Negative interaction between democratization and economic development on changes in average life satisfaction: evidence from European countries between 1981 and 2022

References

• Abramson, Paul R, and Ronald Inglehart. 1987. “Generational Replacement and the Future of Post-Materialist Values.” The Journal of Politics 49 (1): 231–241. https://about.jstor.org/terms.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderson, Arthur S., and Tally Katz-Gerro. 2016. “Compared to Whom? Inequality, Social Comparison, and Happiness in the United States.” Social Forces 95 (1): 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren, Niclas, Christian Bjørnskov, and Therese Nilsson. 2018. “Do Equal Rights for a Minority Affect General Life Satisfaction?” Journal of Happiness Studies 19 (5): 1465–1483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9886-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böckerman, Petri, Jani Petri Laamanen, and Esa Palosaari. 2016. “The Role of Social Ties in Explaining Heterogeneity in the Association Between Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being.” Journal of Happiness Studies 17 (6): 2457–2479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9702-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christmann, Pablo, and Mariano Torcal. 2017. “The Political and Economic Causes of Satisfaction with Democracy in Spain–a Twofold Panel Study.” West European Politics 40 (6): 1241–1266. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1302178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, Andrew E, and Andrew J Oswald. 1994. “Unhappiness and Unemployment.” The Economic Journal 104 (424): 648–659. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2234639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croissant, Yves, and Giovanni Millo. 2008. “Panel Data Econometrics in R: The Plm Package.” Journal of Statistical Software 27 (2): 1–43. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v027.i02.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daoust, Jean François, and Richard Nadeau. 2021. “Context Matters: Economics, Politics and Satisfaction with Democracy.” Electoral Studies 74 (December), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102133.
   Google Scholar
• Delhey, Jan. 2010. “From Materialist to Post-Materialist Happiness? National Affluence and Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Cross-National Perspective.” Social Indicators Research 97 (1): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9558-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delhey, Jan, and Georgi Dragolov. 2014. “Why Inequality Makes Europeans Less Happy: The Role of Distrust, Status Anxiety, and Perceived Conflict.” European Sociological Review 30 (2): 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, Ed, and Martin E.P. Seligman. 2004. “Beyond Money.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 (1): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorn, David, Justina A.V. Fischer, Gebhard Kirchgässner, and Alfonso Sousa-Poza. 2007. “Is It Culture or Democracy? The Impact of Democracy and Culture on Happiness.” Social Indicators Research 82 (3): 505–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9048-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorn, David, Justina A.V. Fischer, Gebhard Kirchgässner, and Alfonso Sousa-Poza. 2008. “Direct Democracy and Life Satisfaction Revisited: New Evidence for Switzerland.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (2): 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9050-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterlin, Richard A. 1974. “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Eevidence.” In Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz, edited by P. A. David and, and M. W. Reder, 89–125. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Easterlin, Richard A. 1995. “Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 27 (1): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(95)00003-B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterlin, Richard A. 2001. “Income and Happiness : Towards a Unified Theory.” The Economic Journal 111 (473): 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterlin, Richard A., Laura A. McVey, Malgorzata Switek, Onnicha Sawangfa, and Jacqueline S. Zweig. 2010. “The Happiness-Income Paradox Revisited.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (52): 22463–22468. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015962107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekici, Tufan, and Selda Koydemir. 2014. “Social Capital, Government and Democracy Satisfaction, and Happiness in Turkey: A Comparison of Surveys in 1999 and 2008.” Social Indicators Research 118 (3): 1031–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0464-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Values Study. 2022. European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS2017). Cologne: GESIS Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13897.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, Bruno S, and Alois Stutzer. 2000. “Happiness Prospers in Democracy.” Journal of Happiness Studies 1 (1): 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010028211269.
   Google Scholar
• Gardarsdottir, Ragna B., Rod Bond, Arndis Vilhjalmsdottir, and Helga Dittmar. 2018. “Shifts in Subjective Well-Being of Different Status Groups: A Longitudinal Case-Study during Declining Income Inequality.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 54 (June 2017): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2018.03.002.
   Google Scholar
• Graafland, Johan. 2019. “When Does Economic Freedom Promote Well Being? On the Moderating Role of Long-Term Orientation.” Social Indicators Research 149: 127–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02230-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graafland, Johan, and Bart Compen. 2015. “Economic Freedom and Life Satisfaction: Mediation by Income per Capita and Generalized Trust.” Journal of Happiness Studies 16 (3): 789–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9534-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graafland, Johan, and Bjorn Lous. 2018. “Economic Freedom, Income Inequality and Life Satisfaction in OECD Countries.” Journal of Happiness Studies 19 (7): 2071–2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9905-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, Carol, and Stefano Pettinato. 2001. “Happiness, Markets, and Democracy: Latin America in Comparative Perspective.” Social Indicators Research 2: 237–268.
   Google Scholar
• Grün, Bettina, and Friedrich Leisch. 2007. “Fitting Finite Mixtures of Generalized Linear Regressions in R.” Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 51 (11): 5247–5252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.08.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grün, Bettina, and Friedrich Leisch. 2015. “FlexMix Version 2: Finite Mixtures with Concomitant Variables and Varying and Constant Parameters.” Journal of Statistical Software 28 (4): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v028.i04.
   Google Scholar
• Haerpfer, C., R. Inglehart, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano , M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin, and B. Puranen. 2022. World Values Survey: Round Seven–Country-Pooled Datafile. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria. https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.20.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, Ronald. 1971. “The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies.” American Political Science Review 65 (4): 991–1017. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, Ronald F. 2008. “Changing Values among Western Publics from 1970 to 2006.” West European Politics 31 (1-2): 130–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380701834747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, Ronald F., Eduard Ponarin, and Ronald C. Inglehart. 2017. “Cultural Change, Slow and Fast: The Distinctive Trajectory of Norms Governing Gender Equality and Sexual Orientation.” Social Forces 95 (4): 1313–1340. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leisch, Friedrich. 2004. “FlexMix: A General Framework for Finite Mixture Models and Latent Class Regression in R.” Journal of Statistical Software 11 (8): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v011.i08.
   Google Scholar
• Loveless, Matthew, and Chiara Binelli. 2020. “Economic Expectations and Satisfaction with Democracy: Evidence from Italy.” In Government and Opposition. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.31.
   Google Scholar
• Minkov, Michael, Christian Welzel, and Michael Schachner. 2020. “Cultural Evolution Shifts the Source of Happiness from Religion to Subjective Freedom.” Journal of Happiness Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00203-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orviska, Marta, Anetta Caplanova, and John Hudson. 2014. “The Impact of Democracy on Well-Being.” Social Indicators Research 115 (1): 493–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-9997-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, Jan C. 2010. “Good Governance and Happiness in Nations: Technical Quality Precedes Democracy and Quality Beats Size.” Journal of Happiness Studies 11 (3): 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9144-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacek, Alexander, Benjamin Radcliff, and Mark Brockway. 2019. “Well-Being and the Democratic State: How the Public Sector Promotes Human Happiness.” Social Indicators Research 143 (3): 1147–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2017-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaranta, Mario, and Sergio Martini. 2016. “Does the Economy Really Matter for Satisfaction with Democracy? Longitudinal and Cross-Country Evidence from the European Union.” Electoral Studies 42 (June): 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.015.
   Google Scholar
• Quaranta, Mario, and Sergio Martini. 2017. “Easy Come, Easy Go? Economic Performance and Satisfaction with Democracy in Southern Europe in the Last Three Decades.” Social Indicators Research 131 (2): 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1270-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2018. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: http://www.R-project.org/. http://www.r-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Radcliff, Benjamin, and Gregory Shufeldt. 2016. “Direct Democracy and Subjective Well-Being: The Initiative and Life Satisfaction in the American States.” Social Indicators Research 128 (3): 1405–1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1085-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rode, Martin. 2013. “Do Good Institutions Make Citizens Happy, or Do Happy Citizens Build Better Institutions?” Journal of Happiness Studies 14 (5): 1479–1505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9391-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, Simone M. 2019. “Why Income Inequality Is Dissatisfying – Perceptions of Social Status and the Inequality-Satisfaction Link in Europe.” European Sociological Review 35 (3): 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder, Martin. 2016. “How Income Inequality Influences Life Satisfaction: Hybrid Effects Evidence from the German SOEP.” European Sociological Review 32 (2): 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schyns, Peggy. 1998. “Crossnational Differences in Happiness: Economic and Cultural Factors Explored.” Social Indicators Research 43 (1/2): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006814424293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone, Elina De, Lorenzo Cicatiello, Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta, and Mauro Pinto. 2022. “Expectations About Future Economic Prospects and Satisfaction with Democracy: Evidence from European Countries during the COVID-19 Crisis.” Social Indicators Research 159 (3): 1017–1033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02783-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruk, Rok, and Aleskandar Kešeljević. 2016. “Institutional Origins of Subjective Well-Being: Estimating the Effects of Economic Freedom on National Happiness.” Journal of Happiness Studies 17 (2): 659–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9616-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadelmann-Steffen, Isabelle, and Adrian Vatter. 2012. “Does Satisfaction with Democracy Really Increase Happiness? Direct Democracy and Individual Satisfaction in Switzerland.” Political Behavior 34 (3): 535–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-011-9164-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers. 2009. “The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 1 (2): 190–225. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, Gail M., and Anthony R. Artino. 2013. “Analyzing and Interpreting Data From Likert-Type Scales.” Journal of Graduate Medical Education 5 (4): 541–542. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-5-4-18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The World Bank. 2022. “World Bank Open Data.” The World Bank Group. 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Varieties of Democracy. 2022. “V-Dem Dataset Version 12.” Https://Www.v-Dem.Net/Vdemds.Html. June 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Waite, Linda, and Maggie Gallagher. 2000. The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially. New York: DoubleDay.
   Google Scholar
• Welsch, Heinz. 2003. “Freedom and Rationality As Predictors of Cross-National Happiness Patterns :.” Journal of Happiness Studies 4 (3): 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026249123711
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, Richard G. 2005. The Impact of Inequality: How to Make Sick Societies Healthier. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, Richard, and Kate Pickett. 2010. The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane.
   Google Scholar
• Wolbring, Tobias, Marc Keuschnigg, and Eva Negele. 2013. “Needs, Comparisons, and Adaptation: The Importance of Relative Income for Life Satisfaction.” European Sociological Review 29 (1): 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Yang. 2008. “Social Inequalities in Happiness in the United States, 1972 to 2004: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis.” American Sociological Review 73 (2): 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• York, Richard, and Shannon Elizabeth Bell. 2014. “Life Satisfaction across Nations: The Effects of Women’s Political Status and Public Priorities.” Social Science Research 48: 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagrebina, Anna. 2018. “Ideas of Subjective Well-Being in Democratic and Nondemocratic Societies: A Comparative Study.” Comparative Sociology 17 (1): 70–99. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341450.
   Google Scholar