. “Macroprudential Regulations in Central America.” IDB Working Paper No. 392.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Linda, Alexander von Eye, Frank Biocca, Gretchen Barbatsis, Yong Zhao, and Hiram Fitzgerald. 2006. “Does Home Internet Use Influence the Academic Performance of Low-Income Children?” Developmental Psychology 42 (3): 429–435. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaume, David. 2018. “The Labor Market Effects of an Educational Expansion: A Theoretical Model with Applications to Brazil.” CEDLAS Documento de Trabajo, No. 220.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, Raúl, and Fernando Callorda. 2013. El impacto del despliegue de la banda ancha en Ecuador. DIRSI. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://dirsi.net/web/web/es/publicaciones/detalle/impacto-del-despliegue-de-la-banda-ancha-en-el-ecuador.
   Google Scholar
• Keifman, Saúl, and Roxana Maurizio. 2012. “Changes in Labour Market Conditions and Policies.” Their impact on Wage Inequality During the Last Decade. UNU-WIDER Working Paper 2012/14.
   Google Scholar
• Lerman, Robert, and Shlomo Yitzhaki. 1985. “Income Inequality Effects by Income Source: A New Approach and Applications to the United States.” Review of Economics and Statistics 67 (1): 151–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1928447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundborg, Petter, Paul Nystedt, and Dan-Olof Rooth. 2014. “Height and Earnings: The Role of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills.” Journal of Human Resources 49 (1): 141–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustig, N. 2020. Inequality and Social Policy in Latin America (No. 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Lustig, Nora, Luis Lopez, and Eduardo Ortiz. 2013. “Deconstructing the Decline in Inequality in Latin America.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6552.
   Google Scholar
• Lustig, Nora, Carola Pessino, and John Scott. 2014. “The Impact of Taxes and Social Spending on Inequality and Poverty in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico.” Peru, and Uruguay: Introduction to the Special Issue. Public Finance Review 42 (3): 287–303.
   Google Scholar
• Maloney, William, and Jairo Nuñez. 2004. “Measuring the Impact of Minimum Wages. Evidence from Latin America.” In Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by James Heckman and Carmen Pagés, 109–130. Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez Franzoni, Juliana, and Diego Sánchez-Ancochea. 2014. “The Double Challenge of Market and Social Incorporation: Progress and Bottlenecks in Latin America.” Development Policy Review 32 (3): 275–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurizio, Rozana. 2015. “Transitions to Formality and Declining Inequality: Argentina and Brazil in the 2000s.” Development and Change 46 (5): 1047–1079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messias, Erick. 2003. “Income Inequality, Illiteracy Rate, and Life Expectancy in Brazil.” American Journal of Public Health 93 (8): 1294–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina, Julián, and Joana Silva. 2017. “The Role of Labor Demand Conditions in Wage Inequality Trends.” In Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future, edited by Julián Messina and Joana Silva, 117–153. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Nafukho, Fredrick Muyia, Nancy Hairston, and Kit Brooks. 2004. “Human Capital Theory: Implications for Human Resource Development.” Human Resource Development International 7 (4): 545–551. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000299843.
   Google Scholar
• National Association of College and Educators. 2015. Job Outlook 2016: Attributes Employers Want to See on New College Graduates’ Resumes, in: National Association of College and Educators. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www.naceweb.org/career-development/trends-and-predictions/job-outlook-2016-attributes-employers-want-to-see-on-new-college-graduates-resumes/.
   Google Scholar
• Naudeau, Sophie, Naoko Kataoka, Alexandria Valerio, Michelle Neuman, and Leslie Kennedy. 2011. Investing in Young Children: An Early Childhood Development Guide for Policy Dialogue and Project Preparation. Washington, DC (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, Lucas. 2010. “The Impact of Internet Use on Individual Earnings in Latin America.” INESAD Development Research Working Paper Series No. 11/2010.
   Google Scholar
• OECD, CAF, ECLAC. 2018. Latin American Economic Outlook 2018: Rethinking Institutions for Development. Paris (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2016. Skills in Ibero-America: Insights from PISA 2012. OECD. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www.oecd.org/latin-america/Skills-IberoAmerica.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Parro, Francisco, and Loreto Reyes. 2017. “The Rise and Fall of Income Inequality in Chile.” Latin American Economic Review 26 (3), doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40503-017-0040-y.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Laura, Shelia Cotten, Hiroshi Ono, Anabel Quan-Haase, Gustavo Mesch, Wenhong Chen, Jeremy Schulz, Timothy Hale, and Michael Stern. 2015. “Digital Inequalities and Why They Matter. Information.” Communication & Society 18 (5): 569–582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1012532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Castelán, Carlos, Luis López-Calva, Nora Lustig, and Daniel Valderrama. 2016. “Understanding the Dynamics of Labor Income Inequality in Latin America.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7795.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrik, Dani. 2005. “Growth Strategies.” In Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf, 967–1014. Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Rosnick, David, and Mark Weisbrot. 2014. “Latin American Growth in the 21st Century: The ‘Commodities Boom’ That Wasn’t.” CEPR Reports and Issue Briefs No. 2014-09.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez Ancochea, Diego. 2019. “The Surprising Reduction of Inequality During a Commodity Boom: What Do We Learn from Latin America?” Journal of Economic Policy Reform, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2019.1628757
   Google Scholar
• Schady, Nobert, Jere Behrman, Maria Araujo, Rodrigo Azuero, Raquel Bernal, David Bravo, Florencia Lopez-Boo, et al. 2014. “Wealth Gradients in Early Childhood Cognitive Development in Five Latin American Countries.” IDB Working Paper No. 482.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, Theodore. 1961. “Investment in Human Capital.” American Economic Review 51 (1): 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serbin, Andrés, Laneydi Martínez, and Haroldo Ramanzini. 2012. El regionalismo “post–liberal” en América Latina y el Caribe: Nuevos actores, nuevos temas, nuevos desafíos: Anuario de la Integración Regional de América Latina y el Gran Caribe 2012. Buenos Aires (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Tsounta, E., and A. Osueke. 2014. “What is behind Latin America’s Declining Income Inequality?” IMF Working Paper, 14/124.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2017. “More Than One-Half of Children and Adolescents Are Not Learning Worldwide.” UNESCO Fact Sheet No. 46 UIS/FS/2017/ED/46.
   Google Scholar
• Uriarte, Oscar. 2007. La política laboral de los gobiernos progresistas. Uruguay (in press).
   Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn, Marinus, and Femmie Juffer. 2006. “The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 2006: Adoption as Intervention. Meta-Analytic Evidence for Massive Catch-up and Plasticity in Physical, Socio-Emotional, and Cognitive Development.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47 (12): 1228–1245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01675.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeeck, Marno. 2017. A Guide to Modern Econometrics. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Vogl, Tom. 2014. “Height, Skills, and Labor Market Outcomes in Mexico.” Journal of Development Economics 107: 84–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.11.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Yang, Nora Lustig, and Otavio Bartalotti. 2016. “Decomposing Changes in Male Wage Distribution in Brazil.” In Income Inequality Around the World, edited by Lorenzo Cappellari, Solomon Polachek, and Konstantinos Tatsiramos, 49–78. Bingley.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, Jeffrey. 2015. “Latin American Inequality: Colonial Origins, Commodity Booms or a Missed Twentieth-Century Leveling?” Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 16 (3): 324–341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2015.1044821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2019. World Bank Open Data. Database.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1998. Healthy Nutrition: An Essential Element of a Health-Promoting School. Geneva (in press).
   Google Scholar